The scope and effectiveness of imperial Jewry law in the high middle ages

B. Blumenkranz, “Die Judenpredigt Augustins,”Basler Beiträge z. Geschichtswissenschaft 25 (Basle, 1946): passim. A. Linder, “Christlichjüdische Konfrontation im kirchlichen Frühmittelalter,” inKirchengeschichte als Missionsgeschichte, vol. 2, ed. K. Schäferdiek (Munich, 1978), esp. pp. 407–13; F. Lotter, “Die Zwangsbekehrung der Juden von Menorca um 418 im Rahmen der Entwicklung des Judenrechts der Spätantike,”Historische Zeitschrift 242 (1986): pp. 291–96, nn. 1 and 15, and 319–26; H. Castritius, “Seid weder den Juden noch den Heiden ein Ärgernis,” inAntisemitismus und jüdische Geschichte, Studien zu Ehrn v. H. A. Strauss, ed. R. Erb et al. (Berlin, 1987), pp. 47–68.

L. Dasberg, “Untersuchungen über die Entwertung des Judenstatus im 11. Jh.,”Etudes Juives 11 (1965): pp. 60–89; G. Kisch,The Jews in Medieval Germany, A Study of Their Legal and Social Status (Chicago, 1949), esp. pp. 107–68; cf. scheme, below, pp. 48–49.

Diplomata Heinrici (DH) IV, nos. 411, 412, ed. D. v. Gladiss,Monumenta Germaniae Historica (MGH) DH IV, 1952, pp. 543–49; R. Chazan, trans.,Church, State, and Jew in the Middle Ages (New York, 1980), pp. 60–66; see S. Schiffmann. “Die Urkunden für die Juden von Speyer 1090 und Worms 1157,”Zeitschrift für die Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland 2 (1930): pp. 28–39.

Schiffmann, “Urkunden.” pp. 28ff. and 36ff.

Dasberg, “Untersuchungen,” pp. 73–85.

DH IV, 411, p. 547, ll. 23–25, cf. p. 546, ll. 31–36; 412, p. 549, ll. 29–31, cf. p. 548, ll. 37–41.

F. Lotter, “Zu den Anfängen deutsch-jüdischer Symbiose in frühottonischer Zeit,”Archiv f. Kulturgeschichte 55 (1973): p. 27ff.; idem, “Der Brief des Priesters Gerhard an den Erzbischof Friedrich von Mainz,”Vorträge u. Forschungen, Sonderband 17 (Sigmaringen, 1975), p. 73f.

DH IV, 411, p. 547, vv. 15–18; 412, p. 549. vv. 23–26.

Charter of Bishop Rudiger, 13 Sep. 1084,Urkundenbuch Speyer, vol. 11 (653–1349), ed. A. Hilgard (Strassburg, 1885), p. 11f; Chazan,Church, p. 58f.; cf. scheme, below, pp. 48–49.

Kisch,Jews, pp. 135–39.

Burchard of Ursberg,Chronicon, ed. O. Holder-Egger and B. von Simson,Scriptores rerum Germanicarum (SSRG), no. 16, 2, 1916, pp. 54f., 65, 79.

Transsumtum Eberhardi, ed. L. Weiland,Friderici II Constitutiones (Const.), no. 204. MGH Const. II, 1896, S. 274, Ann. 1: ⋯ cum propter viarum discrimina et dubium terrae statum ad diversas partes littera bullata caute nequeat transportari ubi tamen eius copia necessario exhibetur, nos ad instanciam Iudeorum Wormaciensium cedulam hanc de verbo ad verbum transscribi fecimus⋯

Mainz Land-Peace (Pax Moguntina) 1103, ed. L. Weiland, MGH Const. I, no. 74, 1893, p. 125; cf. Kisch,Jews, pp. 139–42.

Diplomata Friderici I (DF I), no. 166, ed. H. Appelt et al., MGHDiplomata regum el imperatorum Germaniae (DRIG) 10, 1, 1975, S. 284ff.: Iudeis de Wormacia et ceteris sodalibus suis statuta ⋯ confirmamus. Quia ergo volumus, ut de omni iustica ad nos tantum habeant respicere ⋯; cf. Chazan,Church, p. 63.

