The solubility of gases in liquid metals and alloys

Wagner, 1952, Thermodynamics of Alloys, 51 Chipman, 1955, J. Iron Steel Inst., 180, 97 Alcock, 1958, Acta metall., 6, 385, 10.1016/0001-6160(58)90017-8 Alcock, 1960, Acta metall., 8, 882, 10.1016/0001-6160(60)90157-7 Lupis, 1966, Acta metall., 14, 529, 10.1016/0001-6160(66)90320-8 Lupis, 1966, Acta metall., 14, 1019, 10.1016/0001-6160(66)90190-8 Lupis, 1967, Acta metall., 15, 265, 10.1016/0001-6160(67)90202-7 Elliott, 1963, Vol. II Chang, 1979, Metall. Trans., 10(B), 43, 10.1007/BF02653970 Belton, 1965, Trans. TMS-AIME, 233, 1892 Jacob, 1971, Trans. Inst. Mining Met., C80, 32 Foo, 1973, Acta metall., 21, 298, 10.1016/0001-6160(73)90091-6 Sigworth, 1974, Metal Sci., 8, 298, 10.1179/msc.1974.8.1.298 Sigworth, 1974, Can. Met. Q., 13, 455, 10.1179/cmq.1974.13.3.455 Jacob, 1972, Acta metall., 20, 221, 10.1016/0001-6160(72)90184-8 Wagner, 1973, Acta metall., 21, 1297, 10.1016/0001-6160(73)90171-5 Gokcen, 1969, Scr. metall., 3, 157, 10.1016/0036-9748(69)90275-0 Gokcen, 1969, Scr. metall., 3, 165, 10.1016/0036-9748(69)90277-4 Richardson, 1969, Scr. metall., 3, 161, 10.1016/0036-9748(69)90276-2 Chiang, 1976, Metall. Trans., 7B, 453, 10.1007/BF02652717 Lin, 1977, Metall. Trans., 8B, 293, 10.1007/BF02657659 Schmid, 1984, Z. Metallk., 75, 730 Block, 1969, Z. Metallk., 60, 766 Schwerdtfeger, 1975, Z. Metallk., 66, 139 Schwerdtfeger, 1976, II 1979, 26 Mathieu, 1965, J. Chim. phys., 62, 1289, 10.1051/jcp/1965621289 Mathieu, 1965, J. Chim. phys., 62, 1297, 10.1051/jcp/1965621297 Brion, 1970, J. Chim. phys., 66, 1238, 10.1051/jcp/196966s21238 Brion, 1970, J. Chim. phys., 66, 1745, 10.1051/jcp/1970671745 Lupis, 1970, Scr. metall., 4, 497, 10.1016/0036-9748(70)90002-5 Kuo, 1978, Metall. Trans., 9B, 154, 10.1007/BF02822688 Hu, 1980, Metall. Trans., 11B, 172, 10.1007/BF02657190 Lin, 1986, Metall. Trans., 17B, 785, 10.1007/BF02657141 Blander, 1979, Metall. Trans., 10B, 613, 10.1007/BF02662564 Blander, 1982, Metall. Trans., 13B, 429 Hu, 1981, CALPHAD, 5, 115, 10.1016/0364-5916(81)90038-9 Otsuka, 1985, Trans. Japan Inst. Metals, 26, 167, 10.2320/matertrans1960.26.167 Pierre, 1981, 137 Pierre, 1980, Scr. Metall., 15, 571, 10.1016/0036-9748(81)90206-4 Fromm, 1976 Otsuka, 1984, Trans. Japan Inst. Metal, 25, 113, 10.2320/matertrans1960.25.113 Sigworth, 1976, Can. Met. Q., 15, 123, 10.1179/cmq.1976.15.2.123 Anik, 1983, Z. Metallk., 74, 53 Saboungi, 1987, Metall. Trans., 18A, 1779, 10.1007/BF02646209 Darken, 1950, J. Am. chem. Soc., 72, 2909, 10.1021/ja01163a030 Darken, 1953 Richardson, 1974, Vol. 1, 143 Swalin, 1972, Thermodynamics of Solids, 145 Eichenauer, 1962, Z. Metallk., 53, 321 Eichenauer, 1962, Z. Metallk., 53, 700 Rickert, 1966, Z. phys. Chem., 49, 127, 10.1524/zpch.1966.49.3_5.127 Pastorek, 1969, Trans. Am. Inst. Min. metall. Engrs., 245, 1711 Swisher, 1967, Trans. Am. Inst. Min. metall. Engrs., 239, 426 Ramanarayanan, 1972, Metall. Trans., 3, 3239, 10.1007/BF02661339 Zhang, 1985 Pauling, 1970 Otsuka, 1981, Metall. Trans., 12B, 455, 10.1007/BF02654314 Sakao, 1962, J. Japan Inst. Metal, 26, 30, 10.2320/jinstmet1952.26.1_30 Fischer, 1966, Arch. Eisenhütten Wes., 37, 1, 10.1002/srin.196602728 Fischer, 1970, Arch EisenhüttenWes., 41, 361, 10.1002/srin.197001614 Hultgren, 1973 Fischer, 1968, Arch. EisenhüttenWes., 39, 89, 10.1002/srin.196803494 Belton, 