The upsurge of photocatalysts in antibiotic micropollutants treatment: Materials design, recovery, toxicity and bioanalysis

Klein, 2018, Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 115, E3463, 10.1073/pnas.1717295115 Ram, 2020, Correlation appraisal of antibiotic resistance with fecal, metal and microplastic contamination in a tropical Indian river, lakes and sewage, NPJ Clean Water, 3, 3, 10.1038/s41545-020-0050-1 Baquero, 2008, Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in water environments, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 19, 260, 10.1016/j.copbio.2008.05.006 Petrie, 2015, A review on emerging contaminants in wastewaters and the environment: current knowledge, understudied areas and recommendations for future monitoring, Water Res., 72, 3, 10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.053 Cacace, 2019, Antibiotic resistance genes in treated wastewater and in the receiving water bodies: a pan-European survey of urban settings, Water Res., 162, 320, 10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.039 Karkman, 2018, Antibiotic-resistance genes in waste water, Trends Microbiol., 26, 220, 10.1016/j.tim.2017.09.005 Singer, 2019, Translating antibiotic prescribing into antibiotic resistance in the environment: a hazard characterisation case study, PLoS One, 14, 10.1371/journal.pone.0221568 Berglund, 2015, Urban wastewater effluent increases antibiotic resistance gene concentrations in a receiving northern European river, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 34, 192, 10.1002/etc.2784 Marti, 2013, Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial community composition in a river influenced by a wastewater treatment plant, PLoS One, 8, 10.1371/journal.pone.0078906 Sanganyado, 2019, Antibiotic resistance in drinking water systems: occurrence, removal, and human health risks, Sci. Total Environ., 669, 785, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.162 Aydin, 2019, Antibiotics in hospital effluents: occurrence, contribution to urban wastewater, removal in a wastewater treatment plant, and environmental risk assessment, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 26, 544, 10.1007/s11356-018-3563-0 Bedoux, 2012, Occurrence and toxicity of antimicrobial triclosan and by-products in the environment, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 19, 1044, 10.1007/s11356-011-0632-z Guerra, 2014, Occurrence and fate of antibiotic, analgesic/anti-inflammatory, and antifungal compounds in five wastewater treatment processes, Sci. Total Environ., 473–474, 235, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.008 Langford, 2009, Determination of pharmaceutical compounds in hospital effluents and their contribution to wastewater treatment works, Environ. Int., 35, 766, 10.1016/j.envint.2009.02.007 Tran, 2016, Occurrence and removal of multiple classes of antibiotics and antimicrobial agents in biological wastewater treatment processes, Water Res., 104, 461, 10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.040 Barbosa, 2016, Occurrence and removal of organic micropollutants: an overview of the watch list of EU Decision 2015/495, Water Res., 94, 257, 10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.047 Sousa, 2018, A review on environmental monitoring of water organic pollutants identified by EU guidelines, J. Hazard. Mater., 344, 146, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.09.058 Tröger, 2018, Micropollutants in drinking water from source to tap - method development and application of a multiresidue screening method, Sci. Total Environ., 627, 1404, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.277 Bui, 2016, Multicriteria assessment of advanced treatment technologies for micropollutants removal at large-scale applications, Sci. Total Environ., 563–564, 1050, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.191 Foster, 2011, Photocatalytic disinfection using titanium dioxide: spectrum and mechanism of antimicrobial activity, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 90, 1847, 10.1007/s00253-011-3213-7 Kumar, 2019, Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in water using graphene oxide composite, 413 Chatterjee, 2005, Visible light induced photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev., 6, 186, 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2005.09.001 Legrini, 1993, Photochemical processes for water treatment, Chem. Rev., 93, 671, 10.1021/cr00018a003 Hoffmann, 1995, Environmental applications of semiconductor photocatalysis, Chem. Rev., 95, 69, 10.1021/cr00033a004 Sclafani, 1990, Influence of the preparation methods of titanium dioxide on the photocatalytic degradation of phenol in aqueous dispersion, J. Phys. Chem., 94, 829, 10.1021/j100365a058 Schneider, 2014, Understanding TiO2 photocatalysis: mechanisms and materials, Chem. Rev., 114, 9919, 10.1021/cr5001892 Chandrabose, 2021, Removal and degradation of mixed dye pollutants by integrated adsorption-photocatalysis technique using 2-D MoS2/TiO2 nanocomposite, Chemosphere, 279, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130467 Zhu, 2013, Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline in aqueous solution by nanosized TiO2, Chemosphere, 92, 925, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.066 