Formulae Imperiales, no. 31, ed. K. Zeumer, MGHFormulae, 1882–86, p. 310: praesentes Hebraeos David⋯ et Joseph ⋯ cum pares eorum, habitantes in Lugduno civitate; DH IV, 411 (Speyer), p. 546, ll. 18f.: ⋯ quidam Iudei, Iudas ⋯, David ⋯, Moyses ⋯ cum sodalibus suis venerunt ⋯ The protocol of Henry's Worms privilege has not been preserved completely, but must have corresponded to that of Speyer; cf. n. 14, above.

Renewal of the Peace of Rhenish Franconia, Friderici I. Constitutio, no. 277,1, MGH Const. I, p. 381; J. Aronius,Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden (Berlin, 1887/1902), no. 315, p. 139: ⋯ nos sollerter curam gerentes omnium Iudeorum in imperio nostro degentium, qui spetiali praerogativa dignitatis nostrae ad imperialem cameram dinoscuntur pertinere, Iudaeis nostris Ratisponensibus bonas consuetudines suas ⋯ confirmamus ⋯

Friderici II Constitutio, no. 204, 1236, ed. L. Weiland, MGH Const. II, 1896, p. 274ff.: ⋯ universi Alemanniae servi camere nostre nostre celsitudini supplicaverunt, quatenus privilegium ⋯ indultum Wormaciensibus Iudeis et consodalibus eorum dignaremur de nostra gratia universis Iudeis Alemannie confirmare ⋯; cf. Chazan,Church, p. 124f.

Letter of Frederick II to Pope Gregory IX, 1236, ed. J.-L.-A. Huillard-Bréholles,Historia Diplomatica Friderici Secundi, t. 4 (Paris, 1885), p. 912: ⋯ Iudeos ⋯ tam in imperio quam in regno nobis communi iure immediate subiaceant ⋯ But cf. Kisch,Jews, esp. pp. 129–45.

Eike of Repgow,Sachsenspiegel, Landrecht (LR), pars. 111, 115 (III, 2; 7), ed. K. A. Eckhardt, MGHFontes Juris Germanici Antiqui, nova series 1, 2 1973, pp. 195, 198f.; cf. Kisch,Jews, pp. 153–59.

DH IV, 411, p. 457, v. 7; 412, p. 549, v. 9; cf.Codex Theodosianus XVI, 9, 2, A. 339; 4, A. 417, ed. Th. Mommsen and P. Meyer (Berlin, 1905), p. 896f.;Codex Justinianus I, 10, 1, ed. P. Krueger (Berlin, 1877), p. 62.

Cf. F. Lotter, “Zur Ausbildung eines kirchlichen Judenrechts bei Burchard von Worms und Ivo von Chartres,” inAntisemitismus, esp. pp. 79f., 89ff.

E.g., on the imperial court of Rothenburg, cf. M. H. Wehrmann, “Die Rechtsstellung der Rothenburger Judenschaft im MA (1180–1520),” Ph.D. diss. (Würzburg, 1976); on the episcopal court of Würzburg cf. S. Jenks, “Judenverschuldung und Verfolgung ⋯ in Franken bis 1349,”Vierteljahrsschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschafts geschichte 65 (1978), pp. 309–56; on the municipal court of Magdeburg and his influence see Kisch,Jews, pp. 62–69, 171–302.

DH IV, 411, 412, p. 547, v. 2ff.; 549, v. 4ff.

Louis the Pious, Jewry Charter,Formulae Imperiales 30, ed. K. Zeumer, MGH Form. 1886, p. 309, v. 20ff.: ⋯ Suggeserunt etiam iidem Iudei celsitudini nostre de quibusdam hominibus, qui contra christianam religionem suadent mancipia Hebreorum sub autentu christiane religionis contemnere dominos suos et baptisari, ⋯ ut a servitio dominorum liberentur; cf. Form. Imp. 31, p. 310, v. 22f.