1965, Trans. TMS-AIME, 223, 1892 Tankins, 1970, Can. Met. Q., 9, 353, 10.1179/cmq.1970.9.1.353 Tankins, 1965, J. electrochem. Soc., 112, 446, 10.1149/1.2423566 Tankins, 1972, High Temp. Sci., 4, 393 Block, 1969, Z. Metallk., 60, 709 Stichel, 1967 Otsuka, 1982, Metall. trans., 13B, 77, 10.1007/BF02666958 Sieverts, 1907, Z. phys. Chem., 60, 129, 10.1515/zpch-1907-0109 Sieverts, 1910, Z. phys. Chem., 68, 115 Humbert, 1960, Trans. TMS-AIME, 218, 1076 Walters, 1950, NP-1955 Bogard, 1951 Noden, 1954, 80 Salmon, 1956, 1653 Hoffman, 1960, Newer Metals, ASTM Special Tech. Publ. 272, 195 Williams, 1959, J. phys. Chem., 63, 68, 10.1021/j150571a017 1951 Pepkowitz, 1950, Annls Chim., 22, 1283, 10.1021/ac60046a016 Thorley, 1964, R. Chem. Choudary, 1976, Metall. Trans., 7B, 655, 10.1007/BF02698599 Körber, 1937, Z. Elektrochem., 43, 450 Chen, 1947, Trans. AIME, 38, 70 Fruehan, 1969, Trans. TMS-AIME, 245, 1215 Fitzner, 1978, Z. Metallk., 69, 751 Fitzner, 1977, Metall. Trans., 8B, 669, 10.1007/BF02669346 Trumbore, 1956, J. chem. Phys., 24, 1112, 10.1063/1.1742703 Jacob, 1979, Z. Metallk, 70, 366 Alcock, 1977, J. less-common Metals, 53, 211, 10.1016/0022-5088(77)90106-0 Happ, 1971, Trans. Inst. Min. Metall., 80C, C190 K. Fitzner and Y.A. Chang, unpublished research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisc. 53706, U.S.A. (1981). Dastur, 1949, J. Metals, 1, 441 Gokcen, 1952, J. Metals, 4, 171 Gokcen, 1953, J. Metals, 5, 191 Larche, 1973, Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Japan, 13, 71, 10.2355/isijinternational1966.13.71 McLean, 1974, High Temp. High Press, 6, 21 Jellinek, 1925, Z. anorg. Chem., 142, 1, 10.1002/zaac.19251420102 Bale, 1971, J. thermal Anal., 3, 153, 10.1007/BF01904679 Bale, 1976, Can. Met. Q., 2, 1 Chen, 1978, Metall. Trans., 9B, 61, 10.1007/BF02822672 Lin, 1978, Metall. Trans., 9B, 531, 10.1007/BF03257200 Hsieh, 1987, Oxid. Metals, 27, 123, 10.1007/BF00667054 Cubiciotti, 1963, J. phys. Chem., 67, 118, 10.1021/j100795a028 Diaz, 1968, 29 Rapp, 1970, 123 Goto, 1972, 2, 539 Fisher, 1975 Ramanarayanan, 1980, 81 Sundermann, 1977, Microchim. Acta (Wien), 7, 575, 10.1007/978-3-7091-3724-6_41 Worrell, 1973, 513 Ono, 1981, Solid St. Ionics, 3/4, 555, 10.1016/0167-2738(81)90150-8 Fitzner, 1984, Arch. Hutn., 29, 109 H. Baik and Y.A. Chang, unpublished research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisc. 53706, U.S.A. (1982). Fukatsu, 1980, Nippon Kink. Gakk., 44, 412 Rosenqvist, 1978, Metall. Trans., 9B, 337, 10.1007/BF02654407 Espellund, 1977, Scand. J. Met., 6, 256 Hsieh, 1985, 41 Hsieh, 1985, 735 Hsieh, 1986, Metall. Trans., 17B, 133, 10.1007/BF02670826 Hsieh, 1986, 337 Vlack, 1981, 385 Fisher, 1974, Arch. EisenhüttenWes., 45, 745, 10.1002/srin.197403952 Fisher, 1981, Arch. EisenhüttenWes., 52, 91, 10.1002/srin.198104902 Alcock, 1964, Trans. Faraday Soc., 60, 822, 10.1039/TF9646000822 Osterwald, 1969, Z. phys. Chem. N.F., 66, 1, 10.1524/zpch.1969.66.1_3.001 Otsuka, 1981, Solid St. Ionics, 3/4, 495, 10.1016/0167-2738(81)90139-9 Otsuka, 1981, Trans. Japan Inst. Metals, 22, 35, 10.2320/matertrans1960.22.35 O.J. Kleppa, Institute of Metals, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill., U.S.A., Private communication (1982). Sieverts, 1909, Z. phys. Chem., 68, 115 Donnan, 1910, J. Soc. chem. Ind., 29, 987, 10.1002/jctb.5000291602 Parlee, 