The specialized competency framework for industry pharmacists (SCF-IP): validation and pilot assessment
Tóm tắt
This study aimed to validate a specialized competency framework for industry pharmacists and assess correlates related to the competency domains in a pilot sample. A team of experts assessed the old framework and improved its content validity after a thorough literature review, using the Delphi technique. Domains and their respective competencies and behaviors were re-defined in the framework. Afterward, a web-based cross-sectional study was carried out between March and October 2022, enrolling a convenient sample of ten industry pharmacists who worked in Lebanese pharmaceutical plants. Participants were contacted through the Syndicate of the Pharmaceutical Industries in Lebanon. The specialized competency framework for Lebanese industry pharmacists comprised seven domains. Behavioral items had appropriate loading on their respective factors, which could involve one, two or three competencies. Cronbach alpha values for all domains were close to one, showing appropriate reliability. Each domain was correlated with at least another one, except for domains related to pharmaceutical and industrial development and emergency preparedness, which were not correlated with other domains. The lowest confidence was found in the research and development domain, particularly among participants with only a PharmD. This study validated the specialized competency framework for Lebanese industry pharmacists. Some domains, specifically those related to industrial development and emergency preparedness, were found to diverge from others. Therefore, it would be recommended to include additional education in the emergency preparedness, research and development fields and to integrate industry-specific skills, courses, and training programs into academic curricula. Furthermore, specialized postgraduate degrees may be necessary to produce practice-ready pharmacists to operate effectively in this vital setting.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Al-Haqan A, Smith F, Bader L, Bates I. Competency development for pharmacy: adopting and adapting the Global Competency Framework. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2021;17:771–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.06.023.
Bajis D, Al-Haqan A, Mhlaba S, Bruno A, Bader L, Bates I. An evidence-led review of the FIP global competency framework for early career pharmacists training and development. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2023;19:445–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.11.010.
Arakawa N, Yamamura S, Duggan C, Bates I. The development of a foundation-level pharmacy competency framework: an analysis of country-level applicability of the Global Competency Framework. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2020;16:396–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.06.007.
Bruno A, Bates I, Brock T, Anderson C. Towards a global competency framework. Am J Pharm Educ. 2010;74:56. https://doi.org/10.5688/aj740356.
Almaghaslah D, Alsayari A. Using a global systematic framework tool to identify pharmacy workforce development needs: a national case study on Saudi Arabia. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2021;14:3233–45. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S322577.
Stojkov S, Tadić I, Crnjanski T, Krajnović D. Assessment and self-assessment of the pharmacists’ competencies using the global competency framework (GbCF) in Serbia. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2016;73:803–10. https://doi.org/10.2298/VSP140728040S.
Stupans I, Atkinson J, Meštrović A, Nash R, Rouse MJ. A shared focus: comparing the Australian, Canadian, United Kingdom and United States pharmacy learning outcome frameworks and the global competency framework. Pharmacy (Basel). 2016;4:26. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy4030026.
Hajj A, Hallit S, Sacre H, Akel M, Zeenny RM, Salameh P. Lebanese pharmacy core competencies framework: tool validation for self-declared assessment. Int J Pharm Pract. 2021;29:598–604. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riab055.
Zeenny RM, Akel M, Hajj A, Sacre H, Hallit S, Salameh P. Descriptive assessment of graduates’ perceptions of pharmacy-related competencies based on the Lebanese pharmacy core competencies framework. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2021;19:2320. https://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2021.2.2320.
Atkinson J, Sánchez Pozo A, Rekkas D, Volmer D, Hirvonen J, Bozic B, et al. Hospital and community pharmacists’ perceptions of which competences are important for their practice. Pharmacy. 2016;4:21. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy4020021.
Child SFJ, Shaw SD. A purpose-led approach towards the development of competency frameworks. J Furth High Educ. 2020;44:1143–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2019.1669773.
American Pharmacists Association. Pharmaceutical industry: research and development. American Pharmacists Association; 2013.
Kankaew K. The competencies-based development in pharmaceutical industry. Syst Rev Pharm. 2020;11:962–3.
Chew L, Workgroups of the Ministry of Health Singapore. Competency Standards for Pharmacists in Advanced Practice. Singapore: Ministry of Health; 2017.
Atkinson J, De Paepe K, Sánchez Pozo A, Rekkas D, Volmer D, Hirvonen J, et al. A study on how industrial pharmacists rank competences for pharmacy practice: a case for industrial pharmacy specialization. Pharmacy (Basel). 2016;4:13. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy4010013.
Alfaifi S, Bridges S, Arakawa N. Developing pharmacists’ competencies in Saudi Arabia: a proposed national competency framework to support initial education and professional development. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2022;14:1256–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2022.09.010.
Suwannaprom P, Suttajit S, Eakanunkul S, Supapaan T, Kessomboon N, Udomaksorn K, et al. Development of pharmacy competency framework for the changing demands of Thailand’s pharmaceutical and health services. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2020;18:2141. https://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2020.4.2141.
