The taxonomy and phylogenetics of the human and animal pathogen Rhinosporidium seeberi: A critical review

Aben-Athar, 1944, Um caso de Rhinosporidiose, Rev Acad Med Belém, Pará Br, 2, 3 Acevedo P de. Rhinosporidium seeberi: Considerações sôbre morfologia, ciclo parasitário e posição sistemática. Thesis. Belém, Pará, Brasil: Facultade de Medicina, Universidade do Pará; 1958. p. 1–108. Adl, 2005, The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists, J Eukaryot Microbiol, 52, 399, 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x Alhuwalia, 2010, Sequence analysis of 16S rDNA gene in Rhinosporidium seeberi shows similarity to plant chloroplast DNA, Bioinformation, 5, 89, 10.6026/97320630005089 Alhuwalia, 2001, Causative agent of rhinosporidiosis. Author's reply, J Clin Microbiol, 39, 413, 10.1128/JCM.39.1.413-415.2001 Alhuwalia, 1999, Culture of the organism that causes rhinosporidiosis, J Laryngol Otol, 113, 523, 10.1017/S0022215100144408 Alhuwalia, 1992, Plant molecule in human disease, a novel association, vol. 5, 289 Alhuwalia, 1992, New interpretations in rhinosporidiosis, enigmatic disease of the last nine decades, J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol, 24, 109 Alhuwalia, 1997, Rhinosporidiosis: a study that resolves etiologic controversies, Am J Rhinol, 11, 479, 10.2500/105065897780914938 Alhuwalia, 1994, Association of tapioca and chronic inflammation with rhinosporidiosis, Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 3, 25, 10.1007/BF03050074 Allen, 1936, Treatment of rhinosporidiomycosis in man based on sixty cases, Ind Med Gaz, 71, 376 Apple, 1983, Papillome der conjunktiva bedingt durch rhinosporidiose, Fortschr Ophthalmol, 79, 571 Arseculeratne, 2005, Rhinosporidiosis: what is the cause, Curr Opin Infect Dis, 18, 113, 10.1097/01.qco.0000160898.82115.e8 Arseculeratne, 2005, Rhinosporidiosis, 436 Arseculeratne, 2000, Failure to infect congenitally immunodeficient SCID and NUDE mice with Rhinosporidium seeberi, Med Mycol, 38, 393, 10.1080/mmy.38.5.393.395 Ashworth, 1923, On Rhinosporidium seeberi (Wernicke, 1903) with special reference to its sporulation and affinities, Trans Roy Soc Edin, 53, 301, 10.1017/S008045680000404X Azadeh, 1994, Rhinosporidiosis: immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies, J Laryngol Otol, 108, 1048, 10.1017/S0022215100128865 Bader, 1970, Histochemical studies on Rhinosporidium seeberi, Virchows Arch Abt A Pathol Anat, 350, 76, 10.1007/BF00548922 Battie, 1906, Rhinosporidium kinealyi: a sporozoon of the nasal mucous membrane, J Pathol Bacteriol, 11, 270, 10.1002/path.1700110303 Belou, 1903, vol. 303, 62 Brunberg, 1992, Coupling between benthic biomass of Microcystis and phosphorus release from the sediments of a highly eutrophic lake, Hydrobiologia, 235, 375, 10.1007/BF00026227 Carini, 1940, Sôbre um parasito smelhante ao Rhinosporidium encontrado em quisto da pele de uma Hyla, Arq Inst Biol, 11, 93 Cavalier-Smith, 1998, Neomonada and the origin of animal and fungi, vol. 56, 375 Ceferri, 1936, Unitá etiologica della malattia di Seeber (Granuloma de Rhinosporidium seeberi) accertata com lo studio di materiali originali, Boll Soc Med Chir di Pavia, 14, 723 Cole, 2001, Massive gene decay in the leprosy bacillus, Nature, 409, 1007, 10.1038/35059006 Cordero, 1928, El probable modo de infección de las mucosas por Rhinosporidium, Bol Inst Clin Quir, 28, 573 Datta, 1965, Rhinosporidium seeberi, its cultivation and identity, J Vet Sci Anim Husban, 35, 1 Delwiche, 1999, Tracing the tread of plastid diversity through the tapestry of life, Am Nat, 154, S165, 10.1086/303291 Delwiche, 