1965, Trans. TMS-AIME, 233, 1918 Shah, 1967, Trans. TMS-AIME, 239, 763 Diaz, 1966, Trans. Inst. Min. Metall., C75, C183 Fischer, 1966, Arch. EisenhüttenWes., 37, 697, 10.1002/srin.196604571 Oberg, 1973, Metall. Trans., 4, 61, 10.1007/BF02649605 Otsuka, 1981, Metall. Trans., 12B, 501, 10.1007/BF02654320 Liang, 1982, Z. Metallk, 73, 369 Otsuka, 1981, Trans. Japan Inst. Metals, 22, 558, 10.2320/matertrans1960.22.558 Tankins, 1971, Metall. Trans., 2, 3245, 10.1007/BF02814990 Sieverts, 1910, Ber. dt. chem. Ges., 48, 893, 10.1002/cber.191004301152 Shah, 1968, Trans. TMS-AIME, 242, 869 Kunze, 1971, Metall. Trans., 2, 2623, 10.1007/BF02814904 Lupis, 1968, Trans. TMS-AIME, 242, 929 Griffith, 1953, J. Am. chem. Soc., 75, 183, 10.1021/ja01104a015 Fitzner, 1980, Thermochim. Acta, 35, 277, 10.1016/0040-6031(80)87127-9 Otsuka, 1981, Metall. Trans., 12B, 427, 10.1007/BF02654311 Heshmatpour, 1981, J. electroanal. Chem., 130, 47, 10.1016/S0022-0728(81)80375-0 Hahn, 1977, High Temp. Sci., 7, 165 Isecke, 1979, Z. phys. Chem. N.F., 115, 17, 10.1524/zpch.1979.115.1.017 K. T. Jacob, Private Communication, University of Toronto; currently at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560012 (1982). Fischbach, 1985, Steel Res., 7, 365, 10.1002/srin.198500649 Chang, 1982 Floridis, 1958, Trans. TMS-AIME, 212, 549 Tankins, 1964, Trans. TMS-AIME, 230, 820 Fischer, 1966, Arch. EisenhüttenWes., 37, 43, 10.1002/srin.196602732 Janke, 1978, Z. Metallk., 69, 302 Kemori, 1979, J. chem. Thermodyn., 11, 215, 10.1016/0021-9614(79)90145-9 Averin, 1957, Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Otd. Tekhn. Nauk, 8, 120 Belov, 1967, Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR Met., 3, 53 Belov, 1967, Russ. Metall. Fuels, 3, 19 Knights, 1979, J. nucl. Mater., 89, 196, 10.1016/0022-3115(79)90163-6 Gellings, 1974, J. chem. Soc., 70, 531 Allen, 1933, J. Inst. Metals, 51, 257 Azuma, 1974, J. Min. metall. Inst. Japan, 90, 249 Girardi, 1950, Trans. AIME, 188, 1168 Sano, 1956, Mem. Fac. Engng Nagoya Univ., 8, 137 Sano, 1955, Nippon Kink. Gakk., 19, 431 Sano, 1955, Nippon Kink. Gakk., 19, 435 Seow, 1973, 245, 39 Biswas, 1973, Can. Met. Q., 12, 257, 10.1179/cmq.1973.12.3.257 Tankins, 1967, Z. Metallk., 58, 721 Young, 1965, Ph.D. Thesis Diaz, 1967, Trans. Inst. Min. Metall., C76, C196 El-Naggar, 1967, Trans. TMS-AIME, 239, 1994 El-Naggar, 1970, Metall. Trans., 1, 2975, 10.1007/BF03037848 Fischer, 1971, Z. Metallk., 62, 747 Fischer, 1970, Arch. Eisenhütten Wes., 41, 661, 10.1002/srin.197003613 Moser, 1979, Metals Techn., 6, 273, 10.1179/030716979803276255 Ford, 1972 Fruehan, 1969, Trans. TMS-AIME, 245, 1721 Hytonen, 1979, Scand. J. Metall., 8, 123 Janke, 1975, Int. Z. Tech. Wirt. Metall. (Berlin), 29, 1189 Kemori, 1980, Trans. Japan. Inst. Metals, 21, 275, 10.2320/matertrans1960.21.275 Kozuka, 1968, Nippon Kink. Gakk., 32, 132 Kramss, 1971 Kulkarni, 1973, Metall. Trans., 4, 1713, 10.1007/BF02666201 Moser, 1976, Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci., Ser. Sci. Techn., 24, 215 Nanda, 1970, Metall. Trans., 1, 1235, 10.1007/BF02900236 Osterwald, 1965 Pluschkell, 1965, Z. Metallk., 56, 450 Puchi, 1979 Reimann, 1967 Sadat-Darbandi, 1977 Staffansson, 1974, Scand. J. Metall., 3, 153 Taskinen, 1981, Acta Polytech. Scand. Chem., 1 Taskinen, 1979, Scand. J. Metall., 8, 39 Thompson, 