The tryptophan catabolite or kynurenine pathway in major depressive and bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health - Tập 26 - Trang 100537 - 2022
Abbas F. Almulla1,2, Yanin Thipakorn1, Asara Vasupanrajit1, Ali Abbas Abo Algon3, Chavit Tunvirachaisakul1,4, Ashwan Abdulzahra Hashim Aljanabi5,6, Gregory Oxenkrug7, Hussein K. Al-Hakeim8, Michael Maes1,9,10
1Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
2Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, the Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
3Iraqi Education Ministry, Najaf, Iraq
4Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
5Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Iraq
6Department of Psychiatry Al-Hakeem General Hospital, Iraq
7Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
8Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
9Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
10Department of Psychiatry, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

Tài liệu tham khảo

Aarsland, 2019, The effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on serum tryptophan metabolites, Brain Stimul., 12, 1135, 10.1016/j.brs.2019.05.018 Achtyes, 2020, Inflammation and kynurenine pathway dysregulation in post-partum women with severe and suicidal depression, Brain Behav. Immun., 83, 239, 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.10.017 Almulla, 2022, The tryptophan catabolite or kynurenine pathway's role in major depression, Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 22, 1, 10.2174/1568026622666220428095250 Almulla, 2022, The tryptophan catabolite or kynurenine pathway in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Alzheimers Dis, 88, 1325, 10.3233/JAD-220295 Almulla, 2022, The tryptophan catabolite or kynurenine pathway in COVID-19 and critical COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis, BMC Infect. Dis., 22, 615, 10.1186/s12879-022-07582-1 Almulla, 2022, The tryptophan catabolite or kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia: meta-analysis reveals dissociations between central, serum, and plasma compartments, Mol. Psychiatr., 10.1038/s41380-022-01552-4 Anderson, 1990, Decreased plasma tryptophan concentration in major depression: relationship to melancholia and weight loss, J. Affect. Disord., 20, 185, 10.1016/0165-0327(90)90143-V Andrés-Rodríguez, 2020, Peripheral immune aberrations in fibromyalgia: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression, Brain Behav. Immun., 87, 881, 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.12.020 Arnone, 2018, Role of Kynurenine pathway and its metabolites in mood disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 92, 477, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.031 Badawy, 2002, Tryptophan metabolism in alcoholism, Nutr. Res. Rev., 15, 123, 10.1079/NRR200133 Baranyi, 2017, Beta-trace protein as a new non-invasive immunological marker for quinolinic acid-induced impaired blood-brain barrier integrity, Sci. Rep., 7, 10.1038/srep43642 Bartoli, 2021, The kynurenine pathway in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis on the peripheral blood levels of tryptophan and related metabolites, Mol. Psychiatr., 26, 3419, 10.1038/s41380-020-00913-1 Bay-Richter, 2015, A role for inflammatory metabolites as modulators of the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in depression and suicidality, Brain Behav. Immun., 43, 110, 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.07.012 Bellmaine, 2020, Reactivity and degradation products of tryptophan in solution and proteins, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 160, 696, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.002 Birner, 2017, Increased breakdown of kynurenine towards its neurotoxic branch in bipolar disorder, PLoS One, 12, 10.1371/journal.pone.0172699 Bonaccorso, 2001, Major depression induced by interferon-alpha in patients affected by hepatitis C virus, J. Affect. Disord. Bonaccorso, 2002, Increased depressive ratings in patients with hepatitis C receiving interferon-α–based immunotherapy are related to interferon-α–induced changes in the serotonergic system, J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 22, 10.1097/00004714-200202000-00014 Booth, 2015, Substrate oxidation by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: evidence for a common reaction mechanism, J. Biol. Chem., 290, 30924, 10.1074/jbc.M115.695684 Bradley, 2015, The role of the kynurenine pathway in suicidality in adolescent major depressive disorder, Psychiatr. Res., 227, 206, 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.03.031 Brundin, 2016, An enzyme in the kynurenine pathway that governs vulnerability to suicidal behavior by regulating excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation, Transl. Psychiatry, 6, e865, 10.1038/tp.2016.133 Busse, 2015, Decreased quinolinic acid in the hippocampus of depressive patients: evidence