1995, Phylogenetic analysis of tufA sequences indicates a cyanobacterial origin of all plastids, Mol Phylogenet Evol, 4, 110, 10.1006/mpev.1995.1012 Dhaulakhandi, 2006, Detection of 16S rDNA gene in round bodies isolated from polyps of rhinosporidiosis, Infect Gen Evol, 6, 331, 10.1016/j.meegid.2005.11.002 Dhaulakhandi, 2004, Comparative RAPD analysis of causative agent of rhinosporidiosis and Microcystis isolated from waters, Curr Sci, 86, 386 Dodge, 1935, Rhinosporidium Douglas, 1998, Plastid evolution: origins, diversity, trends, Curr Opin Genet Dev, 8, 655, 10.1016/S0959-437X(98)80033-6 Fonseca, 1971, Estudo de culturas isoladas de blastomicose queloidiforme (doença de Jorge Lobo). Denominação ao seu agente etiològico, Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo, 13, 225 Fredricks, 2000, Rhinosporidium seeberi: a human pathogen from a novel group of aquatic protistan parasites, Emer Infect Dis, 6, 273, 10.3201/eid0603.000307 Gabrielsen, 2011, Genome evolution of a tertiary dinoflagellate plastid, PLoS One, 6, 1, 10.1371/journal.pone.0019132 Gori, 1994, Cytologic and differential diagnosis of rhinosporidiosis, Acta Cytol, 38, 361 Grover, 1974, Cytological study of Rhinosporidium seeberi by electron microscopy, Indian J Pathol Bacteriol, 17, 29 Grover, 1970, Rhinosporidium seeberi: a preliminary study of the morphology and life cycle, Sabouraudia, 7, 219 Herr, 2002, Immunolocalization of an endogenous antigenic material of Rhinosporidium seeberi expressed only during mature sporangial development, FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 23, 2015 Herr, 1999, Chitin synthase class 2 (CHS2) gene from the human and animal pathogen Rhinosporidium seeberi, 296 Herr, 1999, Phylogenetic analysis of Rhinosporidium seeberi's 18S small-sub unit ribosomal DNA groups this pathogen among members of the protistan Mesomycetozoa clade, J Clin Microbiol, 37, 2750, 10.1128/JCM.37.9.2750-2754.1999 Janse, 2003, High-resolution differentiation of cyanobacteria by using rRNA-internal transcriber spacer denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, Appl Environ Microbiol, 69, 6634, 10.1128/AEM.69.11.6634-6643.2003 Jones, 1970, Isolation and chemical characterization of gas vacuole membranes from Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz. emend, Elenkin Arch Mikrobiol, 70, 43, 10.1007/BF00691059 Kannan-Kutty, 1975, Rhinosporidium seeberi: an ultrastructural study of its endosporulation phase and trophocyte phase, Arch Pathol, 99, 51 Kannan-Kutty, 1974, Rhinosporidium seeberi: an ultrastructural study of its life cycle, Pathology, 6, 63, 10.3109/00313027409077157 Kannan-Kutty, 1974, Rhinosporidium seeberi: cell wall formation in sporoplasts, Pathology, 6, 183, 10.3109/00313027409068982 Kannan-Kutty, 1971, The ultrastructure and life history of Rhinosporidium seeberi, S E Asian J Trop Med Publ Health, 2, 9 Karling, 1977 Karling, 1955, Resting spore germination in Synchytrium australe in relation to its classification, Mycologia, 47, 185, 10.2307/3755409 Karling, 1955, Prosori in Synchytrium, Bull Torrey Bot Club, 82, 218, 10.2307/2482468 Karling, 1953, Micromyces and Synchytrium, Mycologia, 45, 276, 10.1080/00275514.1953.12024267 Karpova, 1964, On the morphology of rhinosporidiosis, Mycopathologia, 23, 281 Kennedy, 1995, Rhinosporidiosis: a description of an unprecedented outbreak of captive swans (Cygnus spp.) and a proposal for revision of the ontogenic nomenclature of Rhinosporidium seeberi, J Med Vet Mycol, 33, 157, 10.1080/02681219580000341 Köhler, 1997, A plastid of probable green algal origin in apicomplexan parasites, Science, 275, 