1971, Can. Met. Q., 10, 315, 10.1179/cmq.1971.10.4.315 Tsukahara, 1970, Nippon Kink. Gakk, 34, 679 Volkov, 1980, Tsvet. Metally, 2, 15 Wilder, 1966, Trans. TMS-AIME, 236, 1035 Wagner, 1965 Rickert, 1966, Chem. Ing. Tech., 38, 618, 10.1002/cite.330380605 Rickert, 1966, Electrochim. Acta, 11, 83, 10.1016/0013-4686(66)85009-0 Puchi, 1979, Int. Z. Tech. Wirt. Metall. (Berlin), 33, 445 Frohberg, 1980, Erzmetall., 33, 264 Venkatraman, 1986, J. electrochem. Soc., 133, 634, 10.1149/1.2108634 Kiukkola, 1957, J. electrochem. Soc., 104, 379, 10.1149/1.2428586 Steele, 1968, 3 Neumann, 1984, Bull. Alloy Phase Diagr., 5, 141, 10.1007/BF02868949 Mah, 1976, U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin, 668 Neumann, 1984, Bull. Alloy Phase Diagr., 4, 136, 10.1007/BF02868948 Matoba, 1965, Tetsu-to-hagané, 5, 187, 10.2355/isijintoverseas.5.3_187 Wriedt, 1956, Trans. AIME, 206, 1195 Schenck, 1959, Arch. Eisenhütten Wes., 30, 451, 10.1002/srin.195903062 Schenck, 1969, Arch. Eisenhutten Wes., 40, 619 Fruehan, 1969, Trans. TMS-AIME, 245, 1501 Iwase, 1979, J. chem. Thermodyn., 11, 917, 10.1016/0021-9614(79)90039-9 Foster, 1969, J. electrochem. Soc., 116, 494, 10.1149/1.2411919 Wypartowicz, 1988, J. less-common Metals, 138, 289, 10.1016/0022-5088(88)90117-8 Wypartowicz, 1987, J. less-common Metals, 128, 91, 10.1016/0022-5088(87)90195-0 Katayama, 1975, Trans. Japan Inst. Metals, 16, 423, 10.2320/matertrans1960.16.423 Fitzner, 1977, J. less-common Metals, 52, 279, 10.1016/0022-5088(77)90009-1 Otsuka, 1984, Metall. Trans., 15B, 329, 10.1007/BF02667336 Alcock, 1980, Nippon Kink. Gakk., 44, 1239 Otsuka, 1980, Metall. Trans., 11B, 313, 10.1007/BF02668417 Heshmatpour, 1982, J. electrochem. Soc., 129, 430, 10.1149/1.2123874 Heshmatpour, 1982, Metall. Trans., 13B, 53, 10.1007/BF02666955 Heshmatpour, 1981, J. less-common Metals, 81, 329, 10.1016/0022-5088(81)90038-2 Fitzner, 1983, Z. Metallk., 11, 755 Jacob, 1978, Trans. Inst. Min. Metal, C87, C165 Pankratz, 1982, 672 Krishnamurthy, 1987, J. less-common Metals, 135, 285, 10.1016/0022-5088(87)90490-5 Ganesan, 1985, J. less-common Metals, 113, 253, 10.1016/0022-5088(85)90283-8 Shreedharanan, 1980, J. nucl. Mater., 89, 113, 10.1016/0022-3115(80)90015-X Sundermann, 1977, Microchim. Acta, 7, 575, 10.1007/978-3-7091-3724-6_41 Yonco, 1979, J. nucl. Mater., 79, 354, 10.1016/0022-3115(79)90100-4 Hubberstey, 1982 Hoffman, 1960, ASTM Spec. Techn. Pub. 272, 195 Elliott, 1965 Jacob, 1981, Metall. Trans., 12B, 675, 10.1007/BF02654136 Schenck, 1964, Arch. Eisenhütten Wes., 35, 269, 10.1002/srin.196402318 Kashin, 1973, Fiziko Khimitsheskiye Osnovy Metallurgitsheskich Protsessov, 90 Kozina, 1970, Izv. An. SSSR, Metally, 1, 56 Rutkauskas, 1968, Report LA-3879, U.S.A. Claxton, 1965, Report AERE-R4897, U.K. Isaacs, 1968, Report BNL-50161, U.S.A. Smith, 1972, Report ANL-7891, U.S.A. Noden, 1978, J. Br. nucl. Energy Soc., 12, 54 Thorley, 1966, 374 Alcock, 1971, Can. Met. Q., 10, 257, 10.1179/cmq.1971.10.4.257 Adamson, 1981, J. nucl. Mater., 97, 203, 10.1016/0022-3115(81)90434-7 Bowers, 1961, J. Inst. Metals, 90, 321 Kemori, 1981, J. chem. Thermodyn., 13, 313, 10.1016/0021-9614(81)90021-5 Iwase, 1979, J. chem. Thermodyn., 11, 307, 10.1016/0021-9614(79)90052-1 Taskinen, 1979, Scand. J. Metall, 8, 185 Charle', 1976, Z. phys. Chem. N.F., 99, 199, 10.1524/zpch.1976.99.4-6.199 Charle', 