Meilianti S, Smith F, Bader L, Himawan R, Bates I. Competency-based education: developing an advanced competency framework for Indonesian pharmacists. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:769326. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.769326.
Selam MN, Abera S, Geremew H, Ali EE. Local pharmaceutical research and development capacity in a developing country: a qualitative exploration of perspectives from key stakeholders in Ethiopia. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2022;15:92. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-022-00491-3.
Tawfik EA, Tawfik AF, Alajmi AM, Badr MY, Al-jedai A, Almozain NH, et al. Localizing pharmaceuticals manufacturing and its impact on drug security in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharmaceut J. 2022;30:28–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2021.12.002.
Sacre H, Hallit S, Hajj A, Zeenny RM, Raad E, Akel M, et al. Short report: upgrading pharmacy education to produce practice-ready pharmacists in Lebanon. Pharm Educ. 2020;20:379–94. https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2020.201.379394.
Sacre H, Hamra R, Hassoun C, Hanna M-LA, Ghossoub M, Jaber J, et al. Towards a national pharmaceutical strategy in Lebanon: ensuring access to quality and safe medications for all. Pharm Educ. 2023;23:165–79. https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2023.231.165179.
Datta R, Datta K, Routh D, Bhatia JK, Yadav AK, Singhal A, et al. Development of a portfolio framework for implementation of an outcomes-based healthcare professional education curriculum using a modified e-Delphi method. Med J Armed Forces India. 2021;77:S49-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.11.012.
Hallit S, Sacre H, Hajj A, Sili G, Zeenny RM, Salameh P. Projecting the future size of the Lebanese pharmacy workforce: forecasts until the year 2050. Int J Pharm Pract. 2019;27:582–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpp.12564.
Hajj A, Zeenny RM, Sacre H, Akel M, Haddad C, Salameh P. Pharmacy education and workforce: strategic recommendations based on expert consensus in Lebanon. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2023;16:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-022-00510-3.
ISPB. Référentiel compétences industrie. Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques Université Claude Bernard, Lyon1 2016. https://ispb.univ-lyon1.fr/formation/referentiel-competences-industrie. Accessed 17 Feb 2023.
International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). Responding to disasters: Guidelines for pharmacy. The Hague, The Netherlands: International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP); 2016.
International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). FIP Statement of Policy: Role of the pharmacist in disaster management. The Hague, The Netherlands: International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP); 2017.
International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). FIP Global Humanitarian Competency Framework (GbHCF). Supporting pharmacists and the pharmaceutical workforce in a humanitarian arena. Version 1. The Hague, The Netherlands: International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP); 2021.
Aruru M, Truong H-A, Clark S. Pharmacy Emergency Preparedness and Response (PEPR): a proposed framework for expanding pharmacy professionals’ roles and contributions to emergency preparedness and response during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2021;17:1967–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.04.002.
Niederberger M, Spranger J. Delphi technique in health sciences: a map. Front Public Health. 2020;8.
Amirrudin M, Nasution K, Supahar S. Effect of variability on Cronbach alpha reliability in research practice. J Matematika Stat Komputasi. 2021;17:223–30. https://doi.org/10.20956/jmsk.v17i2.11655.
Tavakol M, Dennick R. Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. Int J Med Educ. 2011;2:53–5. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd.
Akel M, Hajj A, Sacre H, Zeenny RM, Haddad C, Salameh P. Developing a national pharmaceutical research strategy in Lebanon: opportunities to bridge the gaps and reach the goals. J Pharmaceut Policy Pract. 2022;15:83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-022-00485-1.
Atkinson J, Crowley P, De Paepe K, Gennery B, Koster A, Martini L, et al. A European competence framework for industrial pharmacy practice in biotechnology. Pharmacy (Basel). 2015;3:101–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy3030101.
Bin Saleh G, Rezk NL, Laika L, Ali A, El-Metwally A. Pharmacist, the pharmaceutical industry and pharmacy education in Saudi Arabia: a questionnaire-based study. Saudi Pharm J. 2015;23:573–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2015.02.019.
Larochelle PA, Giang DK, Silva MA, Kcomt M, Malloy MJ, Kay S, et al. Post-PharmD industry fellowship opportunities and proposed guidelines for uniformity. Am J Pharm Educ. 2009;73:20. https://doi.org/10.5688/aj730120.
Paine H. Supply and Demand in the Pharmaceutical Industry Pharmacy Careers 2008. https://silo.tips/download/supply-and-demand-in-the-pharmaceutical-industry-pharmacy-careers-helen-paine-pa. Accessed 15 Mar 2023.
Ministry of Public Health Lebanon. Local Manufacturing Industries n.d. https://www.moph.gov.lb/en/Pages/3/1460/local-manufacturing-industries. Accessed 15 Mar 2023.
NurlaelaArief N, Gustomo A, Rahman Roestan M, Putri ANA, Islamiaty M. Pharma 4.0: analysis on core competence and digital levelling implementation in pharmaceutical industry in Indonesia. Heliyon. 2022;8:e10347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10347.