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Việc sử dụng và cung cấp các thực hành và dịch vụ hút thuốc an toàn: tổng hợp tường thuật về tài liệu
Tóm tắt
Việc cung cấp vật liệu hút thuốc vô trùng cho những người sử dụng ma túy có thể ngăn ngừa việc lây nhiễm bệnh truyền nhiễm và giảm nguy cơ quá liều. Tuy nhiên, vẫn còn thiếu hiểu biết về cách thức triển khai và tiếp nhận các thực hành này của những người sử dụng ma túy trên toàn cầu. Một tổng quan hệ thống về các thực hành hút thuốc an toàn đã được thực hiện bằng cách tìm kiếm trên PubMed, PsycInfo, Embase các ấn phẩm được đánh giá đồng nghiệp, bằng tiếng Anh từ khi ra đời hoặc từ khi có tài liệu trực tuyến cho đến tháng 12 năm 2022. Tổng cộng, 32 bài báo được đánh giá đồng nghiệp từ sáu quốc gia đã được đưa vào. 30 nghiên cứu chỉ bao gồm những người sử dụng ma túy với tư cách là người tham gia (n = 11 người sử dụng ma túy; chung, n = 17 người hút thuốc ma túy, n = 2 người tiêm chích ma túy). Một nghiên cứu bao gồm cán bộ chương trình phục vụ những người sử dụng ma túy và một nghiên cứu bao gồm cả cán bộ và những người sử dụng ma túy. Sự chia sẻ thiết bị hút thuốc (ví dụ: ống hút) đã được báo cáo trong 25 nghiên cứu. Những người sử dụng ma túy trong một số nghiên cứu cho biết rằng việc chia sẻ ống hút xảy ra vì nhiều lý do, bao gồm mong muốn tích lũy nhựa crack và bảo vệ bản thân khỏi những tổn hại xã hội, chẳng hạn như sự quấy rối của cảnh sát. Trong các nghiên cứu, việc hút thuốc ma túy, thay vì tiêm chích, được mô tả là một phương pháp quan trọng để giảm nguy cơ quá liều, lây bệnh và những tổn hại xã hội như bạo lực của cảnh sát. Mười nghiên cứu phát hiện rằng khi những người sử dụng ma túy được cung cấp vật liệu hút thuốc an toàn hơn, họ tham gia vào ít hành vi sử dụng ma túy nguy cơ cao hơn (ví dụ: chia sẻ ống hút, sử dụng ống hút hư hỏng) và có sức khỏe cải thiện. Tuy nhiên, người tham gia trong 11 nghiên cứu đã báo cáo những rào cản trong việc tiếp cận các dịch vụ hút thuốc an toàn hơn. Các giải pháp để vượt qua rào cản tiếp cận dịch vụ hút thuốc an toàn hơn được mô tả trong 17 nghiên cứu, bao gồm việc sử dụng công nhân đồng đẳng và cung cấp vật liệu hút thuốc an toàn cho những ai yêu cầu. Tổng quan toàn cầu này đã phát hiện ra rằng các thực hành hút thuốc an toàn hơn là những hình thức giảm thiểu tác hại thiết yếu. Các chính sách quốc tế cần được sửa đổi để giúp tăng cường khả năng tiếp cận những công cụ thiết yếu này. Cần thêm nghiên cứu để đánh giá tính hiệu quả và khả năng tiếp cận các dịch vụ hút thuốc an toàn hơn, đặc biệt ở Hoa Kỳ và các nước tương tự, nơi mà những thực hành này đang được triển khai nhưng chưa được nghiên cứu thực nghiệm trong tài liệu.
Từ khóa
#hút thuốc an toàn #ma túy #giảm thiểu tác hại #tiếp cận dịch vụ #sức khỏe cộng đồngTài liệu tham khảo
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