The thioredoxin system in cancer

Holmgren, 1985, Thioredoxin Annu Rev Biochem, 54, 237, 10.1146/annurev.bi.54.070185.001321

1986

Martin, 1995, Thioredoxin—a fold for all reasons, Structure, 3, 245, 10.1016/S0969-2126(01)00154-X

Williams Jr, CH. Lipoamide dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, thioredoxin reductase, and mercuric ion reductase—a family of flavoenzyme transhydrogenases. In: Müller F, editor. Chemistry and biochemistry of flavoenzymes 1992;3:121–211.

Matsui, 1996, Early embryonic lethality caused by targeted disruption of the mouse thioredoxin gene, Dev Biol, 178, 179, 10.1006/dbio.1996.0208

Nonn, 2003, The absence of mitochondrial thioredoxin 2 causes massive apoptosis, exencephaly, and early embryonic lethality in homozygous mice, Mol Cell Biol, 23, 916, 10.1128/MCB.23.3.916-922.2003

Conrad, 2004, Essential role for mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase in hematopoiesis, heart development, and heart function, Mol Cell Biol, 24, 9414, 10.1128/MCB.24.21.9414-9423.2004

Jakupoglu, 2005, Cytoplasmic thioredoxin reductase is essential for embryogenesis but dispensable for cardiac development, Mol Cell Biol, 25, 1980, 10.1128/MCB.25.5.1980-1988.2005

Sun, 2001, Selenoprotein oxidoreductase with specificity for thioredoxin and glutathione systems, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98, 3673, 10.1073/pnas.051454398

Lee, 2000, Mammalian thioredoxin reductase: oxidation of the C-terminal cysteine/selenocysteine active site forms a thioselenide, and replacement of selenium with sulfur markedly reduces catalytic activity, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 97, 2521, 10.1073/pnas.050579797

Biterova, 2005, Crystal structures of oxidized and reduced mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase provide molecular details of the reaction mechanism, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 102, 15018, 10.1073/pnas.0504218102

Sandalova, 2001, Three-dimensional structure of a mammalian thioredoxin reductase: Implications for mechanism and evolution of a selenocysteine-dependent enzyme, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98, 9533, 10.1073/pnas.171178698

Zhong, 2000, Structure and mechanism of mammalian thioredoxin reductase: the active site is a redox-active selenolthiol/selenenylsulfide formed from the conserved cysteine-selenocysteine sequence, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 97, 5854, 10.1073/pnas.100114897

Damdimopoulos, 2004, An alternative splicing variant of the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase is a modulator of estrogen signaling, J Biol Chem, 279, 38721, 10.1074/jbc.M402753200

Sun, 2001, Heterogeneity within animal thioredoxin reductases. Evidence for alternative first exon splicing, J Biol Chem, 276, 3106, 10.1074/jbc.M004750200

Rundlöf, 2004, Evidence for intriguingly complex transcription of human thioredoxin reductase 1, Free Rad Biol Med, 36, 641, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.12.004

Rubartelli, 1992, Secretion of thioredoxin by normal and neoplastic cells through a leaderless secretory pathway, J Biol Chem, 267, 24161, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)35742-9

Bizzarri, 2005, Requirements for the different cysteines in the chemotactic and desensitizing activity of human thioredoxin, Antioxid Redox Signal, 7, 1189, 10.1089/ars.2005.7.1189

Pekkari, 2005, Truncated thioredoxin (Trx80) induces differentiation of human CD14+ monocytes into a novel cell type (TAMs) via activation of the MAP kinases p38, ERK, and JNK, Blood, 105, 1598, 10.1182/blood-2004-04-1577

Bertini, 1999, Thioredoxin, a redox enzyme released in infection and inflammation, is a unique chemoattractant for neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells, J Exp Med, 189, 1783, 10.1084/jem.189.11.1783

Nakamura, 1996, Elevation of plasma thioredoxin levels in HIV-infected individuals, Int Immunol, 8, 603, 10.1093/intimm/8.4.603

Hirota, 1999, Distinct roles of thioredoxin in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. A two-step mechanism of redox regulation of transcription factor NF-kappa B, J Biol Chem, 274, 27891, 10.1074/jbc.274.39.27891

