The screens culture: impact on ADHD

AAP (2001) American academy of pediatrics: children, adolescents, and television. Pediatrics 107(2):423–426 Abreu CN, Karam RG, Goes DS, Spritzer DT (2008) Internet and videogame addiction: a review. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 30(2):156–167 Adi-Japha E, Landau YE, Frenkel L, Teicher M, Gross-Tsur V, Shalev RS (2007) ADHD and dysgraphia: underlying mechanisms. Cortex 43(6):700–709 Baer S, Bogusz E, Green DA (2011) Stuck on screens: patterns of computer and gaming station use in youth seen in a psychiatry clinic. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 20(2):86–94 Beard KW (2005) Internet addiction: a review of current assessment techniques and potential assessment questions. Cyberpsychol Behav 8(1):7–14 Bioulac S, Arfi L, Bouvar MP (2008) Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and video games: a comparative study of hyperactive and control children. Eur Psychiatry 23(2):134–141 Block JJ (2008) Issues for DSM-V: internet addiction. Am J Psychiatry 165(3):306–307 Byun S, Ruffine C, Mills JE, Douglas AC, Niang M, Stepchenkova S, Lee SK, Loutfi J, Lee J-K, Atallah M, Blanton M (2009) Internet addiction: metasynthesis of 1996–2006 quantitative research. Cyberpsychol Behav 12(2):203–207 Cao F, Su L (2007) Internet addiction among Chinese adolescents: prevalence and psychological features. Child Care Health Dev 33(3):275–281 Cao F, Su L, Liu T, Gao X (2007) The relationship between impulsivity and internet addiction in a sample of Chinese adolescents. Eur Psychiatry 22(7):466–471 Ceyhan AA (2008) Predictors of problematic internet use on Turkish university students. Cyberpsychol Behav 11(3):363–366. doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0112 Chak K, Leung L (2004) Shyness and locus of control as predictors of internet addiction and internet use. Cyberpsychol Behav 7(5):559–570 Chan PA, Rabinowitz T (2006) A cross-sectional analysis of video games and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in adolescents. Ann Gen Psychiatry 5:16 Chang MK, Law SPM (2008) Factor structure for young’s internet addiction test: a confimatory study. Comput Human Behav 24(6):2597–2619 Chirita V, Chirita R, Stefanescu C, Chele G, Ilinca M (2006) Computer use and addiction in Romanian children and teenagers—an observational study. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 110(3):526–532 Cho SC, Kim JW, Kim BN, Lee JH, Kim EH (2008) Biogenetic temperament and character profiles and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in Korean adolescents with problematic internet use. Cyberpsychol Behav 11(6):735–737 Coniglio MA, Muni V, Giammanco G, Pignato S (2007) Excessive Internet use and internet addiction: emerging public health issues. Ig Sanita Pubbl 63(2):127–136 Cumyn L, French L, Hechtman L (2009) Comorbidity in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Can J Psychiatry 54(10):673–683 Davis RA, Flett GL, Besser A (2002) Validation of a new scale for measuring problematic internet use: implications for pre-employment screening. Cyberpsychol Behav 5(4):331–345 Dell’Osso B, Hadley S, Allen A, Baker B, Chaplin WF, Hollander E (2008) Escitalopram in the treatment of impulsive-compulsive internet usage disorder: an open-label trial followed by a double-blind discontinuation phase. J Clin Psychiatry 69(3):452–456 Demetrovics Z, Szeredi B, Rozsa S (2008) The three-factor model of internet addiction: the development of the problematic internet use questionnaire. Behav Res Methods 40(2):563–574 Diamond A (2007) Consequences of variations in genes that affect dopamine in prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 17(Suppl 1):i161–i170 Diamond A, Barnett WS, Thomas J, Munro S (2007) Preschool program improves cognitive control. Science 318(5855):1387–1388 Ferraro G, Caci B, D’Amico A, Di Blasi M (2007) Internet addiction disorder: an Italian study. Cyberpsychol Behav 10(2):170–175 Fu KW, Chan WS, Wong