for local anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective responses?, Eur. Arch. Psychiatr. Clin. Neurosci., 265, 321, 10.1007/s00406-014-0562-0 Carrillo-Mora, 2020, Serum kynurenines correlate with depressive symptoms and disability in poststroke patients: a cross-sectional study, Neurorehabilitation Neural Repair, 34, 936, 10.1177/1545968320953671 Castillo, 2019, Celecoxib augmentation of escitalopram in treatment-resistant bipolar depression and the effects on Quinolinic Acid, Neurol. Psychiatr. Brain Res., 32, 22, 10.1016/j.npbr.2019.03.005 Cathomas, 2021, Quinolinic acid is associated with cognitive deficits in schizophrenia but not major depressive disorder, Sci. Rep., 11, 9992, 10.1038/s41598-021-89335-9 Chiaroni, 1990, A multivariate analysis of red blood cell membrane transports and plasma levels of L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan in depressed patients before treatment and after clinical improvement, Neuropsychobiology, 23, 1, 10.1159/000118707 Chiu, 2021, A study of tryptophan, kynurenine and serotonin transporter in first-episode drug-naïve major depressive disorder, Psychiatr. Res. Neuroimaging, 312, 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111296 Cho, 2017, Sleep disturbance and kynurenine metabolism in depression, J. Psychosom. Res., 99, 1, 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.05.016 Clark, 2016, Reduced kynurenine pathway metabolism and cytokine expression in the prefrontal cortex of depressed individuals, J. Psychiatry Neurosci., 41, 386, 10.1503/jpn.150226 Cohen, 1988 Colle, 2020, Peripheral tryptophan, serotonin, kynurenine, and their metabolites in major depression: a case-control study, Psychiatr. Clin. Neurosci., 74, 112, 10.1111/pcn.12944 Coppen, 1967, The biochemistry of affective disorders, Br. J. Psychiatry, 113, 1237, 10.1192/bjp.113.504.1237 Coppen, 1972, Tryptophan concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid of depressive patients, Lancet, 1, 1393, 10.1016/S0140-6736(72)91123-3 Coppen, 1973, Total and free tryptophan concentration in the plasma of depressive patients, Lancet, 2, 60, 10.1016/S0140-6736(73)93259-5 Cowen, 1989, Decreased plasma tryptophan levels in major depression, J. Affect. Disord., 16, 27, 10.1016/0165-0327(89)90051-7 Croonenberghs, 2005, Serotonergic disturbances in autistic disorder: L-5-hydroxytryptophan administration to autistic youngsters increases the blood concentrations of serotonin in patients but not in controls, Life Sci., 76, 2171, 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.06.032 Curzon, 1979, Relationships between plasma, CSF and brain tryptophan, 81 Czermak, 2008, Plasma NPY concentrations during tryptophan and sham depletion in medication-free patients with remitted depression, J. Affect. Disord., 110, 277, 10.1016/j.jad.2008.01.014 Dahl, 2015, Ongoing episode of major depressive disorder is not associated with elevated plasma levels of kynurenine pathway markers, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 56, 12, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.02.011 Davidson, 2002, Effects of contamination of blood specimens with liquid potassium-EDTA anticoagulant, Ann. Clin. Biochem., 39, 273, 10.1258/0004563021901973 DeMyer, 1981, Plasma tryptophan and five other amino acids in depressed and normal subjects, Arch. Gen. Psychiatr., 38, 642, 10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780310042003 DeWitt, 2018, A pilot resting-state functional connectivity study of the kynurenine pathway in adolescents with depression and healthy controls, J. Affect. Disord., 227, 752, 10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.040 Doolin, 2018, Altered tryptophan catabolite concentrations in major depressive disorder and associated changes in hippocampal subfield volumes, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 95, 8, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.019 Duval, 2000, A nonparametric “trim and fill” method of accounting for publication bias in meta-analysis, J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 95, 89 Duval, 2000, Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis, Biometrics, 56, 455, 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x Ebesunun, 2012, Elevated plasma homocysteine in association with decreased vitamin B(12), folate, serotonin, lipids and lipoproteins in depressed patients, Afr. J. Psychiatr., 15, 25, 10.4314/ajpsy.v15i1.3 Erabi, 2020, Kynurenic acid is a potential overlapped biomarker between diagnosis and treatment response for depression from metabolome analysis, Sci. Rep., 10, 10.1038/s41598-020-73918-z Erhardt, 2013, Connecting inflammation with glutamate agonism in suicidality, Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, 743, 10.1038/npp.2012.248 Fernstrom, 1973, Correlation between brain tryptophan and plasma neutral amino acid levels following food consumption in rats, Life Sci., 13, 517, 10.1016/0024-3205(73)90044-1 