Rozell, 1985, Immunohistochemical localization of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase in adult rats, Eur J Cell Biol, 38, 79

Rhee, 2006, Cell signaling. H2O2, a necessary evil for cell signalling, Science, 312, 1882, 10.1126/science.1130481

Rhee, 2005, Peroxiredoxins: a historical overview and speculative preview of novel mechanisms and emerging concepts in cell signaling., Free Radic Biol Med, 38, 1543, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.02.026

Kim, 2005, Different catalytic mechanisms in mammalian selenocysteine- and cysteine-containing methionine-r-sulfoxide reductases, PLoS Biol, 3, e375, 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030375

Moskovitz, 2001, Methionine sulfoxide reductase (MsrA) is a regulator of antioxidant defense and lifespan in mammals, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98, 12920, 10.1073/pnas.231472998

Spyrou, 1996, Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools and growth of glutathione-depleted 3T6 mouse fibroblasts, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 220, 42, 10.1006/bbrc.1996.0353

Holmgren, 1989, Thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems, J Biol Chem, 264, 13963, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)71625-6

Casagrande, 2002, Glutathionylation of human thioredoxin: a possible crosstalk between the glutathione and thioredoxin systems, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 99, 9745, 10.1073/pnas.152168599

Lillig, 2005, Characterization of human glutaredoxin 2 as iron-sulfur protein: a possible role as redox sensor, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 102, 8168, 10.1073/pnas.0500735102

Enoksson, 2005, Overexpression of glutaredoxin 2 attenuates apoptosis by preventing cytochrome c release, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 327, 774, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.067

Johansson, 2004, Human mitochondrial glutaredoxin reduces S-glutathionylated proteins with high affinity accepting electrons from either glutathione or thioredoxin reductase, J Biol Chem, 279, 7537, 10.1074/jbc.M312719200

Allen, 2000, Oxidative stress and gene regulation, Free Radic Biol Med, 28, 463, 10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00242-7

Becker, 2000, Thioredoxin reductase as a pathophysiological factor and drug target, Eur J Biochem, 267, 6118, 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01703.x

Dalton, 1999, Regulation of gene expression by reactive oxygen, Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 39, 67, 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.39.1.67

Finkel, 2000, Redox-dependent signal transduction, FEBS Lett, 476, 52, 10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01669-0

Gromer, 1999, News and views on thioredoxin reductases, Redox Rep, 4, 221, 10.1179/135100099101534936

Gromer, 2004, The thioredoxin system—from science to clinic, Med Res Rev, 24, 40, 10.1002/med.10051

Nishiyama, 2001, Redox regulation by thioredoxin and thioredoxin-binding proteins, IUBMB Life, 52, 29, 10.1080/15216540252774739

Nishinaka, 2001, Regulatory roles of thioredoxin in oxidative stress-induced cellular responses, Redox Rep, 6, 289, 10.1179/135100001101536427

Nordberg, 2001, Reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, and the mammalian thioredoxin system, Free Radic Biol Med, 31, 1287, 10.1016/S0891-5849(01)00724-9

Pekkari, 2004, Truncated thioredoxin: physiological functions and mechanism, Antioxid Redox Signal, 6, 53, 10.1089/152308604771978345

Shao, 2002, Thioredoxin-related regulation of NO/NOS activities, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 962, 140, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04064.x

Sen, 1996, Antioxidant and redox regulation of gene transcription, FASEB J, 10, 709, 10.1096/fasebj.10.7.8635688

Holmgren, 1995, Thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase, Meth Enzymol, 252, 199, 10.1016/0076-6879(95)52023-6

Arnér, 2000, Physiological functions of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase, Eur J Biochem, 267, 6102, 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01701.x

Rundlöf, 2004, Regulation of the mammalian selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase 1 in relation to cellular phenotype, growth and signaling events, Antioxid Redox Signal, 6, 41, 10.1089/152308604771978336

Hanahan, 2000, The hallmarks of cancer, Cell, 100, 57, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9

Yoo, 2006, Thioredoxin reductase 1 deficiency reverses tumor phenotype and tumorigenicity of lung carcinoma cells, J Biol Chem, 281, 13005, 10.1074/jbc.C600012200

