The use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice

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Jörn Köhler¹, Martin Jansen², Ariel Rodríguez³, Philippe J. R. Kok⁴, Luı́s Felipe Toledo⁵, Mike Emmrich⁶, Frank Glaw⁷, Célio F. B. Haddad⁸, Mark‐Oliver Rödel⁶, Miguel Vences⁹

¹Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Friedensplatz 1, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany

²Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany

³Zoological Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany. Present address: Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany

⁴Amphibian Evolution Lab, Biology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2 Pleinlaan, 1050 Brussels, Belgium. Department of Recent Vertebrates, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

⁵Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia (IB), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), 13083-970, Caixa Postal 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.

⁶Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany

⁷Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM-SNSB), Münchhausenstr. 21, 81247 München, Germany

⁸Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências and Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Câmpus Rio Claro, 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.

⁹Zoological Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany

Tóm tắt

Vocalizations of anuran amphibians have received much attention in studies of behavioral ecology and physiology, but also provide informative characters for identifying and delimiting species. We here review the terminology and variation of frog calls from a perspective of integrative taxonomy, and provide hands-on protocols for recording, analyzing, comparing, interpreting and describing these sounds. Our focus is on advertisement calls, which serve as premating isolation mechanisms and, therefore, convey important taxonomic information. We provide recommendations for terminology of frog vocalizations, with call, note and pulse being the fundamental subunits to be used in descriptions and comparisons. However, due to the complexity and diversity of these signals, an unequivocal application of the terms call and note can be challenging. We therefore provide two coherent concepts that either follow a note-centered approach (defining uninterrupted units of sound as notes, and their entirety as call) or a call-centered approach (defining uninterrupted units as call whenever they are separated by long silent intervals) in terminology. Based on surveys of literature, we show that numerous call traits can be highly variable within and between individuals of one species. Despite idiosyncrasies of species and higher taxa, the duration of calls or notes, pulse rate within notes, and number of pulses per note appear to be more static within individuals and somewhat less affected by temperature. Therefore, these variables might often be preferable as taxonomic characters over call rate or note rate, which are heavily influenced by various factors. Dominant frequency is also comparatively static and only weakly affected by temperature, but depends strongly on body size. As with other taxonomic characters, strong call divergence is typically indicative of species-level differences, whereas call similarities of two populations are no evidence for them being conspecific. Taxonomic conclusions can especially be drawn when the general advertisement call structure of two candidate species is radically different and qualitative call differences are thus observed. On the other hand, quantitative differences in call traits might substantially vary within and among conspecific populations, and require careful evaluation and analysis. We provide guidelines for the taxonomic interpretation of advertisement call differences in sympatric and allopatric situations, and emphasize the need for an integrative use of multiple datasets (bio-acoustics, morphology, genetics), particularly for allopatric scenarios. We show that small-sized frogs often emit calls with frequency components in the ultrasound spectrum, although it is unlikely that these high frequencies are of biological relevance for the majority of them, and we illustrate that detection of upper harmonics depends also on recording distance because higher frequencies are attenuated more strongly. Bioacoustics remains a prime approach in integrative taxonomy of anurans if uncertainty due to possible intraspecific variation and technical artifacts is adequately considered and acknowledged.

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