Gabbay, 2010, The possible role of the kynurenine pathway in adolescent depression with melancholic features, JCPP (J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry), 51, 935, 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02245.x Georgin-Lavialle, 2016, Mast cells' involvement in inflammation pathways linked to depression: evidence in mastocytosis, Mol. Psychiatr., 21, 1511, 10.1038/mp.2015.216 Gerner, 1984, CSF neurochemistry in depressed, manic, and schizophrenic patients compared with that of normal controls, Am. J. Psychiatr., 141, 1533, 10.1176/ajp.141.12.1533 Goda, 1999, Radical scavenging properties of tryptophan metabolites. Estimation of their radical reactivity, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 467, 397, 10.1007/978-1-4615-4709-9_50 Guicheney, 1988, Platelet serotonin content and plasma tryptophan in peri- and postmenopausal women: variations with plasma oestrogen levels and depressive symptoms, Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 18, 297, 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1988.tb01262.x Hayward, 2005, Low-dose tryptophan depletion in recovered depressed patients induces changes in cognitive processing without depressive symptoms, Biol. Psychiatr., 57, 517, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.016 Healy, 1982, Monoamine-related markers of depression: changes following treatment, J. Psychiatr. Res., 17, 251, 10.1016/0022-3956(82)90003-6 Hebbrecht, 2021, Tryptophan catabolites in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis, Front. Immunol., 12, 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667179 Heilman, 2019, Role of the kynurenine pathway and the endocannabinoid system as modulators of inflammation and personality traits, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 110, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104434 Hennings, 2013, Exercise affects symptom severity but not biological measures in depression and somatization – results on IL-6, neopterin, tryptophan, kynurenine and 5-HIAA, Psychiatr. Res., 210, 925, 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.09.018 Higgins JPT, 2019 Hoekstra, 2001, Effect of electroconvulsive therapy on biopterin and large neutral amino acids in severe, medication-resistant depression, Psychiatr. Res., 103, 115, 10.1016/S0165-1781(01)00282-7 Hoekstra, 2006, Bipolar mania and plasma amino acids: increased levels of glycine, Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol, 16, 71, 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.06.003 Hu, 2017, A simple HPLC-MS/MS method for determination of tryptophan, kynurenine and kynurenic acid in human serum and its potential for monitoring antidepressant therapy, J. Anal. Toxicol., 41, 37, 10.1093/jat/bkw071 Hüfner, 2015, Levels in neurotransmitter precursor amino acids correlate with mental health in patients with breast cancer, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 60, 28, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.06.001 Hughes, 2012, Tryptophan depletion in depressed patients occurs independent of kynurenine pathway activation, Brain Behav. Immun., 26, 979, 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.05.010 Joseph, 1984, Plasma L-tryptophan/neutral amino acid ratio and dexamethasone suppression in depression, Psychiatr. Res., 11, 185, 10.1016/0165-1781(84)90067-2 Kanchanatawan, 2018, Deficit, but not nondeficit, schizophrenia is characterized by mucosa-associated activation of the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway with highly specific increases in IgA responses directed to picolinic, xanthurenic, and quinolinic acid, Mol. Neurobiol., 55, 1524, 10.1007/s12035-017-0417-6 Karege, 1994, Platelet serotonin and plasma tryptophan in depressed patients: effect of drug treatment and clinical outcome, Neuropsychopharmacology, 10, 207, 10.1038/npp.1994.23 Krause, 2017, High kynurenine (a tryptophan metabolite) predicts remission in patients with major depression to add-on treatment with celecoxib, Front. Psychiatr., 8, 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00016 Krause, 2019, Values of cytokines and tryptophan metabolites over a 12 Weeks time course in patients with depression and somatoform disorder, Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci, 17, 34, 10.9758/cpn.2019.17.1.34 Kulkarni, 2016, Effect of various anticoagulants on the bioanalysis of drugs in rat blood: implication for pharmacokinetic studies of anticancer drugs, SpringerPlus, 5, 2102, 10.1186/s40064-016-3770-4 Kuwano, 2018, Tryptophan-kynurenine and lipid related metabolites as blood biomarkers for first-episode drug-naïve patients with major depressive disorder: an exploratory pilot case-control study, J. Affect. Disord., 231, 74, 10.1016/j.jad.2018.01.014 Lapin, 1969, Intensification of the central serotoninergic processes as a possible determinant of the thymoleptic effect, Lancet, 1, 132, 