Priya, 2016, Photocatalytic mineralization and degradation kinetics of ampicillin and oxytetracycline antibiotics using graphene sand composite and chitosan supported BiOCl, J. Mol. Catal. A Chem., 423, 400, 10.1016/j.molcata.2016.07.043 Sharma, 2018, Fabrication and characterization of trimetallic nano-photocatalyst for remediation of ampicillin antibiotic, J. Mol. Liq., 260, 342, 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.03.059 Wang, 2015, Visible light driven Ag/Ag3PO4/AC photocatalyst with highly enhanced photodegradation of tetracycline antibiotics, Appl. Surf. Sci., 353, 391, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.06.125 Hu, 2016, Graphene/TiO2/ZSM-5 composites synthesized by mixture design were used for photocatalytic degradation of oxytetracycline under visible light: mechanism and biotoxicity, Appl. Surf. Sci., 362, 329, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.10.192 Choi, 2017, WO3/W:BiVO4/BiVO4 graded photoabsorber electrode for enhanced photoelectrocatalytic solar light driven water oxidation, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 19, 4648, 10.1039/C6CP08199A Rao, 2020, Retorting photocorrosion and enhanced charge carrier separation at CdSe nanocapsules by chemically synthesized TiO2 shell for photocatalytic hydrogen fuel generation, ChemCatChem, 12, 3139, 10.1002/cctc.202000184 Sudhagar, 2011, Robust mesocellular carbon foam counter electrode for quantum-dot sensitized solar cells, Electrochem. commun., 13, 34, 10.1016/j.elecom.2010.11.006 Liou, 2012, Bactericidal effects and mechanisms of visible light-responsive titanium dioxide photocatalysts on pathogenic Bacteria, Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp., 60, 267, 10.1007/s00005-012-0178-x Fagan, 2016, A review of solar and visible light active TiO2 photocatalysis for treating bacteria, cyanotoxins and contaminants of emerging concern, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process., 42, 2, 10.1016/j.mssp.2015.07.052 Saadati, 2016, Influence of parameters on the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline in wastewater: a review, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 757, 10.1080/10643389.2016.1159093 Shehu Imam, 2018, Photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin in aqueous media: a short review, Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 100, 518, 10.1080/02772248.2018.1545128 Park, 2019, Potential utility of graphene-based nano spinel ferrites as adsorbent and photocatalyst for removing organic/inorganic contaminants from aqueous solutions: a mini review, Chemosphere, 221, 392, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.063 Ahmad, 2021, Synthesis and stability of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) photocatalysts for the removal of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from wastewater, Curr. Anal. Chem., 17, 61 Wu, 2020, Photocatalytic optical fibers for degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater: a review, Environ. Chem. Lett., 19, 1335, 10.1007/s10311-020-01141-3 Sacco, 2020, Main parameters influencing the design of photocatalytic reactors for wastewater treatment: a mini review, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 95, 2608, 10.1002/jctb.6488 Phoon, 2020, Conventional and emerging technologies for removal of antibiotics from wastewater, J. Hazard. Mater., 400, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122961 Yang, 2021, Recent advances in photodegradation of antibiotic residues in water, Chem. Eng. J., 405, 10.1016/j.cej.2020.126806 Wei, 2020, A review on photocatalysis in antibiotic wastewater: pollutant degradation and hydrogen production, Chin. J. Catal., 41, 1440, 10.1016/S1872-2067(19)63448-0 Majumdar, 2020, Recent advancements in visible-light-assisted photocatalytic removal of aqueous pharmaceutical pollutants, Clean Technol. Environ. Policy, 22, 11, 10.1007/s10098-019-01766-1 Li, 2016, Recent developments in visible-light photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics, Chin. J. Catal., 37, 792, 10.1016/S1872-2067(15)61054-3 Gligorovski, 2015, Environmental implications of hydroxyl radicals (•OH), Chem. Rev., 115, 13051, 10.1021/cr500310b Shah, 2013, Efficient removal of endosulfan from aqueous solution by UV-C/peroxides: a comparative study, J. Hazard. Mater., 263, 584, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.10.019 Parrino, 2020, Role of hydroxyl, superoxide, and nitrate radicals on the fate of bromide ions in photocatalytic TiO2 suspensions, ACS Catal., 10, 7922, 10.1021/acscatal.0c02010 Nosaka, 2017, Generation and detection of reactive oxygen species in photocatalysis, Chem. Rev., 117, 11302, 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00161 Bielski, 1995, Superoxide and hydroxyl radical chemistry in aqueous solution, 66 Pelaez, 2012, A review on the visible light active titanium dioxide photocatalysts for environmental applications, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 125, 331, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.05.036 Wang, 2013, Visible light driven type II heterostructures and their enhanced photocatalysis properties: a review, Nanoscale, 5, 8326, 10.1039/c3nr01577g Yang, 2018, Photocatalysis: from fundamental principles to materials and applications, Acs