1973 Isecke, 1977 Otsuka, 1979, Metall. Trans., 10B, 565, 10.1007/BF02662559 Otsuka, 1981, Metall. Trans., 12B, 616, 10.1007/BF02654336 Szwarc, 1972, High Temp. Sci., 4, 347 Conochie, 1984, Trans. Inst. Min. Metall., C93, C45 Fitzner, 1980, Z. Metallk., 71, 178 Hahn, 1979, J. chem. Thermodyn., 11, 627, 10.1016/0021-9614(79)90028-4 Belford, 1965, Trans. Faraday Soc., 61, 443, 10.1039/TF9656100443 Shih, 1981, Z. Metallk., 72, 512 Kammel, 1983, Int. Z. Tech. Wirt. Metall. (Berlin), 37, 141 Li, 1988, Bull. Alloy Phase Diagr. Carbo'Nover, 1972, Trans. Inst. Min. Metall., C81, C63 Otsuka, 1980, Metall. Trans., 11B, 119, 10.1007/BF02657180 Hu, 1980, 3019 Liang, 1982, Trans. Japan Inst. Metals, 23, 368, 10.2320/matertrans1960.23.368 Thompson, 1945, U.S. Atom Energy Comm. CT-2618, 5 Martin, 1965, J. phys. Chem., 69, 1788, 10.1021/j100889a528 Garg, 1980, J. nucl. Mater., 88, 309, 10.1016/0022-3115(80)90287-1 Benz, 1970, High Temp. Sci., 2, 221 Ackermann, 1974, V. II W. Schuster and W. W. Lang, Private communication (1982). Boom, 1976, J. less-common Metals, 45, 237, 10.1016/0022-5088(76)90270-8 Boom, 1976, J. less-common Metals, 46, 271, 10.1016/0022-5088(76)90215-0 Jacob, 1973, J. chem. Thermodyn., 5, 365, 10.1016/S0021-9614(73)80026-6 Yao, 1986, Trans. Japan Inst. Metals, 27, 616, 10.2320/matertrans1960.27.616 Jacob, 1971, J. chem. Thermodyn., 3, 433, 10.1016/S0021-9614(71)80026-5 Otsuka, 1984, Trans. Japan Inst. Metals, 25, 497, 10.2320/matertrans1960.25.497 H. Suito, Private communication, SENKEN, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan (1987). Otsuka, 1982, Trans. Japan Inst. Metals, 23, 563, 10.2320/matertrans1960.23.563 Anik, 1983, Z. Metallk., 74, 530 Yao, 1988, J. chem. Thermodyn., 20, 473, 10.1016/0021-9614(88)90186-3 Otsuka, 1984, Z. Metallk., 75, 368 Otsuka, 1984, Metall. Trans., 15B, 141, 10.1007/BF02661072 Taskinen, 1982, Z. Metallk., 73, 163 Otsuka, 1985, Z. Metallk., 76, 806 Otsuka, 1981, Trans. Japan. Inst. Metals, 22, 35, 10.2320/matertrans1960.22.35 S. Yao, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan, Private communication (1987). Otsuka, 1983, Trans. Japan Inst. Metals, 24, 829, 10.2320/matertrans1960.24.829 Kemori, 1982, J. chem. Thermodyn., 14, 167, 10.1016/0021-9614(82)90028-3 Otsuka, 1984, Metall. Trans., 15B, 337, 10.1007/BF02667337 Jacob, 1970, Trans. Inst. Min. Metall., C79, C274 Otsuka, 1983, Trans. Japan Inst. Met., 24, 132, 10.2320/matertrans1960.24.132 Yao, 1986, Metall. Trans., 17B, 171, 10.1007/BF02670830 Otsuka, 1982, Trans. Japan Inst. Metals, 23, 70, 10.2320/matertrans1960.23.70 Shiraishi, 1970, Trans. Inst. Min. Metall., 79C, 120 Wypartowicz, 1988, Mh. Chem., 119, 301 Otsuka, 1986, J. less-common Metals, 18, 277 Yao, 1987, J. less-common Metals, 128, 213, 10.1016/0022-5088(87)90208-6 Otsuka, 1984, J. less-common Metals, 102, 187, 10.1016/0022-5088(84)90315-1 Y. Ueda and Y. A. Chang, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisc., U.S.A., unpublished research (1983). Yao, 1986, 199 A. Akata, quoted in Ref. 298. Otsuka, 1984, Z. Metallk., 75, 46 Otsuka, 1984, J. chem. Thermodyn., 16, 615, 10.1016/0021-9614(84)90041-7 Otsuka, 1985, J. Japan Inst. Metals, 49, 457, 10.2320/jinstmet1952.49.6_457 Otsuka, 1983, Trans. Japan Inst. Metals, 24, 817, 10.2320/matertrans1960.24.817 Yao, 1988, J. Japan. Inst. Metals Block, 