10.1016/S0140-6736(69)91140-4 Leclercq, 2021, Alterations of kynurenine pathway in alcohol use disorder and abstinence: a link with gut microbiota, peripheral inflammation and psychological symptoms, Transl. Psychiatry, 11, 503, 10.1038/s41398-021-01610-5 Liu, 2015, A meta-analysis of oxidative stress markers in depression, PLoS One, 10, 10.1145/2818302 Liu, 2018, The metabolic factor kynurenic acid of kynurenine pathway predicts major depressive disorder, Front. Psychiatr., 9, 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00552 Lucca, 1992, Plasma tryptophan levels and plasma tryptophan/neutral amino acids ratio in patients with mood disorder, patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, and normal subjects, Psychiatr. Res., 44, 85, 10.1016/0165-1781(92)90043-3 Lucini, 1996, Predictive value of tryptophan/large neutral amino acids ratio to antidepressant response, J. Affect. Disord., 36, 129, 10.1016/0165-0327(95)00071-2 Maes, 1993, A review on the acute phase response in major depression, Rev. Neurosci., 4, 407, 10.1515/REVNEURO.1993.4.4.407 Maes, 2015, A review on citation amnesia in depression and inflammation research, Neuroendocrinol. Lett., 36, 1 Maes, 2022, Precision nomothetic medicine in depression research: a new depression model, and new endophenotype classes and pathway phenotypes, and A digital self, J. Personalized Med., 12, 10.3390/jpm12030403 Maes, 2018, The compensatory immune-regulatory reflex system (CIRS) in depression and bipolar disorder, Mol. Neurobiol., 55, 8885, 10.1007/s12035-018-1016-x Maes, 1995, The serotonin hypothesis of major depression: a review, Rev. Neurosci., 4, 407 Maes, 2012, Diagnostic classifications in depression and somatization should include biomarkers, such as disorders in the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway, Psychiatr. Res., 196, 243, 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.09.029 Maes, 2022, False dogmas in mood disorders research: towards a nomothetic network approach, World J. Psychiatr., 12, 651, 10.5498/wjp.v12.i5.651 Maes, 1990, Suppressant effects of dexamethasone on the availability of plasma L-tryptophan and tyrosine in healthy controls and in depressed patients, Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 81, 19, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb06443.x Maes, 1991, The relationships between the availability ofL-tryptophan to the brain, the spontaneous HPA-axis activity, and the HPA-axis responses to dexamethasone in depressed patients, Amino Acids, 1, 57, 10.1007/BF00808091 Maes, 1991, Anthropometric and biochemical assessment of the nutritional state in depression: evidence for lower visceral protein plasma levels in depression, J. Affect. Disord., 23, 25, 10.1016/0165-0327(91)90032-N Maes, 1993, Relationships between lower plasma L-tryptophan levels and immune-inflammatory variables in depression, Psychiatr. Res., 49, 151, 10.1016/0165-1781(93)90102-M Maes, 1995, Increased plasma serine concentrations in depression, Neuropsychobiology, 31, 10, 10.1159/000119166 Maes, 1996, Lower serum L-tryptophan availability in depression as a marker of a more generalized disorder in protein metabolism, Neuropsychopharmacology, 15, 243, 10.1016/0893-133X(95)00181-C Maes, 1997, Lower serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in major depression and in depressed men with serious suicidal attempts: relationship with immune-inflammatory markers, Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 95, 212, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1997.tb09622.x Maes, 1997, Serotonin-immune interactions in major depression: lower serum tryptophan as a marker of an immune-inflammatory response, Eur. Arch. Psychiatr. Clin. Neurosci., 247, 154, 10.1007/BF03033069 Maes, 2001, Treatment with interferon-alpha (IFN alpha) of hepatitis C patients induces lower serum dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity, which is related to IFN alpha-induced depressive and anxiety symptoms and immune activation, Mol. Psychiatr., 6, 475, 10.1038/sj.mp.4000872 Maes, 2001, Treatment with interferon-alpha (IFNα) of hepatitis C patients induces lower serum dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity, which is related to IFNα-induced depressive and anxiety symptoms and immune activation, Mol. Psychiatr., 6, 475, 10.1038/sj.mp.4000872 Maes, 2007, The immune effects of TRYCATs (tryptophan catabolites along the Ido pathway): relevance for depression - and other conditions characterized by tryptophan depletion induced by inflammation, Neuroendocrinol. Lett., 28, 826 Maes, 2008, The gut-brain barrier in major depression: intestinal mucosal dysfunction with an increased translocation of LPS from gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) plays a role in the inflammatory pathophysiology of depression, Neuroendocrinol. Lett., 29, 117 Maes, 2011, A review on the oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) pathways in