The treatment of atopic dermatitis with topical immunomodulators

Rudikoff, 1998, Atopic dermatitis, Lancet, 351, 1715, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)12082-7

Coca, 1923, On the classification of the phenomenon of hypersensitiveness, J Immunol, 8, 163, 10.4049/jimmunol.8.3.163

Leung, 1983, Characterization of the mononuclear cell infiltrate in atopic dermatitis using monoclonal antibodies, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 71, 47, 10.1016/0091-6749(83)90546-8

Taylor, 1991, Hyperstimulatory CD1a+CD1b+CD36+ Langerhans cells are responsible for increased autologous T lymphocyte reactivity to lesional epidermal cells of patients with atopic dermatitis, J Immunol, 147, 3794, 10.4049/jimmunol.147.11.3794

Bieber, 1989, Induction of Fc epsilon R2/CD23 on human epidermal Langerhans cells by human recombinant interleukin 4 and gamma interferon, J Exp Med, 170, 309, 10.1084/jem.170.1.309

Wollenberg, 1996, Immunomorphological and ultrastructural characterization of Langerhans cells and a novel, inflammatory dendritic epidermal cell (IDEC) population in lesional skin of atopic eczema, J Invest Dermatol, 106, 446, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12343596

Leiferman, 1985, Dermal deposition of eosinophil-granule major basic protein in atopic dermatitis, N Engl J Med, 313, 282, 10.1056/NEJM198508013130502

Damsgaard, 1997, Mast cells and atopic dermatitis, Arch Dermatol Res, 289, 256, 10.1007/s004030050189

Werner, 1985, Transepidermal water loss in dry and clinically normal skin in patients with atopic dermatitis, Acta Derm Venereol, 65, 102, 10.2340/0001555565102105

Hara, 2000, High-expression of sphingomyelin deacylase is an important determinant of ceramide deficiency leading to barrier disruption in atopic dermatitis, J Invest Dermatol, 115, 406, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00072.x

Thepen, 1996, Biphasic response against aeroallergen in atopic dermatitis showing a switch from an initial TH2 response to a TH1 response in situ, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 97, 828, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)80161-8

Cooper, 2001, T cells in atopic dermatitis, J Am Acad Derm, 45, 510, 10.1067/mjd.2001.117025

Muro, 2001, Autoantibodies in atopic dermatitis, J Dermatol Sci, 25, 171, 10.1016/S0923-1811(01)00084-6

Valenta, 2000, Autoallergy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 105, 432, 10.1067/mai.2000.104783

Valenta, 1998, Molecular characterization of an autoallergen, Hom s 1, identified by serum IgE from atopic dermatitis patients, J Invest Dermatol, 111, 1178, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00413.x

Brehler, 1999, Atopy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 104, 1128, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70003-5

Akdis, 2001, Cytokine network and dysregulated apoptosis in atopic dermatitis, Acta Odontol Scand, 59, 178, 10.1080/000163501750266783

Schwarz, 2000, No eczema without keratinocyte death, J Clin Invest, 106, 9, 10.1172/JCI10438

Hill, 1978, Adverse effects from topical steroids, Cutis, 21, 624

Carnahan, 2000, Ocular complications of topical, peri-ocular, and systemic corticosteroids, Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 11, 478, 10.1097/00055735-200012000-00016

McLean, 1995, Cataracts, glaucoma, and femoral avascular necrosis caused by topical corticosteroid ointment, Lancet, 345, 330, 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90324-0

Queille, 1984, Efficacy versus systemic effects of six topical steroids in the treatment of atopic dermatitis of childhood, Pediatr Dermatol, 1, 246, 10.1111/j.1525-1470.1984.tb01124.x

Ruiz-Maldonado, 1982, Cushing’s syndrome after topical application of corticosteroids, Am J Dis Child, 136, 274

Aoyama, 1995, Successful treatment of resistant facial lesions of atopic dermatitis with 0.1% FK506 ointment, Br J Dermatol, 133, 494, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1995.tb02691.x