1969, Z. Metallk., 60, 709 Y. Ueda and Y. A. Chang, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisc. 53706, unpublished data 1983). Pierre, 1968, Trans. TMS-AIME, 24, 2 Hone, 1974, Can. Met. Q., 13, 619, 10.1179/cmq.1974.13.4.619 Feldman, 1974, Can. Met. Q., 13, 625, 10.1179/cmq.1974.13.4.625 Pierre, 1975, 81 Pierre, 1977, Metall. Trans., 8B, 215, 10.1007/BF02657649 Zhang, 1988, Bull. Alloy Phase Diagr. Hsieh, 1987, Metall. Rev. MMIJ, 4, 106 Swisher, 1967, Trans. TMS-AIME, 239, 123 Janke, 1976, Arch. Eisenhütten Wes., 47, 195, 10.1002/srin.197603805 Fruehan, 1970, Metall. Trans., 1, 3403, 10.1007/BF02643418 Fruehan, 1974, Metall. Trans., 5, 345, 10.1007/BF02644100 Kitamura, 1969, 47 von Antropoff, 1930, Z. anorg. Chem., 187, 405, 10.1002/zaac.19301870139 Averin, 1976 Barin, 1973 Blossey, 1966, Trans. TMS-AIME, 236, 28 Blossey, 1966, Trans. TMS-AIME, 236, 566 Lange, 1970, Metall. Trans., 1, 2036, 10.1007/BF02642822 Averin, 1966, Dokl. An. SSSR, 169, 1383 Schenck, 1959, Arch. EisenhüttenWes, 30, 533, 10.1002/srin.195903074 Kojima, 1974, Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Japan, 2, 21 Brick, 1940 Kootz, 1941, Arch. EisenhüttenWes, 15, 77, 10.1002/srin.194100570 Saito, 1949, A1, 411 Saito, 1949, A1, 419 Wentrup, 1949, Arch. EisenhüttenWes., 20, 359, 10.1002/srin.194902008 Goward, 1965, Anal. Chem., 35, 117R, 10.1021/ac60224a010 Wada, 1968, Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Japan, 8, 329, 10.2355/isijinternational1966.8.329 Torkhov, 1971, Avtomat. Svarka, 24, 16 Torkhov, 1972, Dopov. Akad. Nauk Ukr. SSR, Ser. A, 34, 268 Kalinyuk, 1974, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Metal., 1, 18 Kalinyuk, 1974, Russ. Metall., 14 Mozgovoy, 1950, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 74, 729 Mozgovoy, 1950, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Otd. Tekh. Nauk, 10, 1529 Kurochkin, 1954, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 84, 329 Tsu, 1979, J. Japan Inst. Metals, 43, 71, 10.2320/jinstmet1952.43.2_71 Latash, 1986, Izv. Akad Nauk SSSR (Metally), 1, 45 Sieverts, 1910, Z. phys. Chem., 74, 277, 10.1515/zpch-1910-0112 Lobley, 1926, J. Inst. Metals, 35, 213 Chipman, 1935, AIME Trans., 116, 179 Sieverts, 1935, Z. physik. Chem., 172A, 314, 10.1515/zpch-1935-17225 Sieverts, 1939, Z. physik. Chem., 183, 19, 10.1515/zpch-1939-18304 Eklund, 1939, Jernkont. Annlr, 123, 545 Vaughan, 1940, AIME Trans., 140, 224 Taylor, 1943, AIME Trans., 154, 228 Karnankhov, 1947, Bull. Acad. Sci. URSS Cl. Sci. Tch., Vol. 735 Kasamatu, 1957, Tetsu-to-hagané, 43, 925 Kashyap, 1958, Trans. TMS-AIME, 212, 86 Busch, 1960, Trans. TMS-AIME, 218, 488 Schenck, 1958, Arch. EisenhüttenWes, 29, 673, 10.1002/srin.195803011 Fedotov, 1958, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 22, 597 Maekawa, 1959, Tetsu-to-hagané, 45, 255 Pehlke, 1960, Trans. TMS-AIME, 218, 1088 Fischer, 1960, Arch. EisenhüttenWes, 31, 215, 10.1002/srin.196002852 Yakovlev, 1960, Physico-Chemical Basis of the Production of Steel, 186 Korolev, 1962, Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved., Tsch. Met., 7, 27 Schenck, 1962, Arch EisenhüttenWes, 33, 593, 10.1002/srin.196203373 Fischer, 1962, Arch. EisenhüttenWes, 33, 583, 10.1002/srin.196203371 Nelson, 1963, Trans. TMS-AIME, 227, 189 Fuwa, 1965, Tesu-to-hagané, 51, 1834 Turnock, 1966, Trans. TMS-AIME, 