Cân bằng giữa lợi ích trong phát triển bảo tồn và khai thác tài nguyên: Khám phá ý nghĩa địa phương trong bảo tồn cộng đồng tại Bờ Biển Hoang Dã, Nam Phi

Sustainability Science - Tập 14 - Trang 639-654 - 2019
Vanessa A. Masterson1, Marja Spierenburg2,3, Maria Tengö1
1Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
2Department of Anthropology and Development Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
3Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa

Tóm tắt

Trong nỗ lực cân bằng giữa bảo tồn và phát triển nhằm giảm nghèo thông qua việc thiết lập các khu vực bảo tồn, giá trị kinh tế của thiên nhiên và việc bồi thường cho tổn thất quyền truy cập vào tài nguyên thường được ưu tiên hơn so với giá trị văn hóa và giá trị cá nhân. Thêm vào đó, các can thiệp bảo tồn trong cộng đồng địa phương thường bị cản trở bởi các quan điểm khác nhau về sự bền vững. Chúng tôi khám phá tính hữu ích của các ý nghĩa địa phương để phân tích các lợi ích đa dạng trong cộng đồng bằng cách xem xét một can thiệp đề xuất thành lập một khu bảo tồn có hàng rào tại một cộng đồng ở Bờ Biển Hoang Dã, Nam Phi. Chúng tôi mô tả các câu chuyện tranh luận cho hoặc chống lại dự án và cách thức họ vận dụng ý nghĩa địa phương gán cho các phần của cảnh quan, bao gồm rừng, đất chăn thả cộng đồng và các đồn điền. Chúng tôi sau đó xem xét các liên minh đứng sau các câu chuyện: những nhóm diễn viên chia sẻ các ý nghĩa và cấu trúc của vấn đề và sử dụng chúng cho một chiến lược cụ thể. Điều này cho phép chúng tôi lập bản đồ quá trình đàm phán và hiểu cách thức sự phản đối của cộng đồng ảnh hưởng đến dự án. Chúng tôi nhận thấy rằng tập trung vào lợi ích kinh tế từ các khu vực bảo tồn bỏ qua các ý nghĩa thay thế, ví dụ như giá trị văn hóa và tinh thần của rừng cũng như những con đường thay thế tiềm năng cho phát triển như việc đầu tư vào nông nghiệp quy mô nhỏ. Phân tích của chúng tôi tiết lộ sự căng thẳng tồn tại trong diễn ngôn "có lợi cho cả hai" của bảo tồn giữa tuyên truyền về sử dụng tài nguyên bền vững và đồng quản lý cũng như một xu hướng quay về với "bảo tồn pháo đài". Một câu chuyện phản đề từ cộng đồng đã thành công trong việc đình chỉ dự án, điều này minh họa tầm quan trọng của việc xem xét đa dạng ý nghĩa để các can thiệp có thể bền vững trong dài hạn.

Từ khóa

#bảo tồn #phát triển #cộng đồng #ứng phó với nghèo đói #giá trị văn hóa #giá trị kinh tế #đàm phán