Appl. Energy Mater., 1, 6657, 10.1021/acsaem.8b01345 Xu, 2019, Nanostructured materials for photocatalysis, Chem. Soc. Rev., 48, 3868, 10.1039/C9CS00102F Zhao, 2015, Graphitic carbon nitride based nanocomposites: a review, Nanoscale, 7, 15, 10.1039/C4NR03008G Vempuluru, 2021, Solar hydrogen generation from organic substance using earth abundant CuS–NiO heterojunction semiconductor photocatalyst, Ceram. Int., 47, 10206, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.12.062 Navakoteswara Rao, 2021, Light-driven transformation of biomass into chemicals using photocatalysts – vistas and challenges, J. Environ. Manage., 284, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111983 Paik, 2018, Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from substoichiometric colloidal WO3–x nanowires, ACS Energy Lett., 3, 1904, 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00925 Singh, 2018, Modeling of shape and size effects for the band gap of semiconductor nanoparticles, 339 Shivaji, 2020, Synthesizing green photocatalyst using plant leaf extract for water pollutant treatment, 25 Hu, 2021, Fabrication of redox-mediator-free Z-scheme CdS/NiCo2O4 photocatalysts with enhanced visible-light driven photocatalytic activity in Cr(VI) reduction and antibiotics degradation, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 608, 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125582 Qiu, 2018, ZnMn2O4 nanorods: an effective Fenton-like heterogeneous catalyst with t2g3eg1 electronic configuration, Catal. Sci. Technol., 8, 2557, 10.1039/C8CY00436F Deng, 2021, S-scheme heterojunction based on p-type ZnMn2O4 and n-type ZnO with improved photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity, Chem. Eng. J., 409, 127377, 10.1016/j.cej.2020.127377 Eskandari, 2019, Preparation of a new magnetic and photo-catalyst CoFe2O4–SrTiO3 perovskite nanocomposite for photo-degradation of toxic dyes under short time visible irradiation, Compos. Part B Eng., 176, 10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107343 Huang, 2021, Direct Z-scheme SnO2/Bi2Sn2O7 photocatalyst for antibiotics removal: insight on the enhanced photocatalytic performance and promoted charge separation mechanism, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 404, 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112947 Behera, 2019, Constructive interfacial charge carrier separation of a p-CaFe2O4@n-ZnFe2O4 heterojunction architect photocatalyst toward photodegradation of antibiotics, Inorg. Chem., 58, 16592, 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02610 Xiang, 2020, Magnetic yolk-shell structure of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles for enhanced visible light photo-Fenton degradation towards antibiotics and mechanism study, Appl. Surf. Sci., 513, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.145820 Ong, 2016, Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based photocatalysts for artificial photosynthesis and environmental remediation: are we a step closer to achieving sustainability?, Chem. Rev., 116, 7159, 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00075 Wen, 2017, A review on g-C3N4-based photocatalysts, Appl. Surf. Sci., 391, 72, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.07.030 Kudo, 2009, Heterogeneous photocatalyst materials for water splitting, Chem. Soc. Rev., 38, 253, 10.1039/B800489G Cao, 2019, Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline antibiotics over CdS/nitrogen-doped–carbon composites derived from in situ carbonization of metal–organic frameworks, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 7, 10847, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b01685 Safari, 2015, Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline using nanosized titanium dioxide in aqueous solution, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 12, 603, 10.1007/s13762-014-0706-9 Tuna, 2020, Novel metal-free intercalation of g-C3N4 using hyperbranched copolymer for efficient photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112519 Mirzai, 2020, Photodegradation of ciprofloxacin in water using photocatalyst of zinc oxide nanowires doped with copper and cerium oxides, Water Environ. J., 34, 420, 10.1111/wej.12477 He, 2020, Nitrogen-deficient g-C3Nx/POMs porous nanosheets with P–N heterojunctions capable of the efficient photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin, Chemosphere, 259, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127465 Imam, 2020, Immobilization of BiOBr into cellulose acetate matrix as hybrid film photocatalyst for facile and multicycle degradation of ciprofloxacin, J. Alloys Compd., 843, 155990, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155990 Shah, 2018, Solar light driven degradation of norfloxacin using as-synthesized Bi3+ and Fe2+ co-doped ZnO with the addition of HSO5−: toxicities and degradation pathways investigation, Chem. Eng. J., 351, 841, 10.1016/j.cej.2018.06.111 Guo, 2017, Assessing the photocatalytic transformation of norfloxacin by BiOBr/iron oxides hybrid photocatalyst: kinetics, intermediates, and influencing factors, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 205, 68, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.12.032 Abellán, 2009, Photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics: the case of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, Catal. Today, 144, 131, 10.1016/j.cattod.2009.01.051 Grilla, 2018, Solar photocatalytic abatement of sulfamethoxazole over Ag3PO4/WO3 composites, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 231, 73, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.03.011 Nguyen, 2019, Tungsten trioxide (WO 3)-assisted photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin by simulated solar irradiation, Sci. Rep., 9, 1 Hayati, 2020, LED-assisted sonocatalysis of sulfathiazole and pharmaceutical wastewater using N, Fe co-doped TiO2@ SWCNT: optimization, performance and reaction mechanism studies, J. Water Process. Eng., 38, 10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101693 Daghrir, 2013, Modified TiO2 for environmental photocatalytic applications: a review, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 52, 3581, 10.1021/ie303468t Chhabra, 2019, Reduced graphene oxide supported MnO2 nanorods as recyclable and efficient adsorptive photocatalysts for pollutants removal, Vacuum, 160, 333, 10.1016/j.vacuum.2018.11.053 Kumar, 2020, Nanoscale zinc oxide based heterojunctions as visible light active photocatalysts for hydrogen energy and environmental remediation, Catal. Rev., 62, 346, 10.1080/01614940.2019.1684649 Karaolia, 2018, Removal of antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their associated genes by graphene-based TiO2 composite photocatalysts under solar radiation in urban wastewaters, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 224, 810, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.11.020 Hu, 2007, Oxidation of sulfamethoxazole and related antimicrobial agents by TiO2 photocatalysis, Water Res., 41, 2612, 10.1016/j.watres.2007.02.026 Mills, 1996, Bromate removal from drinking water by semiconductor photocatalysis, Water Res., 30, 1973, 10.1016/0043-1354(96)00012-7 Chen, 2019, Degradation of ofloxacin by perylene diimide supramolecular nanofiber sunlight-driven photocatalysis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 1564, 10.1021/acs.est.8b05827 Magudieshwaran, 2019, Green and chemical synthesized CeO2 nanoparticles for photocatalytic indoor air pollutant degradation, Mater. Lett., 239, 40, 10.1016/j.matlet.2018.11.172 Kumar, 2018, ZnO-graphene quantum dots heterojunctions for natural sunlight-driven photocatalytic environmental remediation, Appl. Surf. Sci., 447, 802, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.04.045 Choi, 2014, Three-dimensional Gd-doped TiO2 fibrous photoelectrodes for efficient visible light-driven photocatalytic performance, RSC Adv., 4, 11750, 10.1039/C3RA46851H Sridharan, 2021, Advanced two-dimensional heterojunction photocatalysts of stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric bismuth oxyhalides with graphitic carbon nitride for sustainable energy and environmental applications, Catalysts, 11, 426, 10.3390/catal11040426 Ryu, 2011, Development of a new system for photocatalytic water splitting into H2 and O2 under visible light irradiation, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 84, 1000, 10.1246/bcsj.20110132 Kudo, 2011, Z-scheme photocatalyst systems for water splitting under visible light irradiation, MRS Bull., 36, 32, 10.1557/mrs.2010.3 Maeda, 2013, Z-scheme water splitting using two different semiconductor photocatalysts, ACS Catal., 3, 1486, 10.1021/cs4002089 Wang, 2020, Direct and indirect Z-scheme heterostructure-coupled photosystem enabling cooperation of CO2 reduction and H2O oxidation, Nat. Commun., 11, 3043, 10.1038/s41467-020-16742-3 Xia, 2019, Latest progress in constructing solid-state Z scheme photocatalysts for water splitting, Nanoscale, 11, 11071, 10.1039/C9NR03218E Ng, 2020, Z-scheme photocatalytic systems for solar water splitting, Adv. Sci., 7, 10.1002/advs.201903171 Xu, 2018, Direct Z-scheme photocatalysts: principles, synthesis, and applications, Mater. Today, 21, 1042, 10.1016/j.mattod.2018.04.008 Truc, 2019, The advanced photocatalytic degradation of atrazine by direct Z-scheme Cu doped ZnO/g-C3N4, Appl. Surf. Sci., 489, 875, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.05.360 Alhokbany, 2020, Fabrication of Z-scheme photocatalysts g-C3N4/Ag3PO4/chitosan for the photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 164, 3864, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.133 Gong, 2018, All-solid-state Z-scheme CdTe/TiO2 heterostructure photocatalysts with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic degradation of antibiotic waste water, Chem. Eng. J., 350, 257, 10.1016/j.cej.2018.05.186 Guo, 2021, Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline antibiotics using delafossite silver ferrite-based Z-scheme photocatalyst: pathways and mechanism insight, Chemosphere, 270, 128651, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128651 Wen, 2018, Photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin by a novel Z-scheme CeO2–Ag/AgBr photocatalyst: influencing factors, possible degradation pathways, and mechanism insight, J. Catal., 358, 141, 10.1016/j.jcat.2017.11.029 Yu, 2020, Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline under visible light by using a ternary photocatalyst of Ag3PO4/AgBr/g-C3N4 with dual Z-scheme heterojunction, Sep. Purif. Technol., 