236, 1540 Schwerdtfeger, 1967, Trans. TMS-AIME, 239, 134 Inouye, 1968, Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Japan, 8, 134, 10.2355/isijinternational1966.8.134 Schenck, 1968, Arch. EisenhüttenWes, 39, 255, 10.1002/srin.196803516 Small, 1968, Trans. TMS-AIME, 242, 2501 Gomersall, 1968, Trans. TMS-AIME, 242, 1309 Fedorchenko, 1969, Avtoref Kand. Diss. Chursin, 1970, Metallurgiya, 62, 51 Pomarin, 1972, Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Metall., 4, 32 Surovoi, 1973, Interaction of Gases with Metals, 118 Svyazhin, 1973, Interaction of Metals and Gases in the Process of Steel Production, 51 Svyazhin, 1974, Metally, 5, 24 Hayashi, 1940, Tetsu-to-hagané, 26, 884, 10.2355/tetsutohagane1915.26.12_884 Svyazhin, 1966, Izv. vȳssh. ucheb. Zaved., Chem, Met., 8, 76 Svyazhin, 1968, Metallurgiya, 58, 5 Lakomskii, 1970, Fiz. Khim. Obrab. Mater., 5, 36 Tsu, 1974, 461 Grigorenko, 1974, Izv. An. SSSR (Metally), 9, 6 Ishii, 1982, Tetsu-to-hagané, 8, 946, 10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.68.8_946 Wada, 1986, Metall. Trans., 17B, 238, 10.1007/BF02670840 Shahapurkar, 1987, Metall. Trans., 18B, 225, 10.1007/BF02658447 Thurmond, 1972, J. electrochem. Soc., 119, 622, 10.1149/1.2404274 Madar, 1975, J. Crystal Growth, 31, 197, 10.1016/0022-0248(75)90131-1 Karpinski, 1984, J. Crystal Growth, 66, 11, 10.1016/0022-0248(84)90071-X Bolshakov, 1959, Izv. vssh. ucheb. Zaved., Tsvetn. Met., 52 Adams, 1975, J. less-common Metals, 42, 325, 10.1016/0022-5088(75)90052-1 Yonco, 1975, J. nucl. Mater., 57, 317, 10.1016/0022-3115(75)90216-0 Beer, 1962, Trans. TMS-AIME, 221, 2 Baratashvili, 1961, Dokl. AN SSSR, 139, 1354 Gokcen, 1961, Trans. TMS-AIME, 221, 200 Tsu, 1971, Suppl. Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Japan, 11, 461 Kor, 1978, Metall. Trans, 9B, 97, 10.1007/BF02822676 Wada, 1979, Plasma Fusion of Metallic Materials, Soviet-American Cooperative Research, 233 Kozina, 1969, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 184, 397 Domke, 1976, Z. Metallk, 9, 615 Valeckis, 1969, ANL Rep. No. 7575, 123 Pemsler, 1961, J. electrochem. Soc., 108, 744, 10.1149/1.2428209 Revyakin, 1973, Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR (Metally), 2, 79 Stomakhin, 1965, Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Metal., 4, 37 Krivosheya, 1968, Avt. Svarka, 6, 17 Fedorchenko, 1968, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 183, 894 G. K. Sigworth, J. F. Elliott, G. Vaugh and G. H. Gieger, unpublished research, Carnegie-Mellon University (1976). Takawa, 1974, J. nucl. Mater, 51, 78, 10.1016/0022-3115(74)90117-2 Sloman, 1951, J. Inst. Metals, 80, 391 Wada, 1969, Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Japan, 9, 399, 10.2355/isijinternational1966.9.399 Vutskii, 1974, Zav. Lab., 40, 989 Dodd, 1961, Trans. TMS-AIME, 221, 200 Beer, 1961, Trans. TMS-AIME, 221, 2 Wada, 1977, Metall. Trans., 8B, 675, 10.1007/BF02669347 Rosenqvist, 1949, J. Metals, 1, 451 Fukatsu, 1981, J. Japan Inst. Metals, 45, 1263, 10.2320/jinstmet1952.45.12_1263 Vogel, 1961, Z. Metallk., 52, 318 Trythall, 1975, J. chem. Thermodyn., 7, 1099, 10.1016/0021-9614(75)90029-4 Sharma, 1987, CALPHAD, 11, 177, 10.1016/0364-5916(87)90012-5 Schmid, 1985, CALPHAD, 9, 363, 10.1016/0364-5916(85)90004-5 Sharma, 1987, Metall. Trans., 18A, 1641, 10.1007/BF02646147 Sharma, 