Krutmann, 1996, Phototherapy for atopic dermatitis, Dermatol Ther, 1, 24

Luger, 2001, Treatment of immune-mediated skin diseases, Eur J Dermatol, 11, 343

Laan, 2001, Leflunomide and Methotrexate, Curr Opin Rheumatol, 13, 159, 10.1097/00002281-200105000-00002

Nousari, 1999, Mycophenolate mofetil in autoimmune and inflammatory skin disorders, J Am Acad Dermatol, 40, 265, 10.1016/S0190-9622(99)70203-3

Mizoguchi, 1992, Cyclosporin ointment for psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, Lancet, 339, 1120, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)90719-J

Schöpf, 2002, Pimecrolimus, Curr Opin Investig Drugs, 3, 720

Bieber, 1998, Topical tacrolimus (FK 506), J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, 555, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70270-2

Reitamo, 2001, Tacrolimus, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 107, 445, 10.1067/mai.2001.113521

Banerji, 1991, The immunosuppressant FK-506 specifically inhibits mitogen-induced activation of the interleukin-2 promoter and the isolated enhancer elements NFIL-2A and NF-AT1, Mol Cell Biol, 11, 4074, 10.1128/MCB.11.8.4074

Tocci, 1989, The immunosuppressant FK506 selectively inhibits expression of early T cell activation genes, J Immunol, 143, 718, 10.4049/jimmunol.143.2.718

Stuetz, 2001, Pimecrolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981), Semin Cutan Med Surg, 20, 233, 10.1053/sder.2001.29066

Michel, 1996, FK 506 in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases, Immunol Today, 17, 106, 10.1016/0167-5699(96)80599-8

Meingassner, 2001, Pimecrolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981) in contrast to cyclosporin A and tacrolimus, is highly effective in animal models of skin inflammation but has only low activity in models indicating immunosuppressive potential, Pediatr Dermatol, 18, 76

Kaye, 1992, Effects of cyclosporin A and FK506 on Fc epsilon receptor type I-initiated increases in cytokine mRNA in mouse bone marrow-derived progenitor mast cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 89, 8542, 10.1073/pnas.89.18.8542

Wollenberg, 2001, Topical tacrolimus (FK506) leads to profound phenotypic and functional alterations of epidermal antigen-presenting dendritic cells in atopic dermatitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 107, 519, 10.1067/mai.2001.112942

Bieber, 1997, Fc epsilon RI-expressing antigen-presenting cells, Immunol Today, 18, 311, 10.1016/S0167-5699(97)01046-3

Wollenberg, 1999, Phenotyping of epidermal dendritic cells, Cytometry, 37, 147, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0320(19991001)37:2<147::AID-CYTO8>3.0.CO;2-Y

Grewe, 1994, Lesional expression of interferon-gamma in atopic eczema, Lancet, 343, 25, 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90879-6

Grassberger, 1999, A novel anti-inflammatory drug, SDZ ASM 981, for the treatment of skin diseases, Br J Dermatol, 141, 264, 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.02974.x

Paul, 2000, Ascomycins, Expert Opin Investig Drugs, 9, 69, 10.1517/13543784.9.1.69

van der Heijden, 1991, High frequency of IL-4-producing CD4+ allergen-specific T lymphocytes in atopic dermatitis lesional skin, J Invest Dermatol, 97, 389, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12480966

Bochelen, 1999, Calcineurin inhibitors FK506 and SDZ ASM 981 alleviate the outcome of focal cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 288, 653

Zuberbier, 2001, The ascomycin macrolactam pimecrolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981) is a potent inhibitor of mediator release from human dermal mast cells and peripheral blood basophils, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 108, 275, 10.1067/mai.2001.116865