major depression and their possible contribution to the (neuro)degenerative processes in that illness, Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 35, 676, 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.05.004 Maes, 2011, Somatization, but not depression, is characterized by disorders in the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway, indicating increased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and lowered kynurenine aminotransferase activity, Neuroendocrinol. Lett., 32, 264 Maes, 2011, Somatization, but not depression, is characterized by disorders in the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway, indicating increased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and lowered kynurenine aminotransferase activity, Neuroendocrinol. Lett., 32, 264 Maes, 2011, Prog. Neuro Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatr., 35, 702, 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.12.017 Maes, 2019, Development of a novel staging model for affective disorders using partial least squares bootstrapping: effects of lipid-associated antioxidant defenses and neuro-oxidative stress, Mol. Neurobiol., 56, 6626, 10.1007/s12035-019-1552-z Maes, 2019, Development of a novel staging model for affective disorders using partial least squares bootstrapping: effects of lipid-associated antioxidant defenses and neuro-oxidative stress, Mol. Neurobiol., 56, 6626, 10.1007/s12035-019-1552-z Maes, 2019, Upregulation of the nitrosylome in bipolar disorder type 1 (BP1) and major depression, but not BP2: increased IgM antibodies to nitrosylated conjugates are associated with indicants of leaky gut, Nitric Oxide, 91, 67, 10.1016/j.niox.2019.07.003 Maes, 2022, Adverse childhood experiences predict the phenome of affective disorders and these effects are mediated by staging, Neuroimmunotoxic and Growth Factor Profiles Maes, 2022 Manjarrez-Gutierrez, 2009, Functional change of the auditory cortex related to brain serotonergic neurotransmission in type 1 diabetic adolescents with and without depression, World J. Biol. Psychiatr., 10, 877, 10.1080/15622970902717032 Marx, 2021, The kynurenine pathway in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of 101 studies, Mol. Psychiatr., 26, 4158, 10.1038/s41380-020-00951-9 Mauri, 1998, Plasma and platelet amino acid concentrations in patients affected by major depression and under fluvoxamine treatment, Neuropsychobiology, 37, 124, 10.1159/000026491 Mauri, 2001, Predictive value of amino acids in the treatment of major depression with fluvoxamine, Neuropsychobiology, 44, 134, 10.1159/000054933 Mc, 1958, The specific binding of L-tryptophan to serum albumin, J. Biol. Chem., 233, 1436, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)49353-2 Meier, 2016, Relationship between neurotoxic kynurenine metabolites and reductions in right medial prefrontal cortical thickness in major depressive disorder, Brain Behav. Immun., 53, 39, 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.11.003 Menna-Perper, 1983, Free tryptophan response to intravenous insulin in depressed patients, Biol. Psychiatr., 18, 771 Milaneschi, 2021, The association between plasma tryptophan catabolites and depression: the role of symptom profiles and inflammation, Brain Behav. Immun., 97, 167, 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.007 Miller, 2006, Upregulation of the initiating step of the kynurenine pathway in postmortem anterior cingulate cortex from individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, Brain Res., 1073–1074, 25, 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.056 Moaddel, 2018, Plasma metabolomic profiling of a ketamine and placebo crossover trial of major depressive disorder and healthy control subjects, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 235, 3017, 10.1007/s00213-018-4992-7 Møller, 1993, Plasma amino acid profiles in relation to clinical response to moclobemide in patients with major depression. Danish University Antidepressant Group, J. Affect. Disord., 27, 225, 10.1016/0165-0327(93)90046-M Moller, 1976, Plasma amino acids as an index for subgroups in manic depressive psychosis: correlation to effect of tryptophan, Psychopharmacology, 49, 205, 10.1007/BF00427292 Møller, 1982, Tryptophan tolerance and metabolism in endogenous depression, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 76, 79, 10.1007/BF00430761 Moreno, 1999, Tryptophan depletion and depressive vulnerability, Biol. Psychiatr., 46, 498, 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00095-5 Moreno, 2013, Increase in nitric oxide levels and mitochondrial membrane potential in platelets of untreated patients with major depression, Psychiatr. Res., 209, 447, 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.024 Morris, 2016, The many neuroprogressive actions of tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs) that may be associated with the pathophysiology of neuro-immune