237, 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116365 Deng, 2017, Plasmonic resonance excited dual Z-scheme BiVO4/Ag/Cu2O nanocomposite: synthesis and mechanism for enhanced photocatalytic performance in recalcitrant antibiotic degradation, Environ. Sci. Nano, 4, 1494, 10.1039/C7EN00237H Hapeshi, 2010, Drugs degrading photocatalytically: kinetics and mechanisms of ofloxacin and atenolol removal on titania suspensions, Water Res., 44, 1737, 10.1016/j.watres.2009.11.044 Gad-Allah, 2011, Photocatalytic oxidation of ciprofloxacin under simulated sunlight, J. Hazard. Mater., 186, 751, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.066 Giraldo-Aguirre, 2015, TiO2 photocatalysis applied to the degradation and antimicrobial activity removal of oxacillin: evaluation of matrix components, experimental parameters, degradation pathways and identification of organics by-products, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 311, 95, 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.06.021 Peres, 2015, Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin and evaluation of the residual antimicrobial activity, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 14, 556, 10.1039/c4pp00256c Chavoshan, 2020, Photocatalytic degradation of penicillin G from simulated wastewater using the UV/ZnO process: isotherm and kinetic study, J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng., 18, 107, 10.1007/s40201-020-00442-7 Zhang, 2011, Studies on the removal of tetracycline by multi-walled carbon nanotubes, Chem. Eng. J., 178, 26, 10.1016/j.cej.2011.09.127 Bhagat, 2020, Proclivities for prevalence and treatment of antibiotics in the ambient water: a review, NPJ Clean Water, 3, 42, 10.1038/s41545-020-00087-x Biancullo, 2019, Heterogeneous photocatalysis using UVA-LEDs for the removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistant bacteria from urban wastewater treatment plant effluents, Chem. Eng. J., 367, 304, 10.1016/j.cej.2019.02.012 Abazari, 2020, An advanced composite with ultrafast photocatalytic performance for the degradation of antibiotics by natural sunlight without oxidizing the source over TMU-5@Ni–Ti LDH: mechanistic insight and toxicity assessment, Inorg. Chem. Front., 7, 2287, 10.1039/D0QI00050G Zhang, 2002, Photocatalyzed N-demethylation and degradation of methylene blue in titania dispersions exposed to concentrated sunlight, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 73, 287, 10.1016/S0927-0248(01)00215-X Paul, 2019, Effect of calcination temperature, pH and catalyst loading on photodegradation efficiency of urea derived graphitic carbon nitride towards methylene blue dye solution, RSC Adv., 9, 15381, 10.1039/C9RA02201E Kumar, 2018, Rational design and development of lanthanide-doped NaYF4@CdS–Au–RGO as quaternary plasmonic photocatalysts for harnessing visible–near-infrared broadband spectrum, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 10, 15565, 10.1021/acsami.7b17822 Adamek, 2016, Photocatalytic degradation of veterinary antibiotics: biodegradability and antimicrobial activity of intermediates, Process. Saf. Environ. Prot., 103, 1, 10.1016/j.psep.2016.06.015 Liu, 2020, Synergistic adsorption-photocatalytic degradation effect and norfloxacin mechanism of ZnO/ZnS@BC under UV-light irradiation, Sci. Rep., 10, 11903, 10.1038/s41598-020-68517-x Wang, 2018, Fabrication of Sb2O3/PbO photocatalyst for the UV/PMS assisted degradation of carbamazepine from synthetic wastewater, Chem. Eng. J., 354, 663, 10.1016/j.cej.2018.08.068 Parthasarathi, 2006, pKa prediction using group philicity, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 6540, 10.1021/jp055849m Vignesh, 2014, Photocatalytic degradation of erythromycin under visible light by zinc phthalocyanine-modified titania nanoparticles, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process., 23, 98, 10.1016/j.mssp.2014.02.050 Chen, 2019, MoS2/ZIF-8 hybrid materials for environmental catalysis: solar-driven antibiotic-degradation engineering, Engineering, 5, 755, 10.1016/j.eng.2019.02.003 Rojas, 2020, Metal–organic frameworks for the removal of emerging organic contaminants in water, Chem. Rev., 120, 8378, 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00797 Wang, 2018, Simultaneously efficient adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline by Fe-based MOFs, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 519, 273, 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.02.067 Wang, 2020, Recent advances in MOF-based photocatalysis: environmental remediation under visible light, Inorg. Chem. Front., 7, 300, 10.1039/C9QI01120J Yuan, 2011, Photodegradation and toxicity changes of antibiotics in UV and UV/H2O2 process, J. Hazard. Mater., 185, 1256, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.10.040 Yu, 2006, Photocatalytic oxidation of triclosan, Chemosphere, 65, 390, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.02.011 Wang, 1999, Photocatalytic degradation of 2-chloro and 2-nitrophenol by titanium dioxide suspensions in aqueous solution, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 21, 1, 10.1016/S0926-3373(98)00116-7 Haarstrick, 1996, TiO2-assisted degradation of environmentally relevant organic compounds in wastewater using a novel fluidized bed