Form. Imp. 30, p. 309, v. 23f.: ⋯ quod nequaquam sacri canones constituunt, immo talia perpetrantes districta anathematis sententia feriendos diiudicant ⋯; cf. Acts of the Council of Gangra, c. 3, Mansi 2, 1759, col. 1102; A. Zuckerman, “The Political Uses of Theology: The Conflict of Bishop Agobard and the Jews of Lyons,”Medieval Studies 3 (1970): p. 23 with ann. 2.

E. Boshof, “Erzbischof Agobard von Lyon,”Kölner historische Abhandlungen 17 (1969), pp. 102–38; B. S. Bachrach,Early Medieval Jewish Policy in Western Europe (Minneapolis, 1977), pp. 84–105; cf. n. 36, below.

Decretals of Pope Gregory IX, X, 5, 6, 19, cf. 5, 6, 1, coll. 778; 771.

Letter of Gregory IX, 4 Mar. 1233, ed. K. Rodenberg, MGHEpistolae Saeculi XIII Selectae I, 1883, 515, p. 414f.; S. Grayzel,The Church and the Jews in the 13th Century, vol. 2 (New York, 1966), p. 198f.

Frederick II, Charter for the Jews of Vienna, Aug. 1238, ed. J. A. Tomaschek,Die Rechte u.Freiheiten d.Stadt Wien I, 1877, no. 8, p. 20f.

Frederick II, Duke of Austria and Styria, Jewry Charter, 1 July 1244, ed. H. Fichtenau and E. Zöllner,Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Babenberger in Österreich II (Vienna, 1955). pp. 283–87; Chazan,Church, pp. 84–88; cf. scheme, below, pp. 48–49.

Aronius, 646, p. 271ff.

Fourth Council of Toledo, 633, c. 60, ed. J. Vives,Concilios Visigoticos y Hispano-Romanos, (Barcelona, 1963), p. 212; cf. Fourth Council of Toledo, c. 59 and 63; see. L. Garcia,Iglesias, Los Judios en la Espana Antigua (Madrid, 1978), p. 112; J. Orlandis and D. Ramos Lisson, “Die Synoden auf der iberischen Halbinsel ⋯.” inKonziliengeschichte, ed. W. Brandmüller, Z2. Paderborn et al., 1981, p. 166, which presumes the canon deals with children of Jews who have not apostatized.

Burchard, Decretum IV, 83, col. 752C; Ivo, Decretum, I, 277, col. 124; cf. J. Hefele & H. Leclerq,Histoire des Conciles, vol. 3, 1 (Paris, 1909), p. 274; J. Schröteler,Das Elternecht in der katholisch-theologischen Auseinandersetzung (Munich. 1936), p. 151ff.; B. Blumenkranz,Juifs et Chrétiens dans le monde occidental 430–1096 (Paris, 1960), p. 111 n. 178, 324f.; Lotter, “Burchard and Ivo,” p. 76f. n. 28.

Decretum Gratiani, c. 28, q. 1, c. 11 col. 1087. Although Gratian drops the “baptizatos,” he understands the canon as dealing with baptized children of the Jews, for he says in the introductory Titulus: A parentum separentur consortio fedeles.

Council of Meaux/Paris. 845–46, c. 75. ed. A. Boretius and V. Krause, MGHCapitularia, vol. 2, 1897, p. 419.

Letter of a bishop to the emperor about the baptized Jews, ed. E. Dümler. MGHEpistolae, 5,Karolini Aevi III, 1898–99, p. 239; cf. Bachrach,Jewish Policy, pp. 121, 185f. n. 66f.

DH IV, 411, p. 546, v. 37ff.: Nullus filios aut filias eorum invitos babtizare presumat, et si coactos aut furtim raptos aut vi captos babtizaverit, XII libras auri ⋯ persolvat; cf. 412, p. 548, v. 43f.; Chazan,Church, pp. 61. 66.

Guibert of Nogent,De vita sua, ed. E.-R. Labande (Paris, 1981), pp. 246–48; cf. J. Riley-Smith, “The First Crusade and the Persecution of the Jews,”Studies in Church History 21 (1984): p. 59; N. Golb, “New Light on the Persecution of French Jews at the Time of the First Crusade,”Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 34 (1966), p. 20ff.; Mainz Anonymous, ed. A. Neubauer and M. Stern,Hebräische Berichte über die Judenverfolgungen während der Kreuzzüge, Quellen z. Geschichte d. Juden in Deutschland 2 (Berlin, 1892), p. 49 (Worms); trans. S. Eidelberg, inThe Jews and the Crusaders (Madison, 1977), p. 102f.