disorders, Curr. Pharmaceut. Des., 22, 963, 10.2174/1381612822666151215102420 Mukherjee, 2018, Total sleep time and kynurenine metabolism associated with mood symptom severity in bipolar disorder, Bipolar Disord., 20, 27, 10.1111/bdi.12529 Murata, 2020, Effects of adjunctive inflammatory modulation on IL-1β in treatment resistant bipolar depression, Brain Behav. Immun., 87, 369, 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.01.004 Myint, 2007, Tryptophan breakdown pathway in bipolar mania, J. Affect. Disord., 102, 65, 10.1016/j.jad.2006.12.008 Myint, 2007, Kynurenine pathway in major depression: evidence of impaired neuroprotection, J. Affect. Disord., 98, 143, 10.1016/j.jad.2006.07.013 Nelp Micah, 2018, Immune-modulating enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is effectively inhibited by targeting its apo-form, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 3249, 10.1073/pnas.1719190115 Nikkheslat, 2015, Insufficient glucocorticoid signaling and elevated inflammation in coronary heart disease patients with comorbid depression, Brain Behav. Immun., 48, 8, 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.02.002 Ogawa, 2014, Plasma L-tryptophan concentration in major depressive disorder: new data and meta-analysis, J. Clin. Psychiatr., 75, e906, 10.4088/JCP.13r08908 Ogawa, 2018, Plasma amino acid profile in major depressive disorder: analyses in two independent case-control sample sets, J. Psychiatr. Res., 96, 23, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.09.014 Ogyu, 2018, Kynurenine pathway in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 90, 16, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.023 Olsson, 2010, Elevated levels of kynurenic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with bipolar disorder, J. Psychiatry Neurosci. : JPN, 35, 195, 10.1503/jpn.090180 Ortiz, 1993, Effects of the antidepressant drug tianeptine on plasma and platelet serotonin of depressive patients and healthy controls, J. Affect. Disord., 29, 227, 10.1016/0165-0327(93)90012-9 Oxenkrug, 2013, Serotonin-kynurenine hypothesis of depression: historical overview and recent developments, Curr. Drug Targets, 14, 514, 10.2174/1389450111314050002 Öztürk, 2021, The role of the kynurenine pathway and quinolinic acid in adolescent major depressive disorder, Int. J. Clin. Pract., 75, 10.1111/ijcp.13739 Page, 2021, The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews, PLoS Med., 18, e1003583, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003583 Pan, 2018, Diagnosis of major depressive disorder based on changes in multiple plasma neurotransmitters: a targeted metabolomics study, Transl. Psychiatry, 8, 130, 10.1038/s41398-018-0183-x Pardridge, 1979, Tryptophan transport through the blood-brain barrier: in vivo measurement of free and albumin-bound amino acid, Life Sci., 25, 1519, 10.1016/0024-3205(79)90378-3 Parvy, 1983, EDTA in vacutainer tubes can interfere with plasma amino acid analysis, Clin. Chem., 29, 735, 10.1093/clinchem/29.4.735 Paul, 2022, Peripheral and central kynurenine pathway abnormalities in major depression, Brain Behav. Immun., 101, 136, 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.01.002 Perez-Gonzalez, 2014, Tryptophan: antioxidant or target of oxidative stress? A quantum chemistry elucidation, RSC Adv., 4, 56128, 10.1039/C4RA11635F Pérez-González, 2015, Free-radical scavenging by tryptophan and its metabolites through electron transfer based processes, J. Mol. Model., 21, 213, 10.1007/s00894-015-2758-2 Pinto, 2012, Low plasma levels of l-arginine, impaired intraplatelet nitric oxide and platelet hyperaggregability: implications for cardiovascular disease in depressive patients, J. Affect. Disord., 140, 187, 10.1016/j.jad.2012.02.008 Platzer, 2017, Tryptophan breakdown and cognition in bipolar disorder, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 81, 144, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.04.015 Poletti, 2018, Kynurenine pathway and white matter microstructure in bipolar disorder, Eur. Arch. Psychiatr. Clin. Neurosci., 268, 157, 10.1007/s00406-016-0731-4 Poletti, 2019, Grey and white matter structure associates with the activation of the tryptophan to kynurenine pathway in bipolar disorder, J. Affect. Disord., 259, 404, 10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.034 Pompili, 2019, Tryptophan and kynurenine metabolites: are they related to depression?, Neuropsychobiology, 77, 23, 10.1159/000491604 Porter, 2003, Elevated prolactin responses to L-tryptophan infusion in medication-free depressed patients, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 169, 77, 10.1007/s00213-003-1475-1 Price, 1991, 1518 Quak, 2014, Does tryptophan degradation along the kynurenine pathway mediate the association between pro-inflammatory immune activity and depressive symptoms?, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 45, 202, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.03.013 