PW, Yip PS (2010) Internet addiction: prevalence, discriminant validity and correlates among adolescents in Hong Kong. Br J Psychiatry 196(6):486–492 Ghassemzadeh L, Shahraray M, Moradi A (2008) Prevalence of internet addiction and comparison of internet addicts and non-addicts in Iranian high schools. Cyberpsychol Behav 11(6):731–733 Green CS, Bavelier D (2003) Action video game modifies visual selective attention. Nature 423:534–537 Ha JH, Yoo HJ, Cho IH, Chin B, Shin D, Kim JH (2006) Psychiatric comorbidity assessed in Korean children and adolescents who screen positive for internet addiction. J Clin Psychiatry 67(5):821–826 Han DH, Young SL, Yang KC, Kim EY, Lyoo IK, Renshaw PF (2007) Dopamine genes and reward dependence in adolescents with excessive internet video game play. J Addict Med 1(3):133–138 Han DH, Lee YS, Na C, Ahn JY, Chung US, Daniels MA, Haws CA, Renshaw PF (2009) The effect of methylphenidate on internet video game play in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Compr Psychiatry 50(3):251–256 Hinic D, Mihajlovic G, Spiric Z, Dukic-Dejanovic S, Jovanovic M (2008) Excessive internet use—addiction disorder or not? Vojnosanit Pregl 65(10):763–767 Jackson LA, Zhao Y, Qiu W, Kolenic A, Fitzgerald HE III, Harold R, Von Eye A (2008) Cultural differences in morality in the real and virtual worlds: a comparison of Chinese and US youth. Cyberpsychol Behav 11(3):279–286. doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0098 Johansson A, Gotestam KG (2004) Internet addiction: characteristics of a questionnaire and prevalence in Norwegian youth (12–18 years). Scand J Psychol 45(3):223–229 Joo A, Park I (2010) Effects of an empowerment education program in the prevention of internet games addiction in middle school students. J Korean Acad Nurs 40(2):255–263 Kalke J, Raschke P (2004) Learning by doing: ‘initiated abstinence’, a school-based programme for the prevention of addiction. Results of an evaluation study. Eur Addict Res 10(2):88–94 Khazaal Y, Billieux J, Thorens G, Khan R, Louati Y, Scarlatti E, Theintz F, Lederrey J, Van Der Linden M, Zullino D (2008) French validation of the internet addiction test. Cyberpsychol Behav 11(6):703–706 Klingberg T, Fernell E, Olesen PJ, Johnson M, Gustafsson P, Dahlstrom K, Gillberg CG, Forssberg H, Westerberg H (2005) Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD—a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44(2):177–186 Ko C-H, Yen J-Y, Yen C-F, Chen C–C, Yen C-N, Chen S-H (2005a) Screening for internet addiction: an empirical study on cut-off points for the Chen Internet Addiction Scale. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 21(12):545–551 Ko CH, Yen J-Y, Chen C–C, Chen S-H, Yen C-F (2005b) Proposed diagnostic criteria of internet addiction for adolescents. J Nerv Ment Dis 193(11):728–733 Ko CH, Liu GC, Hsiao S, Yen JY, Yang MJ, Lin WC, Yen CF, Chen CS (2009a) Brain activities associated with gaming urge of online gaming addiction. J Psychiatr Res 43(7):739–747 Ko CH, Yen JY, Chen CS, Yeh YC, Yen CF (2009b) Predictive values of psychiatric symptoms for internet addiction in adolescents: a 2 year prospective study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 163(10):937–943 Ko CH, Yen JY, Chen SH, Yang MJ, Lin HC, Yen CF (2009c) Proposed diagnostic criteria and the screening and diagnosing tool of internet addiction in college students. Compr Psychiatry 50(4):378–384 Ko CH, Yen JY, Liu SC, Huang CF, Yen CF (2009d) The associations between aggressive behaviors and internet addiction and online activities in adolescents. J Adolesc Health 44(6):598–605 Koepp MJ, Gunn RN, Lawrence AD, Cunningham VJ, Dagher A, Jones T, Brooks DJ, Bench CJ, Grasby PM (1998) Evidence for striatal dopamine release during a video game. Nature 393:266–268 Kratzer S, Hegerl U (2008) Is “internet addiction” a disorder of its own?