1988, Bull. Alloy Phase Diagr. Woudbury, 1963, J. phys. Chem. Solids, 24, 881, 10.1016/0022-3697(63)90064-7 Mills, 1974 Alcock, 1960, J. Iron Steel Inst., 6, 169 Fosnacht, 1980, Metall. Trans., 11B, 69, 10.1007/BF02657173 Grigorovitch, 1982, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Metally, 5, 57 Sharma, 1979, Z. Metallk., 70, 104 Sigworth, 1976, Can. Met. Q., 15, 123, 10.1179/cmq.1976.15.2.123 Alcock, 1958, Int. J. appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 3, 135, 10.1016/0020-708X(58)90008-5 Bale, 1973 Hirakoso, 1952, Hokkaicho Daigaku, 9, 125 Sudo, 1950, Tohoku Daigaku, 2, 519 Umezu, 1950, Trans. Min. Inst. Japan., 66, 337 Yagihashi, 1953, J. Japan Inst. Metals, 17, 483, 10.2320/jinstmet1952.17.10_483 Niemela, 1984, Scand. J. Met., 13, 328 Kellogg, 1969, Can. Met. O., 8, 3, 10.1179/cmq.1969.8.1.3 Sharma, 1980, Metall. Trans., 11B, 575, 10.1007/BF02670137 Chipman, 1937, Trans. ASM, 25, 430 Sherman, 1950, Trans. AIME, 188, 334 Cordier, 1955, J. Metals, 8, 905 Ban-ya, 1968, Trans. AIME, 242, 940 Adachi, 1958, Osaka Diagaku, Kogakubu Techn. Rep., 8, 385 Yoshida, 1967, Tetsu-to-hagané, 53, 385, 10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.53.7_783 Matoba, 1942, J. Iron Steel Inst. Japan, 28, 651, 10.2355/tetsutohagane1915.28.6_651 Morris, 1949, Trans. ASM, 47, 1425 Schurmann, 1972, Giessereiforschung, 24, 7 Sharma, 1979, Metall. Trans., 10B, 103, 10.1007/BF02653979 Chuang, 1985, Metall. Trans., 16B, 277, 10.1007/BF02679718 Sharma, 1988, Bull. Alloy Phase Diagr. Pajaczkowska, 1971, J. Crystal Growth, 11, 21, 10.1016/0022-0248(71)90157-6 Kullerud, 1965, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book, 64, 193 Potter, 1978, Am. Miner., 63, 1143 Vogel, 1937, Arch. EisenhuttenWes, 11, 41 Dashevskii, 1973, Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Metally, 5, 58 Turkadogan, 1980 Meyer, 1972 Venal, 1973, Metall. Trans., 4, 2567, 10.1007/BF02644259 Dashevskii, 1966, Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Metally, 5, 34 Taberko, 1982 Jacob, 1986, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 39, 62 Sharma, 1980, Metall. Trans., 11B, 139, 10.1007/BF02657183 Cheng, 1961, Trans. AIME, 221, 295 Gerlach, 1963, Int. Z. Tech. Wirt. Metall. (Berlin), 17, 802 Twidwell, 1966, Trans. AIME, 236, 144 Grant, 1970, Metall. Trans., 1, 75, 10.1007/BF02819245 Sudo, 1951, Sci. Rep. Res. Inst. Tohoku Univ., 3, 631 Sharma, 1987, Metall. Trans., 18B, 237, 10.1007/BF02658449 Twidwell, 1976, Trans. Inst. Min. Metall., C85, C52 Sudo, 1951, Sci. Rep. Res. Inst. Tohoku Univ., 3, 356 Sharma, 1988, J. Crystal Growth, 88, 193, 10.1016/0022-0248(88)90276-X Fitzner, 1981, 119 Cheng, 1959 Kaushal, 1982, Z. Metallk., 73, 115 Mohapatra, 1973, Z. Metallk., 64, 643 Kaushal, 1982, Trans. Japan Inst. Met., 23, 24, 10.2320/matertrans1960.23.24 Mikos-Ryba, 1988, Z. Metallk., 10, 710 Kubaschewski, 1967, 63 Kubaschewski, 1971, Prog. Mater. Sci., 14, 1 Slough, 1972, 301 Chart, 1973, High Temp. High Press., 5, 241 Chart, 1975, Intr. Met. Rev., 20, 57, 10.1179/imr.1975.20.1.57 Fitzner, 1982, Thermochim. Acta, 52, 103, 10.1016/0040-6031(82)85188-5 Kubaschowski, 1979 1981, Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties for the Steelmaking Processes Ueno, 1987, Japan. Inst. Met., 51, 208, 10.2320/jinstmet1952.51.3_208 Ueno, 1988, Z. Metallk., 79, 435