Shlomo Bar Shimshon, ed. A. Neubauer and M. Stern,Hebräische Berichte, pp. 7, 9; Mainz Anonymous, p. 54f.; Eidelberg,Jews, pp. 32, 110ff.

P. Browe,Die Judenmission und die Päpste, Miscellanea Historiae Pontificiae (Rome, 1942), pp. 256, 264–66.

Duke Frederick II, Jewry Charter, 1244, 26, pp. 233–37, 286; Ottokar II, Jewry Charter, 1254, 25; Aronius,Regesten, 547; 597, p. 255; J. E. Scherer,Beiträge zur Geschichte des Judenrechts im Mittelalter, vol. I (Leipzig, 1901), pp. 183, 227, 325.

Hermann the ex-Jew about his conversion, c. 17, ed. G. Niemeyer, MGHQuellen zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters, vol. 4 (1963), pp. 114–16.

Caesarius of Heisterbach,Dialogue on Miracles (Dialogus Miraculorum), b. II, 25, ed. J. Strange, Cologne, 1851, I, pp. 95–98; Thomas of Cantimpré, Bonum universale de apibus. II, c. 29, 20, ed. G. Colvenere, Douais, 1627, pp. 295–99; cf. H. Platelle, “L'image des Juifs chez Thomas de Cantimpré: De l'attrait à la répulsion,” inMelanges M. H. Prevost (Lille, 1983), pp. 293–97, esp. 296f.

Caesarius, Dialogue II, 25, p. 97: ⋯ Allegatum est pro Iudaeo, quod infra annos rapta fuisset et violenter baptizata ⋯ nequaquam cogeret puellam baptizatam ⋯ etiam supra aetatem ⋯ ad Iudaicam redire perfidiam ⋯

Cf. below, p. 40.

Thomas Aquinas,Summa Theologiae, II, II, q. X, a. 12, ed. J. Pecci, inOpera Omnia, vol. 3 (Paris, 1887), p. 73f.; ed. R. Busa inOpera Omnia, vol. 2 (Stuttgart, 1980), p. 539; Schröteler,Elternrecht, pp. 173–98, esp. 176ff.; J. Guttman,Das Verhältnis des Thomas von Aquino zum Judenthum ⋯ (Göttingen, 1891), p. 3ff.; on Scotus and Zasius, see G. Kisch,Zasius und Reuchlin.

Gregory IX to the Bishop of Strassburg, 16 May 1229; X, III, 33, 2, coll. 588f. Grayzel,Church, 59, pp. 180–82; Aronius, 445, p. 196.

Innocent IV to the Archbishop of Vienna, 28 May 1247; Grayzel,Church, 113, p. 262; cf. Schröteler,Elternrecht, p. 168f.

Council of Vienna, A. 1267, Mansi XXIII, 1779, coll. 1174f.; Aronius, 725, p. 304: ⋯ (Iudei) nec filios aut uxores Iudeorum ad fidem christianam venientes invitos audeant detinere ⋯

Fourth Council of Toledo, Ann. 633, c. 57, p. 210f.

DH IV, 411, p. 546, v. 39ff.; 412, p. 549, v. Iff. There can be no doubt that byaliqui corum the charters do not mean the children of the preceding sentence but the Jews in general, as in the following: mancipia eorum ⋯; Chazan,Church, pp. 61–66 and 64–67.

Ivo, Decretum. I, 61, col. 82; I, 275, col. 123 (= Burchard IV, 81); Gratian, D IV de cons., c. 93; 98, coll. 1392f.

Shlomo Bar Shimshon, p. 28; Eidelberg,Jews, p. 67f.; cf.Germania Judaica I (1917–34; 1963), p. 125 n. 13.

Caesarius, DM II, 26, p. 98f.: Die quando baptizanda erat, dixit: ⋯ “procurate ne videat me pater meus infra hoc triduum, quia si ab eo visa fuero ⋯ iterum, oportebit me redire ad Iudaismum⋯”

Mainz Anonymous, p. 48; Eidelberg,Jews, p. 101.