—a study on subjects with excessive internet use. Psychiatr Prax 35(2):80–83 Lam LT, Peng ZW (2010) Effect of pathological use of the internet on adolescent mental health: a prospective study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 164(10):901–906 Lawrence V, Houghton S, Tannock R, Douglas G, Durkin K, Whiting K (2002) ADHD outside the laboratory: boys’ excutive function performance on tasks in videogame play and on a visit to the zoo. J Abnorm Child Psychol 30(5):447–462 Lawrence V, Houghton S, Douglas G, Durkin K, Whiting K, Tannock R (2004) Executive function and ADHD: a comparison of children’s performance during neuropsychological testing and real-world activities. J Atten Disord 7(3):137–149 Lawrence AJ, Luty J, Bogdan NA, Sahakian BJ, Clark L (2009) Problem gamblers share deficits in impulsive decision-making with alcohol-dependent individuals. Addiction 104(6):1006–1015 Lin CH, Yu SF (2008) Adolescent internet usage in Taiwan: exploring gender differences. Adolescence 43(170):317–331 Mark AE, Janssen I (2008) Relationship between screen time and metabolic syndrome in adolescents. J Public Health 30(2):153–160 Media Awareness Network (2005) Media Awareness Network: young Canadians in a Wired World–Phase II http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/research/YCWW/phaseII/upload/YCWWII_trends_recomm.pdf. Accessed April 9 2010 Meerkerk GJ, Van Den Eijnden RJ, Vermulst AA, Garretsen HF (2009) The compulsive internet use scale (CIUS): some psychometric properties. Cyberpsychol Behav 12(1):1–6. doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0181 Miller MC (2007) Questions & answers. Is “internet addiction” a distinct mental disorder? Harv Ment Health Lett 24(4):8 Mottram AJ, Fleming MJ (2009) Extraversion, impulsivity, and online group membership as predictors of problematic internet use. Cyberpsychol Behav 12(3):319–321 Mythily S, Qiu S, Winslow M (2008) Prevalence and correlates of excessive internet use among youth in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singap 37(1):9–14 Nichols LA, Nicki R (2004) Development of a psychometrically sound internet addiction scale: a preliminary step. Psychol Addict Behav 18(4):381–384 Niemz K, Griffiths M, Banyard P (2005) Prevalence of pathological internet use among university students and correlations with self-esteem, the general health questionnaire (GHQ), and disinhibition. Cyberpsychol Behav 8(6):562–570 Ohlmeier MD, Peters K, Kordon A, Seifert J, Wildt BT, Wiese B, Ziegenbein M, Emrich HM, Schneider U (2007) Nicotine and alcohol dependence in patients with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Alcohol Alcohol 42(6):539–543 Ohlmeier MD, Peters K, Te Wildt BT, Zedler M, Ziegenbein M, Wiese B, Emrich HM, Schneider U (2008) Comorbidity of alcohol and substance dependence with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Alcohol Alcohol 43(3):300–304 Orzack MH, Orzack DS (1999) Treatment of computer addicts with complex co-morbid psychiatric disorders. Cyberpsychol Behav 2(5):465–473 Park SK, Kim JY, Cho CB (2008) Prevalence of internet addiction and correlations with family factors among South Korean adolescents. Adolescence 43(172):895–909 Pies R (2009) Should DSM-V designate “internet addiction” a mental disorder? Psychiatry Edgmont 6(2):31–37 Pujol Cda C, Alexandre S, Sokolovsky A, Karam RG, Spritzer DT (2009) Internet addiction: perspectives on cognitive-behavioral therapy. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 31(2):185–186 Ryu E-J, Choi K-S, Seo J-S, Nam B-W (2004) The relationships of Internet addiction, depression and suicidal ideation in adolescents. Daehan Ganho Haghoeji 34(1):102–110 Shaffer HJ, Hall MN, Vander Bilt J (2000) “Computer addiction”: a critical consideration. Am J Orthopsychiatry 70(2):162–168 Shapira NA, Goldsmith TD, Keck PE, Kholsa UM, McElroy SL (2000) Psychiatric features of individuals with problematic internet use. J Affect Dis 57:267–272 Shaw M, Black DW (2008) Internet addiction: definition, assessment, epidemiology and clinical management. CNS Drugs 22(5):353–365 