photoreactor, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 817, 10.1021/es9502278 Fuentes, 2018, Comprehension of top 200 prescribed drugs in the US as a resource for pharmacy teaching, training and practice, Pharmacy, 6, 43, 10.3390/pharmacy6020043 Chang, 2015, Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen in aqueous solutions by TiO2/ZSM-5 zeolite with low energy irradiation, Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 196, 53, 10.1016/j.mseb.2014.12.025 Mu, 2020, Synthesis of novel ternary heterogeneous anatase-TiO2 (B) biphase nanowires/Bi4O5I2 composite photocatalysts for the highly efficient degradation of acetaminophen under visible light irradiation, J. Hazard. Mater., 382, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121083 Abdel-Wahab, 2017, Photocatalytic degradation of paracetamol over magnetic flower-like TiO2/Fe2O3 core-shell nanostructures, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 347, 186, 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.07.030 Moctezuma, 2012, Photocatalytic degradation of paracetamol: intermediates and total reaction mechanism, J. Hazard. Mater., 243, 130, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.10.010 Kaynan, 2014, Sustainable photocatalytic production of hydrogen peroxide from water and molecular oxygen, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2, 13822, 10.1039/C4TA03004D Wu, 2020, Highly-efficient photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production over polyoxometalates covalently immobilized onto titanium dioxide, Appl. Catal. A Gen., 591, 10.1016/j.apcata.2019.117271 Asghar, 2015, Advanced oxidation processes for in-situ production of hydrogen peroxide/hydroxyl radical for textile wastewater treatment: a review, J. Clean. Prod., 87, 826, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.010 Loeb, 2019, The technology horizon for photocatalytic water treatment: sunrise or sunset?, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 2937, 10.1021/acs.est.8b05041 He, 2013, Surface scattering and reflecting: the effect on light absorption or photocatalytic activity of TiO2 scattering microspheres, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 15, 16768 Yuan, 2011, Photodegradation and toxicity changes of antibiotics in UV and UV/H2O2 process, J. Hazard. Mater., 185, 1256, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.10.040 Çağlar Yılmaz, 2020, Photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin using Co-doped TiO2 synthesized by reflux method and monitoring of degradation products by LC–MS/MS, J. Dispers. Sci. Technol., 41, 414, 10.1080/01932691.2019.1583576 Yousef, 2018, Cleaner and profitable industrial technology for full recovery of metallic and non-metallic fraction of waste pharmaceutical blisters using switchable hydrophilicity solvents, J. Clean. Prod., 197, 379, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.154 Alshemari, 2020, Can we create a circular pharmaceutical supply chain (CPSC) to reduce medicines waste?, Pharmacy, 8, 221, 10.3390/pharmacy8040221 Tarpani, 2020, Life cycle environmental impacts of sewage sludge treatment methods for resource recovery considering ecotoxicity of heavy metals and pharmaceutical and personal care products, J. Environ. Manage., 260, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109643 Zepon Tarpani, 2018, Life cycle environmental impacts of advanced wastewater treatment techniques for removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), J. Environ. Manage., 215, 258, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.047 Benedetti, 2020, Determination of multi-class emerging contaminants in sludge and recovery materials from waste water treatment plants: development of a modified QuEChERS method coupled to LC–MS/MS, Microchem. J., 155, 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104732 Linclau, 2016, Water and detergent recovery from rinsing water in an industrial environment, Water Resour. Ind., 14, 3, 10.1016/j.wri.2016.03.001 Ma, 2013, Organic matter recovery from municipal wastewater by using dynamic membrane separation process, Chem. Eng. J., 219, 190, 10.1016/j.cej.2012.12.085 Rodríguez-Reinoso, 2001, Activated carbon and adsorption, 22 Johnson, 2014, 2.4 - Advances in pretreatment and clarification technologies, 60 Kehrein, 2020, A critical review of resource recovery from municipal wastewater treatment plants – market supply potentials, technologies and bottlenecks, Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol., 6, 877, 10.1039/C9EW00905A Han, 2020, The oxidative degradation of diclofenac using the activation of peroxymonosulfate by BiFeO3 microspheres—kinetics, role of visible light and decay pathways, Sep. Purif. Technol., 232, 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115967 Moctezuma, 2020, TiO 2 photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac: intermediates and total reaction mechanism, Top. Catal., 1 Liu, 2014, Enhanced photoelectrochemical water-splitting performance of semiconductors by surface passivation layers, Energy Environ. Sci., 7, 2504, 10.1039/C4EE00450G Li, 2018, Surface, bulk, and interface: rational design of hematite architecture toward efficient photo-electrochemical water splitting, Adv. Mater., 30 Ros, 2020, Photoelectrochemical water splitting: a road from stable