Shlomo Bar Shimshon, p. 28; Eidelberg,Jews, p. 67.

Frutolf of Michelsberg (erroneously Eckehard of Aura), 1097, ed. MGHScriptores (SS), vol. 16, p. 208: Heinricus imperator ab Italia rediens Ratisponam Baioariae urbem venit ibique aliquamdiu moratus Iudaeis qui baptizari coacti sunt iudaizandi ritum concessit; cf. Annalista Saxo, MGH SS 6, p. 730, GJ I, p. 286. A similar decree was issued by King William II Rufus for the Jews of Rouen; see Eadmer,Historia novorum in Anglia, ed. M. Rule,Rerum Britannicarum SS 81 (1884), p. 99f.

Clement III to Bishop Rupert of Bamberg,Codex Udalrici 90, ed. Ph. Jaffé,Monumenta Bambergensia, Bibliotheca Rerum Germanicarum, vol. 5 (1869), p. 175.

Cosmas of Prague,Chronica Boemorum, III, 4f., ed. B. Bretholz, MGHScriptores rerum Germanicarum (SSRG),nova series 2 (1923), p. 64f; ibid. III, 49, p. 222.

K. Stow,The “1007 Anonymous” and Papal Sovereignty (Cincinnati, 1984), p. 17f.

The Deeds of the Treverians (Gesta Treverorum), continuatio I, ed. G. Waitz, MGH SS 8 (1848), pp. 190f. The author blames the archbishop on his deathbed for not having preserved the unity of his church.

Otto of Freising,The Deeds of Emperor Frederick I (Gesta Friderici I), 1, 39, ed. G. Waitzand B. von Simson, SSRG 46 (1912), p. 58; cf. Ephraim, p. 60f.; Eidelberg,Jews, p. 124f.

Ephraim of Bonn, ed. A. Neubauer and M. Stern, p. 58f.; Eidelberg,Jews, p. 121f.; Otto of Freising,Gesta Friderici I, 38–44, pp. 58–63; cf. F. Lotter, “Die Konzeption des Wendenkreuzzugs,”in Vorträge u. Forschungen Sonderband, vol. 23 (Sigmaringen, 1977), pp. 30–34.

The Annals of Würzburg (Annales Herbipolenses), A 1147, MGH 16, ed. G. H. Pertz (1859), p. 3f., esp. p. 3, l. 50f., and 4, l. 7f.; Ephraim of Bonn, p. 62f.; Eidelberg,Jews, p. 127f.; cf.Germania Judaica I (1963), p. 476.

Ephraim, p. 64f.; Eidelberg,Jews, p. 131.

See below, n. 70.

Innocent III, Jewry Constitution (Constitutio pro Iudaeis), 15 Sep. 1199; Grayzel,Church, 5, p. 92f.;Decretales Gregorii IX, X. V. 6, 9, col. 774; see Chazan,Church, p. 31; cf. S. Grayzel, “The Papal BullSicut Iudaeis,” inStudies and Essays in Honor of A. A. Newman (Leiden, 1962), pp. 243–80, esp. 247ff.; Browe,Judenmission, p. 235f.

Innocent III to the Archbishop of Arles, Sep./Oct. 1201; X, 3, 42, 3, coll. 644–46; cf. Grayzel,Church, 12, p. 100f.; S. Kuttner, “Die kanonistische Schuldlehre von Gratian bis auf die Dekretalen Gregors IX,” inStudi e teste 64 (Vatican, 1935), pp. 299–307.

Thomas Aquinas,Summa Theol., II, II, 3, 10, 8, p. 69f.

Schwabenspiegel, LR 262, pp. 167–70.

R. Stanka, “Die Summa des Berthold von Freiburg,” inTheol. Studien d. österr. Leo-Gesellschaft 36 (Vienna, 1937), Quelle no. 561, p. 146.

I. A. Agus,Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg, vol. 2 (New York, 1970), pp. 172, 253, 241f., and 290.

DH IV, 411, p. 547, v. If; 412, p. 549, v. 3f.; cf. Browe,Judenmission, pp. 178–95.