Herrmann, 1973, Purification of thioredoxin from rat Novikoff ascites hepatoma, J Biol Chem, 248, 1219, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)44285-3

Miyazaki, 1998, Elevated serum level of thioredoxin in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, Biotherapy, 11, 277, 10.1023/A:1008032703468

Rubartelli, 1995, High rates of thioredoxin secretion correlate with growth arrest in hepatoma cells, Cancer Res, 55, 675

Nakamura, 1992, Expression and growth-promoting effect of adult T-cell leukemia-derived factor. A human thioredoxin homologue in hepatocellular carcinoma, Cancer, 69, 2091, 10.1002/1097-0142(19920415)69:8<2091::AID-CNCR2820690814>3.0.CO;2-X

Wakasugi, 1990, Adult T-cell leukemia-derived factor/thioredoxin, produced by both human T-lymphotropic virus type I- and Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphocytes, acts as an autocrine growth factor and synergizes with interleukin 1 and interleukin 2, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 87, 8282, 10.1073/pnas.87.21.8282

Rosén, 1995, A CD4+ T cell line-secreted factor, growth promoting for normal and leukemic B cells, identified as thioredoxin, Int Immunol, 7, 625, 10.1093/intimm/7.4.625

Yamawaki, 2005, Fluid shear stress inhibits vascular inflammation by decreasing thioredoxin-interacting protein in endothelial cells, J Clin Invest, 115, 733, 10.1172/JCI200523001

Grogan, 2000, Thioredoxin, a putative oncogene product, is overexpressed in gastric carcinoma and associated with increased proliferation and increased cell survival, Hum Pathol, 31, 475, 10.1053/hp.2000.6546

Nakamura, 1997, Redox regulation of cellular activation, Annu Rev Immunol, 15, 351, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.351

Zhang, 1997, Thioredoxin peroxidase is a novel inhibitor of apoptosis with a mechanism distinct from that of Bcl-2, J Biol Chem, 272, 30615, 10.1074/jbc.272.49.30615

Ueno, 1999, Thioredoxin-dependent redox regulation of p53-mediated p21 activation, J Biol Chem, 274, 35809, 10.1074/jbc.274.50.35809

Moos, 2003, Electrophilic prostaglandins and lipid aldehydes repress redox-sensitive transcription factors p53 and hypoxia-inducible factor by impairing the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase, J Biol Chem, 278, 745, 10.1074/jbc.M211134200

Anestål, 2003, Rapid induction of cell death by selenium-compromised thioredoxin reductase 1 but not by the fully active enzyme containing selenocysteine, J Biol Chem, 278, 15966, 10.1074/jbc.M210733200

Ebert, 2006, Selenium supplementation restores the antioxidative capacity and prevents cell damage in bone marrow stromal cells in vitro, Stem Cells, 24, 1226, 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0117

Gan, 2005, Inhibitory effects of thioredoxin reductase antisense RNA on the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, J Cell Biochem, 96, 653, 10.1002/jcb.20585

Welsh, 2002, The redox protein thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) increases hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha protein expression: Trx-1 overexpression results in increased vascular endothelial growth factor production and enhanced tumor angiogenesis, Cancer Res, 62, 5089

Streicher, 2004, Thioredoxin reductase regulates angiogenesis by increasing endothelial cell-derived vascular endothelial growth factor, Nutr Cancer, 50, 221, 10.1207/s15327914nc5002_13

Mukherjee, 2005, Cytotoxic and antiangiogenic activity of AW464 (NSC 706704), a novel thioredoxin inhibitor: an in vitro study, Br J Cancer, 92, 350, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602338

Kim, 2005, Antisense-thioredoxin inhibits angiogenesis via pVHL-mediated hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha degradation, Int J Oncol, 26, 1049

Kaga, 2005, Resveratrol enhances neovascularization in the infarcted rat myocardium through the induction of thioredoxin-1, heme oxygenase-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor, J Mol Cell Cardiol, 39, 813, 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2005.08.003