Quintana, 1992, Platelet serotonin and plasma tryptophan decreases in endogenous depression. Clinical, therapeutic, and biological correlations, J. Affect. Disord., 24, 55, 10.1016/0165-0327(92)90019-3 Rădulescu, 2021, Neuroplasticity and depression: rewiring the brain's networks through pharmacological therapy (Review), Exp. Ther. Med., 22, 1131, 10.3892/etm.2021.10565 Reininghaus, 2014, Tryptophan breakdown is increased in euthymic overweight individuals with bipolar disorder: a preliminary report, Bipolar Disord., 16, 432, 10.1111/bdi.12166 Reiter, 1999, Melatonin and tryptophan derivatives as free radical scavengers and antioxidants, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 467, 379, 10.1007/978-1-4615-4709-9_48 Reyes Ocampo, 2014, Kynurenines with neuroactive and redox properties: relevance to aging and brain diseases, Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 10.1155/2014/646909 Rief, 2004, Psychobiological aspects of somatoform disorders: contributions of monoaminergic transmitter systems, Neuropsychobiology, 49, 24, 10.1159/000075335 Roiser, 2009, The effects of tryptophan depletion on neural responses to emotional words in remitted depression, Biol. Psychiatr., 66, 441, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.05.002 Russ, 1990, Plasma tryptophan to large neutral amino acid ratios in depressed and normal subjects, J. Affect. Disord., 19, 9, 10.1016/0165-0327(90)90003-Q Ryan, 2020, Tryptophan metabolite concentrations in depressed patients before and after electroconvulsive therapy, Brain Behav. Immun., 83, 153, 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.10.005 Sakurai, 2020, Serum Metabolic Profiles of the Tryptophan-Kynurenine Pathway in the high risk subjects of major depressive disorder, Sci. Rep., 10, 1961, 10.1038/s41598-020-58806-w Santamaría, 2001, Quinolinic acid induces oxidative stress in rat brain synaptosomes, Neuroreport, 12, 871, 10.1097/00001756-200103260-00049 Savaş, 2002, Possible role of nitric oxide and adrenomedullin in bipolar affective disorder, Neuropsychobiology, 45, 57, 10.1159/000048677 Savitz, 2015, Activation of the kynurenine pathway is associated with striatal volume in major depressive disorder, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 62, 54, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.07.609 Savitz, 2015, Neuroprotective kynurenine metabolite indices are abnormally reduced and positively associated with hippocampal and amygdalar volume in bipolar disorder, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 52, 200, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.11.015 Savitz, 2015, Putative neuroprotective and neurotoxic kynurenine pathway metabolites are associated with hippocampal and amygdalar volumes in subjects with major depressive disorder, Neuropsychopharmacology, 40, 463, 10.1038/npp.2014.194 Savitz, 2015, Reduction of kynurenic acid to quinolinic acid ratio in both the depressed and remitted phases of major depressive disorder, Brain Behav. Immun., 46, 55, 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.02.007 Schwieler, 2016, Electroconvulsive therapy suppresses the neurotoxic branch of the kynurenine pathway in treatment-resistant depressed patients, J. Neuroinflammation, 13, 51, 10.1186/s12974-016-0517-7 Sellgren, 2019, Peripheral and central levels of kynurenic acid in bipolar disorder subjects and healthy controls, Transl. Psychiatry, 9, 37, 10.1038/s41398-019-0378-9 Shaw, 1980, Tryptophan, affective disorder and stress. An hypothesis, J. Affect. Disord., 2, 321, 10.1016/0165-0327(80)90034-8 Smith, 2009, 5-Hydroxyanthranilic acid, a tryptophan metabolite, generates oxidative stress and neuronal death via p38 activation in cultured cerebellar granule neurones, Neurotox. Res., 15, 303, 10.1007/s12640-009-9034-0 Solmi, 2021, Peripheral levels of C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β across the mood spectrum in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of mean differences and variability, Brain Behav. Immun., 97, 193, 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.014 Song, 1998, The inflammatory response system and the availability of plasma tryptophan in patients with primary sleep disorders and major depression, J. Affect. Disord., 49, 211, 10.1016/S0165-0327(98)00025-1 Sorgdrager, 2017, The association between the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis and tryptophan metabolism in persons with recurrent major depressive disorder and healthy controls, J. Affect. Disord., 222, 32, 10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.052 Sotelo-Orozco, 2021, A comparison of serum and plasma blood collection tubes for the integration of epidemiological and metabolomics data, Front. Mol. Biosci., 8, 10.3389/fmolb.2021.682134 Steen, 2020, Metabolic dysfunctions in the kynurenine pathway, noradrenergic and purine metabolism in schizophrenia and bipolar disorders, Psychol. Med., 50, 