See Num. 15:32/6; Lev. 24:10/6; Deut. 13:10f.; ibid. 5;Constitutiones Sirmondianae 4; p. 887f.; 911;Codex Justinianus 1, 9, 3, p. 61. As late as about 1138 the convert Hermann of Scheda was in dread of being stoned or otherwise killed by his former fellow believers; see Hermannus,De conversione, c. 14f., pp. 110–12.

Cf. Linder, “Christlich-Jüdische Konfrontation”; Cod. Theodos. XVI, 8, 28, 426, 8 April, p. 894f.

I. A. Agus,Urban Civilization in Pre-Crusade Europe (New York, 1968), 245; 250; 254; pp. 708 and 725; cf. H. G. von Mutius,Rechtsentscheide Rheinischer Rabbinen, Judentum und Umwelt 13, vol. 1 (Frankfurt, 1984–85), pp. 53, 140ff.; idem,Rechtsentscheide Raschistaus Troyes, Judentum und Umwelt 15, vol. 2 (1986–87), p. 70ff.

Frederick II, 1238 (as above, n. 29), p. 20.

Hermannus,De conversione, 17, p. 115; Aronius 221, p. 103f.

Annals of Egmond (Annales Egmundani), A. 1137, ed. G. H. Perta, MGH SS 16 (1859), p. 454: ⋯ quem palam Christianum fieri ⋯ prohibuit metus mendicitatis qua ludeos Christianos factos frequenter viderat coartari ⋯

R. Höniger,Zur Geschichte der Juden Deutschlands im fruhern Mittelalter 1 (1886), p. 76 n. 3: Theodericus de B. homo advocati et uxor eius Sophia, filia Vivi Iudei et eorum successores exfestucaverunt omnem hereditatem Vivi et uxoris eius ⋯ et sic reconciliati sunt, ut ultra de his querimoniam non moveant ⋯; cf. Aronius, 288, p. 125.

Third Lateran Council (III Lateranum), 1179, c. 26, ed. J. Alberigi et al.Conciliorum Oecumenicorum Decreta (Bologna, 1973), p. 224; Grayzel,Church, I, p. 296.

Letter of Innocent III, 1199, ed. Grayzel,Church, no. 8, p. 96ff.; cf. ibid. 6, p. 94ff.

Decretales Greg. IX, X, 5, 6, 5, col. 773;Schwabenspiegel, Kurzform, Landrecht (LR), 262 (278), ed. K. A. Eckhardt,Fontes Iuris Germanici Antiqui, n. s. 4 (1974), II, p. 169f. (la): Und ist, das sich ain Jud tauft er mag mit recht sein gut und sein erb wol haben, das erlaubet in die geschrift wol decretal ⋯

Council of Basel, Sessio XIX, 1434, De his qui volunt ad fidem converti, ed. J. Alberigi (as above, n. 81), p. 484.

Agus,Civilization, nos. 45, 49, 151, 281, 282, 285, 288; pp. 142, 169, 446, 767ff., 776, 785; cf. Mutius,Rechtsentscheide, vol. 1, p. 97; vol. 2, p. 102; idem,Raschi, vol. 2, p. 44; 150.

DH IV, 112, p. 549, v. 7ff.: ⋯ liceat eis ancillas et nutrices christianas habere et Christianos ad opera facienda conducere exceptis diebus fesis et dominicis, nec hoc contradicat episcopus vel aliquis clericus ⋯; see Chazan,Church, p. 65, 9.

Rudiger of Speyer, A. 1084 (as above, n. 9), p. 12, v. 7; Chazan,Church, p. 58, 8.

Third Lateran Council, App. 20, 2, Mansi XXII, 1725, p. 356f.

Third Lateran, canon 26, p. 223f.; Grayzel,Church, no. 1, p. 296.

Innocent III to the Archbishop of Sens, 15 July 1205; Grayzel,Church, 18, p. 114.

Gregor. IX, 4 Mar. 1233 (as above, n. 28); idem, to the King of France, 9 May 1244; Grayzel,Church, no. 104; 71; pp. 250, 204.