Le Jan, 2006, Characterization of the expression of the hypoxia-induced genes neuritin, TXNIP and IGFBP3 in cancer, FEBS Lett, 580, 3395, 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.05.011

Trigona, 2006, Thioredoxin reductase regulates the induction of haem oxygenase-1 expression in aortic endothelial cells, Biochem J, 394, 207, 10.1042/BJ20050712

Mostert, 2003, Loss of activity of the selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase causes induction of hepatic heme oxygenase-1, FEBS Lett, 541, 85, 10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00309-0

Ejima, 2002, Modulation of the thioredoxin system during inflammatory responses and its effect on heme oxygenase-1 expression, Antioxid Redox Signal, 4, 569, 10.1089/15230860260220067

Wiesel, 2000, Thioredoxin facilitates the induction of heme oxygenase-1 in response to inflammatory mediators, J Biol Chem, 275, 24840, 10.1074/jbc.M000835200

Winrow, 1997, Redox modulation of haem oxygenase-1 transcription in endothelial cells, Biochem Soc Trans, 25, 525S, 10.1042/bst025525s

Farina, 2001, Thioredoxin alters the matrix metalloproteinase/tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase balance and stimulates human SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cell invasion, Eur J Biochem, 268, 405, 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2001.01892.x

Farina, 2003, Thioredoxin inhibits microvascular endothelial capillary tubule formation, Exp Cell Res, 291, 474, 10.1016/j.yexcr.2003.07.005

Rayman, 2000, The importance of selenium to human health, Lancet, 356, 233, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02490-9

Blot, 1997, Vitamin/mineral supplementation and cancer risk: international chemoprevention trials, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 216, 291, 10.3181/00379727-216-44180

Taylor, 1994, Prevention of esophageal cancer: the nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China, Cancer Res, 54, 2029s

Larsen, 2004, Speciation and bioavailability of selenium in yeast-based intervention agents used in cancer chemoprevention studies, J AOAC Int, 87, 225, 10.1093/jaoac/87.1.225

Klein, 2004, Selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1031, 234, 10.1196/annals.1331.023

Gudkov, 2002, Converting p53 from a killer into a healer, Nat Med, 8, 1196, 10.1038/nm1102-1196

Bykov, 2002, Restoration of the tumor suppressor function to mutant p53 by a low-molecular-weight compound, Nat Med, 8, 282, 10.1038/nm0302-282

Kumar, 1992, Selenite is a substrate for calf thymus thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin and elicits a large non-stoichiometric oxidation of NADPH in the presence of oxygen, Eur J Biochem, 207, 435, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb17068.x

Nilsonne, 2006, Selenite induces apoptosis in sarcomatoid malignant mesothelioma cells through oxidative stress, Free Radic Biol Med, 41, 874, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.04.031

Bandura, 2005, Differential effects of selenite and selenate on human melanocytes, keratinocytes, and melanoma cells, Biochem Cell Biol, 83, 196, 10.1139/o04-130

Jonsson-Videsäter, 2004, Selenite-induced apoptosis in doxorubicin-resistant cells and effects on the thioredoxin system, Biochem Pharmacol, 67, 513, 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.09.021

Björnstedt, 1992, Selenodiglutathione is a highly efficient oxidant of reduced thioredoxin and a substrate for mammalian thioredoxin reductase, J Biol Chem, 267, 8030, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)42403-9

Gromer, 1998, Human placenta thioredoxin reductase: Isolation of the selenoenzyme, steady state kinetics, and inhibition by therapeutic gold compounds, J Biol Chem, 273, 20096, 10.1074/jbc.273.32.20096

Powis, 2000, The role of the redox protein thioredoxin in cell growth and cancer, Free Radic Biol Med, 29, 312, 10.1016/S0891-5849(00)00313-0

Wipf, 2004, Natural product based inhibitors of the thioredoxin-thioredoxin reductase system, Org Biomol Chem, 2, 1651, 10.1039/B402431A

Baker, 2006, The antitumor thioredoxin-1 inhibitor PX-12 (1-methylpropyl 2-imidazolyl disulfide) decreases thioredoxin-1 and VEGF levels in cancer patient plasma, J Lab Clin Med, 147, 83, 10.1016/j.lab.2005.09.001