Hultsch, 1998, Ascomycin macrolactam derivate SDZ ASM 981 inhibits the release of granule associated mediators and of newly synthesized cytokines in RBL2HS mas cells in an immunophilin-dependent manner, Arch Dermatol Res, 290, 501, 10.1007/s004030050343

Kehren, 2001, Gene profiling of blood cells from psoriatic patients after oral treatment with SDZ ASM 981, J Invest Dermatol, 117, 545

Neckermann, 2000, Atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in hypomagnesaemic hairless rats are prevented and inhibited by systemic or topical SDZ ASM 981, Br J Dermatol, 142, 669, 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03411.x

Sengoku, 1999, Possible inhibitory mechanism of FK506 (tacrolimus hydrate) ointment for atopic dermatitis based on animal models, Eur J Pharmacol, 379, 183, 10.1016/S0014-2999(99)00500-2

Lauerma, 1992, Inhibition of contact allergy reactions by topical FK506, Lancet, 340, 556, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)91757-Y

Reitamo, 1998, Tacrolimus ointment does not affect collagen synthesis, J Invest Dermatol, 111, 396, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00323.x

Queille-Roussel, 2001, The new topical ascomycin derivative SDZ ASM 981 does not induce skin atrophy when applied to normal skin for 4 weeks, Br J Dermatol, 144, 507, 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04076.x

Drake, 2001, The impact of tacrolimus ointment on health-related quality of life of adult and pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis, J Am Acad Dermatol, 44, S65, 10.1067/mjd.2001.109814

Sugiura, 2000, Long-term efficacy of tacrolimus ointment for recalcitrant facial erythema resistant to topical corticosteroids in adult patients with atopic dermatitis, Arch Dermatol, 136, 1062, 10.1001/archderm.136.8.1062

Reitamo, 2000, Safety and efficacy of 1 year of tacrolimus ointment monotherapy in adults with atopic dermatitis, Arch Dermatol, 136, 999, 10.1001/archderm.136.8.999

Alaiti, 1998, Tacrolimus (FK506) ointment for atopic dermatitis, J Am Acad Dermatol, 38, 69, 10.1016/S0190-9622(98)70541-9

Ruzicka, 1997, A short-term trial of tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis, N Engl J Med, 337, 816, 10.1056/NEJM199709183371203

Kang, 2001, Long-term safety and efficacy of tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children, J Am Acad Dermatol, 44, S58, 10.1067/mjd.2001.109812

Paller, 2001, A 12-week study of tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in pediatric patients, J Am Acad Dermatol, 44, S47, 10.1067/mjd.2001.109813

Boguniewicz, 1998, A randomized, vehicle-controlled trial of tacrolimus ointment for treatment of atopic dermatitis in children, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, 637, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70281-7

Yamamoto, 2001, Topical tacrolimus is effective for facial lesions of psoriasis, Acta Derm Venereol, 80, 451

Lener, 2001, Successful treatment of erosive lichen planus with topical tacrolimus, Arch Dermatol, 137, 419

Choi, 2001, Tacrolimus ointment in the treatment of chronic cutaneous graft-vs-host disease, Arch Dermatol, 137, 1202, 10.1001/archderm.137.9.1202

Goldman, 2001, Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of steroid-induced rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol, 44, 995, 10.1067/mjd.2001.114739

Böhm M, Frieling U, Luger TA, Bonsmann G. Successful treatment of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus with tacrolimus. Arch Derm (in press)

Sugiura, 2001, An open study of a lotion formulation to improve tolerance of tacrolimus in facial atopic dermatitis, Br J Dermatol, 145, 795, 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04467.x

Soter, 2001, Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adult patients, part II, J Am Acad Dermatol, 44, S39, 10.1067/mjd.2001.109817

Hanifin, 2001, The eczema area and severity index (EASI), Exp Dermatol, 10, 11, 10.1034/j.1600-0625.2001.100102.x

Hanifin, 2001, Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adult patients, part I, J Am Acad Dermatol, 44, S28, 10.1067/mjd.2001.109810