Council of Mainz, 25 July 1233, ed. C. Will,Regesten zur Geschichte der Mainzer Erzbischöfe, vol. 2, 1886, 99, S. 227f.; Grayzel,Church, no. 23, p. 324.

Council of Breslau, 9 Feb. 1267, c. 14, ed. R. Hube,Antiquissimac Constitutiones provinciae Gnesnensis (Petersburg, 1856), p. 68ff.; Council of Vienna, 10–12 May 1267, c. 16, Mansi 23, 1779, col. 1175;Continuatio Vindobonensis, ed. W. Wattenbach, MGH SS IX, 1851, p. 702; Aronius, 724f., pp. 302–5.

Schwabenspiegel, LR 262, Ia, II, p. 168f.

Ascribed to Ephraim of Bonn, p. 74; Aronius 339, p. 152; cf. idem, 336, p. 151.

Report of the Bishop of Olomouc on the Situation of the Church in Germany, par. 9, 16 Dec. 1273, ed. J. Schwalm, MGH Const. III, 1904–1906, p. 594.

O. Stobbe,Die Juden in Deutschland während des Mittelalters (Braunschweig, 1866; reprint, Amsterdam, 1968), p. 65.

M.Baba qama X, 3. If anyone* detects his utensils (or books) in the hand of another man** (and if) the theft committed on him* (has been known in the town), then he** shall swear how much he paid and shall receive it, (if not, he* is not entitled to do so, for it is assumed that he* sold them to somebody and that he has sold them to him**) (* = claimant;** = present holder).

H. Meyer, “Das Hehlerrecht der Juden und Lombarden,” inForschungen zur Judenfrage 1 (Hamburg, 1937), pp. 92–109; idem,Entwerung und Eigentum im deutschen Fahrnisrecht (Jena, 1902), esp. pp.166–278; Kisch,Jews, pp. 210–23; idem, “The Jewish Law of Concealment,“Historia Judaica 1 (1938), pp. 1–30; B. Cohen, “The So-CalledJüdisches Hehlerrecht in the Light of Jewish Law,”Historia Judaica 4 (1942), pp. 145–53; R. Feenstra, “Zum Ursprung des Lösungsrechts beim Kauf gestohlener Sachen,” inFestschrift G. Kisch. Rechtshistorische Forschungen (Stuttgart, 1955), pp. 237–59.

See F. Lotter, “Talmudisches Recht in den Judenprivilegien Heinrichs IV. Zu Ausbildung und Entwicklung des Marktschutzrechts im frühen und hohen Mittelalter,”Archiv f. Kulturgeschichte (1989): pp. 55–92.

Edict of King Rothari, 231f., ed. F. Beyerle,Die Gesetze der Langobarden (Weimar, 1947), pp. 94–96;Lex Ribuaria, 37 (33), 1–4, ed. F. Beyerle and R. Buchner, MGH Leges Nationum Germanicarum (LLNG) 3, 2, 1954, p. 89f.; cf. Law of the Salian Franks (Pactus Legis Salicae) 47 (82/81), ed. K. A. Eckhardt, MGH LLNG 4, 1, 1962, pp. 182–85; cf. Meyer,Entwerung, pp. 27–31; Scherer,Beiträge, pp. 147–50.

Law of the Visigoths(Lex Visigothorum = LV), VII, 2, 8, ed. K. Zeumer, MGH LLNG 1, 1902, p. 291ff.;Law of the Bavarians (Lex Baiuwariorum), IX, 8, ed. E. v. Schwind, MGH LLNG 5, 2, 1926, p. 374; Feenstra, “Losüngsrecht,” pp. 243–49.

Law of the Kings Hlothaere and Eadric, 16, 2, ed. K. A. Eckhardt, “Gesetze der Angelsachsen 601–925,”Germanenrechte 13 (Göttingen, 1958); p. 35;Law of the Burgundians (Lex Burgundionum), 56, 1;Extravagantes 21, 9, ed. L. R. de Salis, 1892, pp. 91, 121; Feenstra,“Lösungsrecht,” p. 242f. The charter granting a fair to the Benedictine Priory of Chapelaude (Moulins, arr. Montluçon) contains the same rule even in 1075; cf. Cohen,Hehlerrecht, p. 148.