metal oxides to protected thin film solar cells, J. Mater. Chem. A, 8, 10625, 10.1039/D0TA02755C El-Kemary, 2010, Photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin drug in water using ZnO nanoparticles, J. Lumin., 130, 2327, 10.1016/j.jlumin.2010.07.013 Xing, 2019, Insight into the mechanism for photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin with CeO2, Optik, 183, 266, 10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.02.122 Bojer, 2017, Clinical wastewater treatment: photochemical removal of an anionic antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) by mesostructured high aspect ratio ZnO nanotubes, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 204, 561, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.12.003 Hernández-Uresti, 2016, Performance of the polymeric g-C3N4 photocatalyst through the degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants under UV–vis irradiation, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 324, 47, 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.01.031 Sivaganesh, 2020, Surfactants-assisted synthesis of ZnWO4 nanostructures: a view on photocatalysis, photoluminescence and electron density distribution analysis, Mater. Charact., 159, 10.1016/j.matchar.2019.110035 Deng, 2018, Insight into the dual-channel charge-charrier transfer path for nonmetal plasmonic tungsten oxide based composites with boosted photocatalytic activity under full-spectrum light, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 235, 225, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.04.075 Dong, 2020, Double-shelled ZnSnO3 hollow cubes for efficient photocatalytic degradation of antibiotic wastewater, Chem. Eng. J., 384, 10.1016/j.cej.2019.123279 Hakimi, 2020, Characterization of α-Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles prepared from a new [Fe (ofloxacin) 2 Cl 2] precursor: a heterogeneous photocatalyst for removal of methylene blue and ciprofloxacin in water, J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater., 30, 504, 10.1007/s10904-019-01210-3 Das, 2020, Enhanced photocatalytic activities of polypyrrole sensitized zinc ferrite/graphitic carbon nitride nn heterojunction towards ciprofloxacin degradation, hydrogen evolution and antibacterial studies, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 561, 551, 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.11.030 Samsudin, 2020, Bifunctional Z-Scheme Ag/AgVO3/g-C3N4 photocatalysts for expired ciprofloxacin degradation and hydrogen production from natural rainwater without using scavengers, J. Environ. Manage., 270, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110803 Hu, 2020, Enhanced reduction and oxidation capability over the CeO 2/gC 3 N 4 hybrid through surface carboxylation: performance and mechanism, Catal. Sci. Technol., 10, 4712, 10.1039/D0CY00395F Wu, 2020, Facile synthesis of flower-like Bi 2 WO 6/C 3 N 4/CNT ternary composite with enhanced photoactivity: influencing factors and mechanism, J. Mater. Sci., 55, 15945, 10.1007/s10853-020-05139-8 Alhaddad, 2020, Synthesis and characterizations of ZnMn 2 O 4-ZnO nanocomposite photocatalyst for enlarged photocatalytic oxidation of ciprofloxacin using visible light irradiation, Appl. Nanosci., 1 Xu, 2015, g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 composites with synergistic effect for increased photocatalytic activity under the visible light irradiation, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process., 39, 726, 10.1016/j.mssp.2015.04.013 Zhao, 2020, Fabrication of Ag3PO4/Ag/MoO3-x Z-scheme system with excellent photocatalytic degradation performance under visible light irradiation, Mater. Chem. Phys., 253, 123325, 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.123325 Fanourakis, 2020, Nano-based adsorbent and photocatalyst use for pharmaceutical contaminant removal during indirect potable water reuse, NPJ Clean Water, 3, 1, 10.1038/s41545-019-0048-8 Wagner, 2011, Toxicological issues of nanoparticles employed in photocatalysis, Green, 1, 171, 10.1515/green.2011.013 Abhilash, 2019, Photocatalytic dye degradation and biological activities of the Fe2O3/Cu2O nanocomposite, RSC Adv., 9, 8557, 10.1039/C8RA09929D Diamond, 2017, Assessment of the potential hazard of nano-scale TiO2 in photocatalytic cement: application of a tiered assessment framework, NanoImpact, 8, 11, 10.1016/j.impact.2017.06.006 Luo, 2020, Rethinking nano-TiO2 safety: overview of toxic effects in humans and aquatic animals, Small, 16, 10.1002/smll.202002019 Valério, 2020, Are TiO2 nanoparticles safe for photocatalysis in aqueous media?, Nanosc. Adv., 2, 4951, 10.1039/D0NA00584C Kansara, 2019, Montmorillonite clay and humic acid modulate the behavior of copper oxide nanoparticles in aqueous environment and induces developmental defects in zebrafish embryo, Environ. Pollut., 255, 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113313 Bengalli, 2019, In vitro toxicity of TiO(2):SiO(2) nanocomposites with different photocatalytic properties, Nanomaterials (Basel), 9, 1041, 10.3390/nano9071041 Khan, 2019, Nanoparticle-plant interactions: two-way traffic, Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany), 15, e1901794, 10.1002/smll.201901794 Eswar, 2019, Atomic layer deposited photocatalysts: comprehensive review