Kawashima, 1996, Tacrolimus concentrations in blood during topical treatment of atopic dermatitis, Lancet, 348, 1240, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)65512-2

Nakagawa, 1994, Tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis, Lancet, 344, 883, 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92855-X

Allen, 2001, Significant absorption of topical tacrolimus in 3 patients with Netherton syndrome, Arch Dermatol, 137, 747

Plosker, 2000, Tacrolimus, Drugs, 59, 323, 10.2165/00003495-200059020-00021

Younes, 2000, The effect of immunosuppression on posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in pediatric liver transplant patients, Transplantation, 70, 94

Gupta, 2002, Tacrolimus: a review of its use for the management of dermatosis, J Europ Acad Derm, 16, 100, 10.1046/j.1468-3083.2002.00380.x

Remitz, 2001, Tacrolimus ointment reduces staphylococcal colonization of atopic dermatitis lesions, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 107, 196, 10.1067/mai.2001.112131

Kino, 1987, FK-506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from a Streptomyces, I, J Antibiot (Tokyo), 40, 1249, 10.7164/antibiotics.40.1249

Kino, 1987, FK-506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from a Streptomyces, II, J Antibiot (Tokyo), 40, 1256, 10.7164/antibiotics.40.1256

Ramsay, 2000, Clinical risk factors associated with nonmelanoma skin cancer in renal transplant recipients, Am J Kidney Dis, 36, 167, 10.1053/ajkd.2000.8290

Williams, 1993, Are viral warts seen more commonly in children with eczema?, Arch Dermatol, 129, 717, 10.1001/archderm.129.6.717

Van Leent, 1998, Effectiveness of the ascomycin macrolactam SDZ ASM 981 in the topical treatment of atopic dermatitis, Arch Dermatol, 134, 805, 10.1001/archderm.134.7.805

Luger, 2001, SDZ ASM 981, Br J Dermatol, 144, 788, 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04134.x

Paller, 2001, Elidel, Pediatr Dermatol, 18, 133

De Prost, 2001, Pimecrolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981) cream 1% provides safe and effective long-term management of atopic dermatitis in children in a 12-month controlled study, reducing the need for topical corticosteroids usage, Pediatr Dermatol, 18, 75

Boguniewicz, 2001, Pimecrolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981) cream 1% is safe in long-term use in pediatric atopic dermatitis, Pediatr Dermatol, 18, 76

Papp, 2001, Pimecrolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981) cream 1% is effective and safe in infants aged 3–23 months with atopic dermatitis, Pediatr Dermatol, 18, 76

Kapp, 2002, Long-term management of atopic dermatitis in infants with topical pimecrolimus, a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 110, 277, 10.1067/mai.2002.126500

Wahn, 2001, Elidel, Pediatr Dermatol, 18, 133

Cherill, 2000, SDZ ASM 981 1% cream is effective in the treatment of chronic irritant hand dermatitis, J Europ Acad Derm, 14, 128

Queille-Roussel, 2000, SDZ ASM 981 is the first non-steroid that suppresses established nickel contact dermatitis elicited by allergen challenge, Contact Derm, 42, 349

Rappersberger, 2000, Oral SDZ ASM 981, J Invest Dermatol, 114, 776

Wahn, 2002, Efficacy and Safety of Pimecrolimus Cream in Long-Term Management of Atopic Dermatitis in Children, Pediatrics, 110, 1, 10.1542/peds.110.1.e2

Whalley, 2001, The benefit of pime- crolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981) on quality of life in the treatment of pediatric atopic dermatitis, Pediatr Dermatol, 18, 77

Lakhanpaul, 2001, Pimecrolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981) cream 1%, Pediatr Dermatol, 18, 78

Harper, 2001, Pimecrolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981) cream 1%, Pediatr Dermatol, 18, 78

Harper, 2001, First experience of topical SDZ ASM 981 in children with atopic dermatitis, Br J Dermatol, 144, 781, 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04133.x