The use of the PSH-AM in patients with diffuse axonal injury and autonomic dysregulation: A cohort study and review

Albrecht, 1998, Occurrence of potentially detrimental temperature alterations in hospitalized patients at risk for brain injury, Mayo Clin Proc, 73, 629, 10.1016/S0025-6196(11)64885-4 Baguley, 2008, Autonomic complications following central nervous system injury, Semin Neurol, 28, 716, 10.1055/s-0028-1105971 Baguley, 1999, Dysautonomia after traumatic brain injury: a forgotten syndrome?, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 67, 39, 10.1136/jnnp.67.1.39 Baguley, 2004, Pharmacological management of dysautonomia following traumatic brain injury, Brain Inj, 18, 409, 10.1080/02699050310001645775 Baguley, 2007, The incidence of dysautonomia and its relationship with autonomic arousal following traumatic brain injury, Brain Inj, 21, 1175, 10.1080/02699050701687375 Baguley, 2009, Diagnosing dysautonomia after acute traumatic brain injury: evidence for overresponsiveness to afferent stimuli, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 90, 580, 10.1016/j.apmr.2008.10.020 Baguley, 2014, Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after acquired brain injury: Consensus on conceptual definition, nomenclature, and diagnostic criteria, J Neurotrauma, 31, 1515, 10.1089/neu.2013.3301 Blackman, 2004, Paroxysmal autonomic instability with dystonia after brain injury, Arch Neurol, 61, 321, 10.1001/archneur.61.3.321 Bueno Gonzalez, 2014, Diagnostic challenge of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) associated with diffuse axonal injury (DAI) in head trauma, Springerplus, 3, 10.1186/2193-1801-3-752 Chelly, 2011, Diffuse axonal injury in patients with head injuries: an epidemiologic and prognosis study of 124 cases, J Trauma, 71, 838, 10.1097/TA.0b013e3182127baa Chesnut, 1998, Neurogenic hypotension in patients with severe head injuries, J Trauma, 44, 958, 10.1097/00005373-199806000-00003 Choi, 2013, Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after acute brain injury, Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep, 13, 10.1007/s11910-013-0370-3 Dolce, 2008, Dysautonomia and clinical outcome in vegetative state, J Neurotrauma, 0, 1079, 10.1089/neu.2008.0536 Fearnside, 1993, The Westmead Head Injury Project outcome in severe head injury. A comparative analysis of pre-hospital, clinical and CT variables, Br J Neurosurg, 7, 267, 10.3109/02688699309023809 Fernandez-Ortega, 2006, Prognostic influence and computed tomography findings in dysautonomic crises after traumatic brain injury, J Trauma, 61, 1129, 10.1097/01.ta.0000197634.83217.80 Fernandez-Ortega, 2012, Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after traumatic brain injury: clinical and prognostic implications, J Neurotrauma, 29, 1364, 10.1089/neu.2011.2033 Gennarelli, 1982, Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate, Ann Neurol, 12, 564, 10.1002/ana.410120611 Gentry, 1994, Imaging of closed head injury, Radiology, 191, 1, 10.1148/radiology.191.1.8134551 Hendricks, 2010, Dysautonomia after severe traumatic brain injury, Eur J Neurol, 17, 1172, 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.02989.x Hinson, 2012, Manifestations of the hyperadrenergic state after acute brain injury, Curr Opin Crit Care, 18, 139, 10.1097/MCC.0b013e3283513290 Hinson, 2015, Neuroanatomical basis of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity: a diffusion tensor imaging analysis, Brain Inj, 29, 455, 10.3109/02699052.2014.995229 Hinson, 2017, Early fever as a predictor of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in traumatic brain injury, J Head Trauma Rehabil, 32, E50, 10.1097/HTR.0000000000000271 Jennett, 1979, Prognosis of patients with severe head injury, Neurosurgery, 4, 283, 10.1227/00006123-197904000-00001 Kishner, 2006, Post head injury autonomic complications, eMed J, 7 Lagares, 2009, The role of MR imaging in assessing prognosis after severe and moderate head injury, Acta Neurochir, 151, 341, 10.1007/s00701-009-0194-8 Lemke, 2004, Riding out the storm: sympathetic storming after traumatic brain injury, J Neurosci Nurs, 36, 4, 10.1097/01376517-200402000-00002 Luccichenti, 2010, 3 Tesla is twice as sensitive as 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of diffuse axonal injury in traumatic brain injury patients, Funct Neurol, 25, 109 Lv, 2010, Prognostic influence and magnetic resonance imaging findings in paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after severe traumatic brain injury, J Neurotrauma, 27, 1945, 10.1089/neu.2010.1391 Lv, 2011, Risk factors related to dysautonomia after severe traumatic brain injury, J Trauma, 71, 538 Lv, 2011, Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the management of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after severe traumatic brain injury: a report of 6 cases, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 92, 1515, 10.1016/j.apmr.2011.01.014 Mathew, 2016, Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in severe traumatic brain injury, Acta Neurochir (Wien), 158, 2047, 10.1007/s00701-016-2934-x Perkes, 2010, A review of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after acquired brain injury, Ann Neurol, 68, 126, 10.1002/ana.22066 Perkes, 2011, Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after acquired brain injury: a review of diagnostic criteria, Brain Inj, 25, 925, 10.3109/02699052.2011.589797 Pignolo, 2012, Decreasing incidence of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity syndrome in the vegetative state, J Rehabil Med, 44, 502, 10.2340/16501977-0981 Rabinstein, 2004, Paroxysmal autonomic instability after brain injury, Arch Neurol, 61, 1625, 10.1001/archneur.61.10.1625-a Rabinstein, 2007, Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in the neurological intensive care unit, Neurol Res, 29, 680, 10.1179/016164107X240071 Rabinstein, 2008, Treatment of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity, Curr Treat Options Neurol, 10, 151, 10.1007/s11940-008-0016-y Rossitch, 1988, The autonomic dysfunction syndrome: aetiology and treatment, Br J Neurosurg, 2, 471, 10.3109/02688698809029601 Sazbon, 1990, Outcome in 134 patients with prolonged posttraumatic unawareness. Part 1: Parameters determining late recovery of consciousness, J Neurosurg, 72, 75, 10.3171/jns.1990.72.1.0075 Skandsen, 2010, Prevalence and impact of diffuse axonal injury in patients with moderate and severe head injury: a cohort study of early magnetic resonance imaging findings and 1-year outcome: Clinical article, J Neurosurg, 113, 556, 10.3171/2009.9.JNS09626 Tang, 2017, The preventive effect of dexmedetomidine on paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in severe traumatic brain injury patients who have undergone surgery: a retrospective study, Peer J, 5, 10.7717/peerj.2986 van Kampen, 2011, Potential risk factors for developing heterotopic ossification in patients with severe traumatic brain injury, J Head Trauma Rehabil, 26, 384, 10.1097/HTR.0b013e3181f78a59 Wass, 1995, Temperature changes of greater or equal to 1 degree Celsius alter functional neurologic outcome and histopathology in a canine model of complete cerebral ischemia, J Am Soc Anesthesiol, 83, 325, 10.1097/00000542-199508000-00013 Weiss, 2008, A combined clinical and MRI approach for outcome assessment of traumatic head injured comatose patients, J Neurol, 255, 217, 10.1007/s00415-008-0658-4 Wilson, 1998, Structured interviews for the Glasgow outcome scale and the extended Glasgow outcome scale: guidelines for their use, J Neurotrauma, 15, 573, 10.1089/neu.1998.15.573