The use of cessation assistance among smokers from China: Findings from the ITC China Survey
Tóm tắt
Stop smoking medications significantly increase the likelihood of smoking cessation. However, there are no population-based studies of stop-smoking medication use in China, the largest tobacco market in the world. This study examined stop-smoking medication use and its association with quitting behavior among a population-based sample of Chinese smokers. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 4,627 smokers from six cities in the ITC China cohort survey. Longitudinal analyses were conducted using Wave 1 (April to August, 2006) and Wave 2 (November 2007 to January 2008). Approximately 26% of smokers had attempted to quit between Waves 1 and 2, and 6% were abstinent at 18-month follow-up. Only 5.8% of those attempting to quit reported NRT use and NRT was associated with lower odds of abstinence at Wave 2 (OR = 0.11; 95%CI = 0.03-0.46). Visiting a doctor/health professional was associated with greater attempts to quit smoking (OR = 1.60 and 2.78; 95%CI = 1.22-2.10 and 2.21-3.49 respectively) and being abstinent (OR = 1.77 and 1.85; 95%CI = 1.18-2.66 and 1.13-3.04 respectively) at 18-month follow-up relative to the smokers who did not visit doctor/health professional. The use of formal help for smoking cessation is low in China. There is an urgent need to explore the use and effectiveness of stop-smoking medications in China and in other non-Western markets.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Federal Register: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. Regulations restricting the sale and distribution of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco to protect children and adolescents. 1996, 44395-445. 61 Fed Reg
Thun MJ, Day-Lally C, Myers DG: Trends in tobacco smoking and mortality from cigarette use in Cancer Prevention Studies I (1959 through 1965) and II (1982 through 1988). 1997, National Cancer Institute. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 8. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 305-82. NIH Publication No. 97-4213
Peto R, Darby S, Deo H, Silcocks P, Whitley E, Doll R: Smoking, smoking cessation, and lung cancer in the UK since 1950: combination of national statistics with two case-control studies. Br Med J. 2000, 321: 323-329. 10.1136/bmj.321.7257.323.
WHO report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008, the MPOWER package. 2008, Geneva, World Health Organization, [http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241596282_eng.pdf]
Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I: Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors. Br Med J. 2004, 328: 1519-1527. 10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.AE.
Parsons A, Daley A, Begh R, Aveyard P: Influence of smoking cessation after diagnosis of early stage lung cancer on prognosis: systematic review of observational studies with meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010, 340: b5569-10.1136/bmj.b5569.
Storr CL, Cheng H, Alonso J, Angermeyer M, Bruffaerts R: Smoking estimates from around the world: Data from the first 17 participating countries in the World Mental Health Survey Consortium. Tob Con. 2009
Yang GH, Fan LX, Tan J: Smoking in China: Findings of the 1996 National Prevalence Survey. JAMA. 1999, 282: 1247-1253. 10.1001/jama.282.13.1247.
Qian JC, Rao KQ, Gao J: Reasons of quitting and relapsing smoking and analysis of quitter's health status. Chin J Health Stat. 2009, 26: 150-153.
Xu JY, Li XJ, Yao HH: Smoking and Passive Smoking among Residents in Shanghai. Chin J Prev Contr Chron Dis. 2009, 17: 3234-3236.
Jia Y, Du CH, Wei YL, Wang Q, Zhang WJ, Liao J: Quitting behavior among smokers in Chengdu from 1996-2002. Chin J Prev Contr Chron Dis. 2005, 13: 237-238.
Pan XQ, Lui SR, Xiang QY, Cheng JY, Wu M, Qin Y: Behaviour of smoking cessation and received service among male smokers in Jiangsu Province. Chin J Health Educ. 2009, 125: 424-426.
Fiore MC, Jae'n CR, Baker TB: Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. Clinical Practice Guideline. 2008, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Rockville MD
Silagy C, Lancaster T, Stead L, Mant D, Fowler G: Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004, 3: CD000146-
Hughes JR, Shiffman S, Callas P, Zhang J: A meta-analysis of the efficacy of over-the-counter nicotine replacement. Tob Con. 2003, 12: 21-27. 10.1136/tc.12.1.21.
Lam T-H, Abdullah AS, Chan SS, Hedley AJ: Adherence to nicotine replacement therapy versus quitting smoking among Chinese smokers: a preliminary investigation. Psychopharmacology. 2005, 177: 400-408. 10.1007/s00213-004-1971-y.
Yu HX, Zang YN, Lin JT: The effect of the abstinence from smoking with nicotine replacement therapy combining with psychological and ehavior intervention. Chin J of Reh Med. 2006, 21: 1104-1106.
Sun H-Q, Guo S, Chen D-F, Jiang Z-N, Liu Y, Di X-D: Family Support and Employment as Predictors of Smoking Cessation Success: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Nicotine Sublingual Tablets in Chinese Smokers. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2009, 35: 183-188. 10.1080/00952990902839794.
Abdullah A-S, Lam T-H, Chan S, Leung G-M, Chi I, Ho W: Effectiveness of a mobile smoking cessation service in reaching elderly smokers and predictors of quitting. BMC Geriatr. 2008, 8: 25-10.1186/1471-2318-8-25.
Abdullah A-S, Lam T-H, Chan S, Hedley A-J: Smoking cessation among Chinese young smokers: does gender and age difference matters and what are the predictors?. Addict Behav. 2006, 31: 913-21. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.08.009.
Zhang YD, Xian MJ, Li GQ: Smoking cessation among smokers in Conghua. Henan. J Prev Med. 2003, 14: 41-43.
Luo CL: Smoking and quitting among smokers in different occupations in Huangshi?. J of Pub Health and PrevMed. 2009, 20: 126-
Wu CB, Thompson ME, Fong GE, Jiang Y, Yang Y, Feng GZ, Li Q: Methods of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) China survey. Tob Con. 2010
Wave 2 (2007-2008) ITC China Technical Report. [http://www.itcproject.org/library/countries/itcchina/reports/cn2techrptrevjul72010pdf]
Leatherdale S, Shields M: Smoking cessation: intentions, attempts and techniques Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 82-003-XPE • Health Reports. 2009, 20:
ITC Project: ITC China Survey Summary. 2009, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, and Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
Yang JL, Hammond D, Driezen P, Fong G, Jiang Y: Health knowledge and perception of risk among Chinese Smokers and Non-Smokers: Findings from the ITC China Survey. Tob Con. 2010
Herd N, Borland R, Hyland A: Predictors of smoking relapse by during of abstinence: finding from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey. Addict. 2009, 104: 2088-2099. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02732.x.
Jiang Y, Michael K Ong, Elisa K Tong: Chinese physicians and their smoking knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Am J Pre Med. 2007, 33: 15-22. 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.02.037.
Zhong ZH: Thoughts from three international medical companies coming into Chinese smoking cessation medication marketing within next two years. J Chi Pres Drug. 2009, 89: 15-
Balmford J, Borland R, Burney S: The role of prior quitting experience in the prediction of smoking cessation. Psychol Health. 2009, 14: 1-14.
MacKenzie R, Chapman S: The Global Research Neglect of Unassisted Smoking Cessation: Causes and Consequences. PloS Med. 2010, 7: e1000216-10.1371/journal.pmed.1000216.
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/11/75/prepub