O’NEILL J. Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations; 2016.
Deak D, Outterson K, Powers JH, Kesselheim AS. Progress in the fight against multidrug-resistant Bacteria? A review of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved antibiotics, 2010-2015. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165(5):363–72.
WHO. Global Action Plan on Antimicobial resistance. 2015.
Huttner A, Harbarth S, Carlet J, Cosgrove S, Goossens H, Holmes A, et al. Antimicrobial resistance: a global view from the 2013 world healthcare-associated infections forum. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2013;2(1):31.
Barbosa TM, Levy SB. The impact of antibiotic use on resistance development and persistence. Drug Resist Updat. 2000;3(5):303–11.
Wolff MJ. Use and Misuse of Antibiotics in Latin America. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;17(Supplement_2):S346–S51.
Levy SB. Antibiotic Resistance: Consequences of Inaction. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(Supplement_3):S124–S9.
Musicha P, Cornick JE, Bar-Zeev N, French N, Masesa C, Denis B, et al. Trends in antimicrobial resistance in bloodstream infection isolates at a large urban hospital in Malawi (1998-2016): a surveillance study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(10):1042–52.
de Kraker MEA, Davey PG, Grundmann H, group Bs. Mortality and hospital stay associated with resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteremia: estimating the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. PLoS Med. 2011;8(10):e1001104 e.
Neidell MJ, Cohen B, Furuya Y, Hill J, Jeon CY, Glied S, et al. Costs of healthcare- and community-associated infections with antimicrobial-resistant versus antimicrobial-susceptible organisms. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(6):807–15.
Campion M, Scully G. Antibiotic use in the intensive care unit: optimization and De-escalation. J Intensive Care Med. 2018;33(12):647–55.
Kollef MH, Bassetti M, Francois B, Burnham J, Dimopoulos G, Garnacho-Montero J, et al. The intensive care medicine research agenda on multidrug-resistant bacteria, antibiotics, and stewardship. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(9):1187–97.
De Waele JJ, Akova M, Antonelli M, Canton R, Carlet J, De Backer D, et al. Antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic stewardship programs in the ICU: insistence and persistence in the fight against resistance. A position statement from ESICM/ESCMID/WAAAR round table on multi-drug resistance. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44(2):189–96.
Lucinda Manda-Taylor SM, Baker T. Critical care in Malawi: Ethics of beneficence and Justice. Malawi Med J. 2017;29(3):268.
BRB WTMG, Bultemeir K. Challenges Encountered by Intensive care nurses in Meeting Patients' Families Needs in Malawi. Afr J Nurs Midwife. 2011;13(2):92–102.
Remschmidt C, Schneider S, Meyer E, Schroeren-Boersch B, Gastmeier P, Schwab F. Surveillance of antibiotic use and resistance in intensive care units (SARI). Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2017;114(50):858–65.
Johnston D, Khan R, Miot J, Moch S, Deventer Y, Richards G. Usage of antibiotics in the intensive care units of an academic tertiary-level hospital. South Afr J Infect Dis. 2018;33(4):1–8.
Labi A-K, Obeng-Nkrumah N, Sunkwa-Mills G, Bediako-Bowan A, Akufo C, Bjerrum S, et al. Antibiotic prescribing in paediatric inpatients in Ghana: a multi-centre point prevalence survey. BMC Pediatr. 2018;18(1):391.
MOH. The Malawi Standard Treatment Guidelines (MSTG) : Incorporating Malawi Essential Medicines List. 2015.
Mali NB, Deshpande SP, Tullu MS, Deshmukh CT, Gogtay NJ, Thatte UM. A prospective antibacterial utilization study in pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary referral center. Ind J Crit Care Med. 2018;22(6):422–6.
Silva CD, Silva JM. Strategies for appropriate antibiotic use in intensive care unit. Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil). 2015;13(3):448–53.
Axente C, Licker M, Moldovan R, Hogea E, Muntean D, Horhat F, et al. Antimicrobial consumption, costs and resistance patterns: a two year prospective study in a Romanian intensive care unit. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):358.
Zhang YZ, Singh S. Antibiotic stewardship programmes in intensive care units: why, how, and where are they leading us. World J Crit Care Med. 2015;4(1):13–28.
Zhang ZG, Chen F, Ou Y. Impact of an antimicrobial stewardship programme on antibiotic usage and resistance in a tertiary hospital in China. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2017;42(5):579–84.
Mula CT, Human N, Middleton L. An exploration of workarounds and their perceived impact on antibiotic stewardship in the adult medical wards of a referral hospital in Malawi: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19(1):64.
Luyt CE, Brechot N, Trouillet JL, Chastre J. Antibiotic stewardship in the intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2014;18(5):480.
Allison MG, Heil EL, Hayes BD. Appropriate antibiotic therapy. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2017;35(1):25–42.
Bassetti M, Poulakou G, Timsit J-F. Focus on antimicrobial use in the era of increasing antimicrobial resistance in ICU. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42(6):955–8.
Sampane-Donkor E, Badoe EV, Annan JA, Nii-Trebi N. Colonisation of antibiotic resistant bacteria in a cohort of HIV infected children in Ghana. Pan Afr Med J. 2017;26:60.