Shaw R, Grayson A, Lewis V (2005) Inhibition, ADHD, and computer games: the inhibitory performance of children with ADHD on computerized tasks and games. J Attention Dis 8(4):160–168 Shek DT, Tang VM, Lo CY (2009) Evaluation of an internet addiction treatment program for Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. Adolescence 44(174):359–373 Simkova B, Cincera J (2004) Internet addiction disorder and chatting in the Czech Republic. Cyberpsychol Behav 7(5):536–539 Siomos KE, Dafouli ED, Braimiotis DA, Mouzas OD, Angelopoulos NV (2008) Internet addiction among Greek adolescent students. Cyberpsychol Behav 11(6):653–657 Smith A, Stewart D, Peled M, Poon C, Saewyc E (2009) A picture of health: highlights from the 2008 BC Adolescent Health Survey. McCreary Centre Society, Vancouver Song XQ, Zheng L, Li Y, Yu DX, Wang ZZ (2010) Status of ‘internet addiction disorder’ (IAD) and its risk factors among first-grade junior students in Wuhan. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 31(1):14–17 Sun DL, Chen ZJ, Ma N, Zhang XC, Fu XM, Zhang DR (2009) Decision-making and prepotent response inhibition functions in excessive internet users. CNS Spectr 14(2):75–81 Tao R, Huang X, Wang J, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Li M (2010) Proposed diagnostic criteria for internet addiction. Addiction 105(3):556–564 Tejeiro Salguero RA, Bersabe Moran RM (2002) Measuring problem video game playing in adolescents. Addiction 97:1601–1606 Van De Voorde S, Roeyers H, Verte S, Wiersema JR (2010) Working memory, response inhibition, and within-subject variability in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or reading disorder. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 32(4):366–379 Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Kollins SH, Wigal TL, Newcorn JH, Telang F, Fowler JS, Zhu W, Logan J, Ma Y, Pradhan K, Wong C, Swanson JM (2009) Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: clinical implications. JAMA 302(10):1084–1091 Wan CS, Chiou WB (2006) Why are adolescents addicted to online gaming? an interview study in Taiwan. Cyberpsychol Behav 9(6):762–766. doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.762 Weinstein A, Lejoyeux M (2010) Internet addiction or excessive internet use. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 36(5):277–283. doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.491880 Widyanto L, McMurran M (2004) The psychometric properties of the internet addiction test. Cyberpsychol Behav 7(4):443–450 Xu J, Shen LX, Yan CH, Wu ZQ, Ma ZZ, Jin XM, Shen XM (2008) Internet addiction among Shanghai adolescents: prevalence and epidemiological features. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 42(10):735–738 Yen JY, Ko CH, Yen CF, Wu HY, Yang MJ (2007) The comorbid psychiatric symptoms of internet addiction: attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, social phobia, and hostility. J Adolesc Health 41(1):93–98 Yen JY, Yen CF, Chen CS, Tang TC, Ko CH (2009) The association between adult ADHD symptoms and internet addiction among college students: the gender difference. Cyberpsychol Behav 12(2):187–191 Yoo HJ, Cho SC, Ha J, Yune SK, Kim SJ, Hwang J, Chung A, Sung YH, Lyoo IK (2004) Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and internet addiction. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 58(5):487–494 Young KS (1998a) Caught in the net: how to recognize signs of internet addiction—and a winning strategy for recovery. Wiley, New York Young KS (1998b) Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychol Behav 1(3):237–244 Young KS (2007) Cognitive behavior therapy with internet addicts: treatment outcomes and implications. Cyberpsychol Behav 10(5):671–679 Zboralski K, Orzechowska A, Talarowska M, Darmosz A, Janiak A, Janiak M, Florkowski A, Galecki P (2009) The prevalence of computer and internet addiction among pupils. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online) 63:8–12