1485, 10.1126/science.275.5305.1485 Komárek, 2002, Review of the European Microcystis-morphospecies (Cyanoprokaryotes) from nature, Czech Phycol, 2, 1 Komárek, 1999, Cyanoprokaryota, 1. Teil: Chroococcales, 1 Krishnamoorthy, 1989, Culture of Rhinosporidium seeberi: preliminary report, J Layngol Otol, 103, 178, 10.1017/S0022215100108382 Kurunaratne, 1964 Kurunaratne, 1936, The pathology of rhinosporidiosis, J Pathol, 1, 193, 10.1002/path.1700420121 Lacaz, 1996, Doença de Jorge Lôbo (Lobo's Disease), Rev Iberoamer Micol, 13, 819 Lang, 1968, The fine structure of the blue-green algae, Annu Rev Microbiol, 22, 15, 10.1146/annurev.mi.22.100168.000311 Laveran, 1910, Sur une épizootic des truites, C R Acad Sci Paris, 151, 421 Lengfelder, 1980, Rhinosporidiosse beim pferd. Histopathologische und elecktronenmikroskopische untersuchung eines falles, Zentralbl Veterinaermed [B], 27, 326, 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1980.tb01698.x Levy, 1986, Cultivation of Rhinosporidium seeberi in vitro: interaction with epithelial cells, Science, 234, 474, 10.1126/science.3764422 Matsuo, 2005, Leprosy as a challenge to science on the ability to decode its enigma. A hypothesis on how to respond, Jpn J Infect Dis, 58, 59 Melo MTde. Estudos sôbre o Rhinosporidium seeberi. Thesis. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: Estudos Gráficos, Muniz Press; 1946, p. 1–145. Mendoza, 2002, The class Mesomycetozoea: a heterogeneous group of microorganisms at the animal-fungal boundary, Annu Rev Microbiol, 56, 315, 10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160950 Mendoza, 2001, The taxonomic status of Lacazia loboi and Rhinosporidium seeberi has been finally resolved with the use of molecular tools, Rev Iberoam Micol, 39, 309 Mendoza, 2001, Causative agent of Rhinosporidiosis. Author's reply, J Clin Microbiol, 39, 413, 10.1128/JCM.39.1.413-415.2001 Mendoza, 1999, In vitro studies on the mechanisms of endospore release by Rhinosporidium seeberi, Mycopathologia, 148, 9, 10.1023/A:1007108910025 Minchin, 1905, Rhinosporidium kinealyi n.g., n.sp. a new sporozoan from the mucous membrane of the septum nasi of man, Q J Microsc Sci, 49, 521 Mishra, 1968, Ultrastructure of sporangium of Rhinosporidium seeberi, Ind J Microbiol, 8, 215 Mlouka, 2004, The gas vesicle gene cluster from Microcystis aeruginosa and DNA rearrangements that lead to loss of cell buoyancy, J Bateriol, 186, 2355, 10.1128/JB.186.8.2355-2365.2004 Moses, 1991, Rhinosporidium seeberi: light, phase contrast, fluorescent and scanning electron microscopic study, Mycopathologia, 114, 17, 10.1007/BF00436686 Mulisch, 1993, Chitin in protistan organisms, Eur J Prostistol, 29, 1, 10.1016/S0932-4739(11)80291-9 O’Kinealy, 1903, Localised psorospermosis of the mucous membrane of the septum nasi, 109 Osawa, 1997, Growth of Mycobacterium leprae in vitro, Proc Japan Acad Ser B, 73, 144, 10.2183/pjab.73.144 Otsuka, 2000, Morphological variability of colonies of Microcystis morphospecies in culture, J Gen Appl Microbiol, 46, 39, 10.2323/jgam.46.39 Palinska, 1998, Patterns of growth in coccoid, aggregate forming cyanobacteria, Ann Bot Fennici, 35, 219 Pattyn, 1973, The problem of cultivation of Mycobacterium leprae. A review with criteria for evaluating recent experiment work, Bull Org Mond Santé, Bull World Health Org, 49, 403 Pereira, 2005, The pathogen of frogs and Amphibiocystidium ranae is a member of the order Dermocystida in the class Mesomycetozoea, J Clin Microbiol, 43, 192, 10.1128/JCM.43.1.192-198.2005 Prins, 1983, Rhinosporidiosis in The Netherlands. A case report including ultramicroscopic features, ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec, 45, 237, 10.1159/000275649 Ragan, 1996, A novel clade of protistan parasites near the animal-fungal divergence, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93, 11907, 10.1073/pnas.93.21.11907 Rao, 1966, Rhinosporidium seeberi. A histochemical study, Indian J Exp Biol, 4, 10 Sato, 2011, The apicomplexan plastid and its evolution, Cell Mol Life Sci, 68, 1285, 10.1007/s00018-011-0646-1 Savino, 1983, Conjunctival rhinosporidiosis: light and electron microscopic study, Ophthalmology, 90, 1482, 10.1016/S0161-6420(83)34356-6 Seeber GR. Un nuevo esporozuario parasito del hombre. Dos casos encontrados en polypos nasales. Thesis. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, Imprenta Libreria Boullosa; 1900. Seeber, 1912 Senba, 1985, Autofluorescense of Rhinosporidium seeberi, Am J Clin Pathol, 83, 132, 10.1093/ajcp/83.1.132 Silva, 2005, Molecular evidence for multiple host-specific strains in the genus Rhinosporidium, J Clin Microbiol, 43, 1865, 10.1128/JCM.43.4.1865-1868.2005 Sleyter, 1988 Spanggaard, 1995, Morphology of Ichthyophonus hoferi assessed by light and scanning electron microscopy, J Fish Dis, 18, 567, 10.1111/j.1365-2761.1995.tb00361.x Suh, 2009, Occular rhinosporidiosis presenting as chronic follicular conjunctivitis in a contact lens wearer, Arch Ophthalmol, 127, 1076, 10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.179 Teh, 1974, Surface structure of the endospores of Rhinosporidium seeberi, Sabouraudia, 12, 263, 10.1080/00362177485380341 Teh, 1975, Rhinosporidium seeberi: spherules and their significance, Pathology, 7, 133, 10.3109/00313027509092709 Thankamani, 2012, Rhinosporidium seeberi proven as a fungus for the first time after a century since its discovery, Res Biotechnol, 3, 41 Thankamani, 2011, Demonstration of viability and development stages of 10 years old refrigerated culture of Rhinosporidium seeberi (?.) UMH.48 first ever isolated from nasal Rhinosporidiosis yet another milestone, a tribute to Guillermo Seeber, IJPI's J Biotech Biother, 1, 11 Thankamani, 2005, Rhinosporidium seeberi grown in culture. A ray of hope for the thousands of patients with rhinosporidiosis!!!, South Asian J Socio-Political Studies (SAJOSPS), 5, 118 Thianprasit, 1989, Rhinosporidiosis, Curr Top Med Mycol, 3, 64, 10.1007/978-1-4612-3624-5_4 Vanbreuseghem, 1973, Ultrastructure of Rhinosporidium seeberi, Int J Dermatol, 12, 20, 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1973.tb00208.x Vilela, 2009, Molecular phylogeny of animal pathogen Lacazia loboi inferred from rDNA and DNA coding sequences, Mycol Res, 113, 851, 10.1016/j.mycres.2009.04.007 Vilela, 2007, Molecular study of archival fungal strains isolated from cases of lacaziosis (Jorge Lobo's disease), Mycoses, 50, 470, 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2007.01418.x Walsby, 1972, Structure and function of gas vacuoles, Bacteriol Rev, 36, 1, 10.1128/MMBR.36.1.1-32.1972 Wernicke, 1892, Ueber einen protozoenbefund bei mycosis fungoindes, Zentralbl Bakteriol, 12, 859 Woodard, 1984, Rhinosporidiosis: ultrastructural study on an infection in South Carolina, South Med J, 77, 1587, 10.1097/00007611-198412000-00029 Wright, 1907, A nasal sporozoon (R. kinealyi), New York Med J, 86, 1149 Xinzhang, 1981, Observations on the ultrastructure of Rhinosporidium seeberi, Chin J Dermatol, 14, 72 Yamamoto, 2010, Relationship between cell growth and frequency of dividing cells of Microcystis aeruginosa, Plankton Benthos Res, 5, 131, 10.3800/pbr.5.131 Zschokke, 1913, Ein Rhinosporidium beim pferd, Schweizer Arch Tierheilkd, 55, 641