595, 10.1017/S0033291719000400 Steiner, 2011, Severe depression is associated with increased microglial quinolinic acid in subregions of the anterior cingulate gyrus: evidence for an immune-modulated glutamatergic neurotransmission?, J. Neuroinflammation, 8, 94, 10.1186/1742-2094-8-94 Sublette, 2011, Plasma kynurenine levels are elevated in suicide attempters with major depressive disorder, Brain Behav. Immun., 25, 1272, 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.05.002 Sun, 2020, The relationship between plasma serotonin and kynurenine pathway metabolite levels and the treatment response to escitalopram and desvenlafaxine, Brain Behav. Immun., 87, 404, 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.01.011 Talarowska, 2012, Nitric oxide plasma concentration associated with cognitive impairment in patients with recurrent depressive disorder, Neurosci. Lett., 510, 127, 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.01.018 Teraishi, 2015, (13)C-tryptophan breath test detects increased catabolic turnover of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway in patients with major depressive disorder, Sci. Rep., 5, 10.1038/srep15994 Trepci, 2021, Central levels of tryptophan metabolites in subjects with bipolar disorder, Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol, 43, 52, 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.11.018 Umehara, 2017, Altered KYN/TRP, Gln/Glu, and Met/methionine sulfoxide ratios in the blood plasma of medication-free patients with major depressive disorder, Sci. Rep., 7, 4855, 10.1038/s41598-017-05121-6 van den Ameele, 2020, A mood state-specific interaction between kynurenine metabolism and inflammation is present in bipolar disorder, Bipolar Disord., 22, 59, 10.1111/bdi.12814 Vasupanrajit, 2021, Suicide attempts are associated with activated immune-inflammatory, nitro-oxidative, and neurotoxic pathways: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J. Affect. Disord., 295, 80, 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.015 Vasupanrajit, 2022, Inflammation and nitro-oxidative stress in current suicidal attempts and current suicidal ideation: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Mol. Psychiatr., 10.1038/s41380-021-01407-4 Veen, 2016, Tryptophan pathway alterations in the postpartum period and in acute postpartum psychosis and depression, J. Affect. Disord., 189, 298, 10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.064 Wan, 2014, Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range, BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 14, 135, 10.1186/1471-2288-14-135 Wichers, 2005, Ido and interferon-alpha-induced depressive symptoms: a shift in hypothesis from tryptophan depletion to neurotoxicity, Mol. Psychiatr., 10, 538, 10.1038/sj.mp.4001600 Wood, 1978, The effect of antidepressant drugs on plasma kynurenine in depressed patients, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 59, 263, 10.1007/BF00426632 Wu, 2018, Kynurenine pathway changes in late-life depression with memory deficit, Psychiatr. Res., 269, 45, 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.041 Wu, 2018, Kynurenine pathway changes in late-life depression, J. Affect. Disord., 235, 76, 10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.007 Wurfel, 2017, Serum kynurenic acid is reduced in affective psychosis, Transl. Psychiatry, 7, e1115, 10.1038/tp.2017.88 Xu, 2012, Potential clinical utility of plasma amino acid profiling in the detection of major depressive disorder, Psychiatr. Res., 200, 1054, 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.05.027 Xu, 2018, The tryptophan pathway targeting antioxidant capacity in the placenta, Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2018, 1054797, 10.1155/2018/1054797 Yoshimi, 2016, Blood metabolomics analysis identifies abnormalities in the citric acid cycle, urea cycle, and amino acid metabolism in bipolar disorder, BBA Clin, 5, 151, 10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.03.008 Young, 2016, Kynurenine pathway metabolites are associated with hippocampal activity during autobiographical memory recall in patients with depression, Brain Behav. Immun., 56, 335, 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.04.007 Yuwiler, 1977, Effect of albumin binding and amino acid competition on tryptophan uptake into brain, J. Neurochem., 28, 1015, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1977.tb10664.x Zhou, 2018, Antidepressant effect of repeated ketamine administration on kynurenine pathway metabolites in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression, Brain Behav. Immun., 74, 205, 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.09.007 Zhou, 2019, Cross-sectional relationship between kynurenine pathway metabolites and cognitive function in major depressive disorder, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 101, 72, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.001