Tài liệu tham khảo

Adams WM, Aveling R, Brockington D et al (2004) Biodiversity conservation and the eradication of poverty. Science (80-) 306:1146–1149. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097920 Bell SE, York R (2010) Community economic identity: the coal industry and ideology construction in West Virginia. Rural Sociol 75:111–143 Berdej S, Andrachuk M, Armitage D (2015) Conservation narratives and their implications in the Coral Triangle Initiative. Conserv Soc 13:212–220. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.164208 Bologna SA (2008) Stakeholders and stickholders: power and paradigms in a South african development context. Anthropol S Africa 31:123–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/23323256.2008.11499971 Bologna SA, Spierenburg M (2015) False legitimacies: the rhetoric of economic opportunities in the expansion of conservation areas in Southern Africa. In: van der Duim VR, Lamers MAJ, Wijk JJ van (eds) Institutional arrangements for conservation and tourism in Eastern and Southern Africa: a dynamic perspective. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 119–138 Brandt F (2013) Tracking an invisible great trek: an ethnography on the re-configuration of power and belonging on trophy-hunting farms in the karoo. PhD dissertation. Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Brehm JM, Eisenhauer BW, Stedman RC (2013) Environmental concern: examining the role of place meaning and place attachment. Soc Nat Resour 1920:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2012.715726 Brockington D (2002) Fortress conservation: the preservation of the Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania. Indiana University Press, Oxford Brockington D, Duffy R, Igoe J (2008) Nature unbound: conservation, capitalism and the future of protected areas. Routledge, Abingdon Brooks S, Spierenburg M, Van Brakel L et al (2011) Creating a commodified wilderness: tourism, private game farming, and “third nature” landscapes in KwaZulu-Natal. Tijdschr voor Econ en Soc Geogr 102:260–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2011.00662.x Büscher B, Dressler W (2007) Linking neoprotectionism and environmental governance: on the rapidly increasing tensions between actors in the environment-development nexus. Conserv Soc 5:586–611 Büscher B, Dressler W (2012) Commodity conservation: the restructuring of community conservation in South Africa and the Philippines. Geoforum 43:367–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2010.06.010 Carruthers J (2006) Tracking in game trails: looking afresh at the politics of environmental history in South Africa. Environ Hist 11:804–829. https://doi.org/10.1093/envhis/11.4.804 Chaigneau T, Brown K (2016) Challenging the win-win discourse on conservation and development: analyzing support for marine protected areas. Ecol Soc 21:36. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08204-210136 Chapin FS, Knapp CN (2015) Sense of place: a process for identifying and negotiating potentially contested visions of sustainability. Environ Sci Policy 53:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.04.012 Chapin FS, Mark AF, Mitchell RA, Dickinson KJM (2012) Design principles for social-ecological transformation toward sustainability: lessons from New Zealand sense of place. Ecosphere 3:40. https://doi.org/10.1890/es12-00009.1 Christensen J (2004) Win–win illusions. Over the past two decades, efforts to heal the rift between poor people and protected areas have foundered. So what next? Conserv Pract 5:12–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4629.2004.tb00079.x Clark NL, Worger WH (2016) South Africa: the rise and fall of apartheid. Routledge, London Cocks M, Dold T, Vetter S (2012) ‘God is my forest’—xhosa cultural values provide untapped opportunities for conservation. S Afr J Sci 108:1–8 Cocks M, Alexander J, Mogano L, Vetter S (2016) Ways of belonging: meanings of “nature” among xhosa-speaking township residents in South Africa. J Ethnobiol 36:820–841. https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-36.4.820 Comberti C, Thornton TF, Wyllie de Echeverria V, Patterson T (2015) Ecosystem services or services to ecosystems? Valuing cultivation and reciprocal relationships between humans and ecosystems. Glob Environ Change 34:247–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.07.007 Davenport MA, Anderson DH (2005) Getting from sense of place to place-based management: an interpretive investigation of place meanings and perceptions of landscape change. Soc Nat Resour 18:625–641. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920590959613 Di Masso A, Dixon J, Durrheim K (2014) Place attachment as discursive practice. In: Manzo LC, Devine-Wright P (eds) Place attachment: advances in theory, methods and applications. Routledge, New York, pp 75–86 Dold A, Cocks M (2012) Voices from the forest: celebrating nature and culture in Xhosaland. Jacana Media, Johannesburg DWAF (2004) The national biodiversity action plan, Republic of South Africa. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria Ernstson H, Sörlin S (2009) Weaving protective stories: connective practices to articulate holistic values in the Stockholm National Urban Park. Environ Plan A 41:1460–1479. https://doi.org/10.1068/a40349 Fabricius C (2004) The fundamentals of community-based natural resource management. In: Fabricius C, Koch E, Magome H, Turner S (eds) Rights, resources and rural development: community-based natural resource management in southern Africa. Earthscan, London, pp 3–43 Fay D (2005) Kinship and access to land in the Eastern Cape: implications for land tenure reform. Soc Dyn 31:182–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/02533950508628701 Graham M (2017) Postcolonial nature conservation in practice: the everyday challenges of on-ground urban nature conservation, Cape Town, South Africa. GeoJournal 82(1):43–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-015-9661-3 Gustafson P (2001) Meanings of place: everyday experience and theoretical conceptualizations. J Environ Psychol 21:5–16. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2000.0185 Hajdu F (2009) Questioning homogenous degradation narratives in Transkei: livelihoods and natural resource use in two Pondoland villages. In: Guyot S, Dellier J (eds) Rethinking the Wild Coast, South Africa eco-frontiers vs livelihoods in Pondoland. VDM Verlag, Saarbrücken, pp 129–162 Hajer MA (1995) The politics of environmental discourse: ecological modernization and the policy process. Oxford University Press, Oxford Hall R (2009) Land reform for what? Land use, production and livelihoods. In: Hall R (ed) Another countryside? Policy options for land and agrarian reform in South Africa. Institute for Land and Agrarian Studies, School of Government, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, pp 23–61 Hebinck P, Lent PC (2007) Livelihoods and landscapes: the people of Guquka and Koloni and their resources. Brill Academic Pub, Leiden Holmes G, Cavanagh CJ (2016) A review of the social impacts of neoliberal conservation: formations, inequalities, contestations. Geoforum 75:199–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GEOFORUM.2016.07.014 Hope Alkon A (2004) Place, stories and consequences: heritage narratives and the control of erosion on Lake County, California Vineyards. Organ Environ 17:145–169 Hunt L (2010) Black gold: disease-free buffalo farming. Farmer’s Weekly. http://www.farmersweekly.co.za/article.aspx?id=5308&h=Blackgold:-disease-free-buffalo-farming. Accessed 2 May 2016 Hutton J, Adams WM, Murombedzi JC (2005) Back to the barriers? Changing narratives in biodiversity conservation. Forum Dev Stud 32:341–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2005.9666319 Ingalls ML, Stedman RC (2016) The power problematic: exploring the uncertain terrains of political ecology and the resilience framework. Ecol Soc 21:6. https://doi.org/10.5751/es-08124-210106 Jacquet JB, Stedman RC (2013) Perceived impacts from wind farm and natural gas development in Northern Pennsylvania. Rural Sociol 78:450–472. https://doi.org/10.1111/ruso.12022 Kepe T (2001a) Waking up from the dream: the pitfalls of ‘fast-track’ development on the Wild Coast of South Africa. Programme for Land and Agarian Studies, Research report no. 8, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town Kepe T (2001b) Clearing the ground in the Spatial Development Initiatives (SDIs): analysing “process” on South Africa’s Wild Coast. Dev S Afr 18:279–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/03768350120069956 Kepe T (2008) Land claims and comanagement of protected areas in South Africa: exploring the challenges. Environ Manage 41:311–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-007-9034-x Kvale S (1996) Interviews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Sage, Thousand Oaks Leach M, Mearns R (1996) Environmental change and policy. In: Leach M, Mearns R (eds) The lie of the land: challenging received wisdom on the African environment. James Currey, Oxford, pp 1–33 Lewicka M (2011) Place attachment: how far have we come in the last 40 years? J Environ Psychol 31:207–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.10.001 Lidström S, West S, Katzschner T et al (2015) Invasive narratives and the inverse of slow violence: alien species in science and society. Environ Humanit 7:1–40 Maddox G (2002) Degradation narratives and population time bombs: myths, and realities about African environments. In: Dower S, Edgecombe R, Guest B (eds) South Africa’s environmental history: cases and comparisons. David Philip, Cape Town, pp 250–259 Mangome H, Fabricius C (2004) Reconciling biodiversity conservation with rural development: the Holy Grail of CBNRM. In: Fabricius C, Koch E (eds) Rights, resources and rural development: community-based natural resource management in southern Africa. Earthscan, London, pp 93–111 Manzo LC (2005) For better or worse: exploring multiple dimensions of place meaning. J Environ Psychol 25:67–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2005.01.002 Manzo LC, Devine-Wright P (2014) Place attachment: advances in theory, methods and applications. Routledge, London Masterson VA (2016) Sense of place and culture in the landscape of home: understanding social-ecological dynamics on the Wild Coast, South Africa. Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm Masterson V, Stedman RC, Enqvist J et al (2017a) The contribution of sense of place to social–ecological systems research: a review and research agenda. Ecol Soc 22:49 Masterson V, Tengö M, Spierenburg M (2017b) Competing place meanings in complex landscapes: a social-ecological approach to unpacking community conservation outcomes on the Wild Coast, South Africa. Soc Nat Resour 30:1442–1457. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2017.1347975 Ndabeni L, Rogerson CM (2005) Entrepreneurship in rural tourism: the challenges of South Africa’s Wild Coast. Afr Insight 35(4):13041 Neumann R (1997) Primitive ideas: protected area buffer zones and the politics of land in Africa. Dev Change 28:559–582. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00054 Ntsebeza L (2004) Democratic decentralisation and traditional authority: dilemmas of land administration in rural South Africa. Eur J Dev Res 16:71–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/09578810410001688743 Ntsebeza L, Hall R (2007) The land question in South Africa: the challenge of transformation and redistribution. Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria Ntshona Z, Kraai M, Kepe T, Saliwa P (2010) From land rights to environmental entitlements: community discontent in the “successful” DwesaCwebe land claim in South Africa. Dev S Afr 357:37–41 Oomen B (1999) Group rights in post-apartheid South Africa. J Leg Plur Unoff Law 31:73–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/07329113.1999.10756538 Palmer RCG, Timmermans H, Fay D (2002) From conflict to negotiation: nature-based development on the South African Wild Coast. HSRC Press, Pretoria Posel D (2001) Race as common sense: racial classification in twentieth-century South Africa. Afr Stud Rev 44:87–114. https://doi.org/10.2307/525576 Ramutsindela M (2007) Transfrontier conservation in Africa: at the confluence of capital, politics, and nature. CABI Pub, Wallingford Relph E (1976) Place and placelessness. Pion, London Saldaña J (2015) The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Sage, London Scannell L, Gifford R (2010) Defining place attachment: a tripartite organizing framework. J Environ Psychol 30:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.09.006 Shackleton SE, Hebinck P (2018) Through the ‘thick and thin’ of farming on the Wild Coast, South Africa. J Rural Stud 61:277–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JRURSTUD.2018.01.012 Spierenburg M, Brooks S (2014) Private game farming and its social consequences in post-apartheid South Africa: contestations over wildlife, property and agrarian futures. J Contemp Afr Stud 32:151–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2014.937164 Statistics SA (2012) Census 2011 statistical release. Statistics South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa Stedman RC (2002) Toward a social psychology of place: predicting behavior from place-based cognitions, attitude, and identity. Environ Behav 34:561–581. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916502034005001 Stedman RC (2003) Is it really just a social construction?: the contribution of the physical environment to sense of place. Soc Nat Resour 16:671–685. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920390217627 Stedman RC (2016) Subjectivity and social-ecological systems: a rigidity trap (and sense of place as a way out). Sustain Sci 11:891–901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0388-y Stedman RC, Ingalls M (2013) Topophilia, biophilia and greening in the red zone. In: Tidball KG, Krasny ME (eds) Greening in the red zone: disaster, resilience and community greening, 1st edn. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 129–144 Stokowski PA (2002) Languages of place and discourses of power: constructing new senses of place. J Leis Res 34:368–382 Tengö M, Johansson K, Rakotondrasoa F et al (2007) Taboos and forest governance: informal protection of hot spot dry forest in Southern Madagascar. Ambio 36:683–691 Tuan Y (1977) Space and place: the perspective of experience. University of Minesota Press, Minneapolis Vail L (ed) (1989) The creation of tribalism in Southern Africa. James Currey, London von Heland F, Clifton J (2015) Whose threat counts? Conservation narratives in the Wakatobi National Park, Indonesia. Conserv Soc 13:154–165. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.164194 von Heland J, Folke C (2014) A social contract with the ancestors—culture and ecosystem services in southern Madagascar. Glob Environ Change 24:251–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.11.003 Wells MP, McShane TO (2004) Integrating protected area management with local needs and aspirations. AMBIO A J Hum Environ 33:513–519. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-33.8.513 Yung L, Freimund WA, Belsky JM (2003) The politics of place: understanding meaning, common ground, and political difference on the Rocky Mountain Front. For Sci 49:855–866