on viable fabrication routes and reactor design approaches for photo-mediated redox reactions, J. Mater. Chem. A, 7, 17703, 10.1039/C9TA04780H Ramamurthy, 2014, Vibrio fluvialis: an emerging human pathogen, Front. Microbiol., 5, 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00091 Das, 2016, Molecular evolution and functional divergence of Vibrio cholerae, Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis., 29, 520, 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000306 Drews, 2010, Laboratory based surveillance of travel-related Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri in Alberta from 2002 to 2007, Global. Health, 6, 20, 10.1186/1744-8603-6-20 Calero-Cáceres, 2019, Bacteriophages as environmental reservoirs of antibiotic resistance, Trends Microbiol., 27, 570, 10.1016/j.tim.2019.02.008 Sutherland, 2019, Microalgal bioremediation of emerging contaminants - Opportunities and challenges, Water Res., 164, 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114921 Girardi, 2011, Biodegradation of ciprofloxacin in water and soil and its effects on the microbial communities, J. Hazard. Mater., 198, 22, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.10.004 Zhang, 2018, Analysis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and ciprofloxacin-degrading microbial community in the combined Fe-C micro-electrolysis-UBAF process for the elimination of high-level ciprofloxacin, Chemosphere, 193, 645, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.056 Patrolecco, 2018, Persistence of the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole in river water alone or in the co-presence of ciprofloxacin, Sci. Total Environ., 640–641, 1438, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.025 Pan, 2018, Study of ciprofloxacin biodegradation by a Thermus sp. isolated from pharmaceutical sludge, J. Hazard. Mater., 343, 59, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.09.009 Chen, 2019, Antibiotic-resistance gene transfer in antibiotic-resistance bacteria under different light irradiation: Implications from oxidative stress and gene expression, Water Res., 149, 282, 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.019 Dunlop, 2015, Effect of photocatalysis on the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in urban wastewater, Catal. Today, 240, 55, 10.1016/j.cattod.2014.03.049 Li, 2020, Hierarchical Bi2O2CO3 wrapped with modified graphene oxide for adsorption-enhanced photocatalytic inactivation of antibiotic resistant bacteria and resistance genes, Water Res., 184, 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116157 Zhou, 2020, Mechanistic insights for efficient inactivation of antibiotic resistance genes: a synergistic interfacial adsorption and photocatalytic-oxidation process, Sci. Bull., 65, 2107, 10.1016/j.scib.2020.07.015 Moreira, 2016, Photocatalytic ozonation of urban wastewater and surface water using immobilized TiO2 with LEDs: micropollutants, antibiotic resistance genes and estrogenic activity, Water Res., 94, 10, 10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.003 Sharma, 2019, Elimination of antibiotic resistance genes and control of horizontal transfer risk by UV-based treatment of drinking water: a mini review, Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 13, 37, 10.1007/s11783-019-1122-7 Meng, 2019, Perspective on construction of heterojunction photocatalysts and the complete utilization of photogenerated charge carriers, Appl. Surf. Sci., 476, 982, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.01.246 Moniz, 2015, Visible-light driven heterojunction photocatalysts for water splitting – a critical review, Energy Environ. Sci., 8, 731, 10.1039/C4EE03271C Yang, 2013, Roles of cocatalysts in photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis, Acc. Chem. Res., 46, 1900, 10.1021/ar300227e Bai, 2016, Surface and interface design in cocatalysts for photocatalytic water splitting and CO2 reduction, RSC Adv., 6, 57446, 10.1039/C6RA10539D Li, 2016, Tracking Co(I) intermediate in operando in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution by X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy and DFT calculation, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 7, 5253, 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02479 Caudillo-Flores, 2018, Operando spectroscopy in photocatalysis, ChemPhotoChem, 2, 777, 10.1002/cptc.201800117 Van Hal, 2019, Image analysis and in situ FTIR as complementary detection tools for photocatalytic soot oxidation, Chem. Eng. J., 367, 269, 10.1016/j.cej.2019.02.154 Li, 2018, In situ SERS monitoring the visible light photocatalytic degradation of nile blue on Ag@AgCl single hollow cube as a microreactor, ChemistrySelect, 3, 428, 10.1002/slct.201702545 Han, 2020, Time-resolved in situ monitoring of photocatalytic reactions by probe electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, Analyst, 145, 3313, 10.1039/D0AN00305K Fernandez, 1995, In situ EXAFS study of the photocatalytic reduction and deposition of gold on colloidal titania, J. Phys. Chem., 99, 3303, 10.1021/j100010a047 Visan, 2019, Photocatalytic reactor design: guidelines for kinetic investigation, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 58, 5349, 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00381