LV XI, 3, 1, p. 404: Si transmarinus negotiator ⋯ quelibet ornamenta provincialibus nostris vendiderit et conpetenti pretio fuerint venundata, si furtiva postmodum fuerint adprobata, nullam emptor calumniam pertimescat. The precondition of an appropriate price also hints at a purchase bona fide.

Mutius,Rheinische Rabbinen, vol. 1, pp. 93ff., 109ff., 120ff., 127ff.; idem,Raschi, vol. 1, pp. 20ff., esp. 32f., 44; Agus, Civilization, nos. 11, 23, 70, 134, 269; pp. 70ff., 99ff., 237ff., 399, and 752f.

Agus,Civilization, no. 44, pp. 134ff.

See Mutius,Raschi, pp. 32f.; cf., p. 44.

Theonus probandi of the previous holder is found not only in the Talmud but also in Frankish law. Here, too, the claimant has to take an oath that the goods were his property and had been stolen from him. See Law of the Ripuarian Franks 37 (33), 1, p. 89; II. Capitula Legi Salicae addita 79, p. 250. The same is the case in old Welsh law; see Meyer,Entwerung, p. 31f. Even later, German municipal law recognizes the principle, as the Freiburg Municipal Roll (Stadtrodel), c. 29, of about 1218, and others testify; see F. Keutgen, Urkunden zur Städtischen Verfassungsgeschichte, 1901, S. 121; Meyer,Entwerung, p. 43ff.

Baba qama 114b/115a.

Agus,Meir, nos. 652–54, 764, 782; pp. 596ff., 662f., and 677f.

G. Constable,The Letters of Peter the Venerable, Harvard Historical Studies 78, 1 (Cambridge, Mass., 1967), 130, p. 329: ⋯ ut tam nefarium furum Iudaeorumque commercium tutius esset, lex iam vetusta sed vere diabolica ab ipsis Christianis principibus processit, ut si res aecclesiastica ⋯ apud Iudaeum repertum fuerit, nec rem sacrilego furto possessam reddere nec nequam furem Iudaeus prodere compellatur. Manet multum scelus detestabile in Iudaeo, quod horrenda morte suspendii punitur in Christiano.

II.Capitula Legi Salicae addita 79, p. 250; Ripuarian law 37 (33), 1, p. 89f.; cf. LV VII, 2, 9, p. 292.

Innocent III to King Philip II of France, 16 Jan. 1205; Grayzel,Church 14, p. 108: Patent quoque latronibus usque ad noctem dimidiam ostia Iudeorum, nec, si quid furto sublatum inventum fuerit apud eos, quisquam de illis potest iustitiam obtinere. Abutuntur ergo Iudei patientia regis⋯

Emperor Frederick II, Charter for the Jews of Vienna, p. 20f.; Aronius, no. 518, p. 222f.

Duke Frederick II of Austria, Jewry Charter, 1244, p. 285, 5–6; Aronius, no. 547, pp. 233–37.

King Ottokar II of Bohemia, Jewry Charter, 1254, cf. Scherer,Beiträge, p. 320ff.

King Ottokar II of Bohemia, Jewry Charter, 23 Aug. 1268; Aronius, no. 731, p. 308f.

Constitutions of King Rudolf of Habsburg, 4 Mar. 1277; Boehmer and Redlich, eds.,Regesta Imperii, vol. 6, 1, 711, 1898, p. 184; M. Wiener,Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland während des Mittelalters (Hannover, 1862), no. 57, p. 10; Stobbe,Juden, p. 244ff.; Scherer,Beiträge, p. 199.

Eike, LR 115 (III, 7, 4), p. 199.

Deutschenspiegel, 209, ed. K. A. Eckhardt and A. Hubner, MGHFontes Juris Germanici Antiqui, n.s. 3 (1933), p. 124.

Mecklenburger Urkundenbuch II, ed. Schwerin, 1864, no. 904, p. 170.

Schwabenspiegel, LR la, 261, p. 165ff.: ⋯ nu habent in die kvnig geben wider rechte das sy leihen auf deubig vnd raubig gut das sullen si aber tun bey schonen tag uor seiner tur auff der strasse ⋯

Statutes of Dortmund 38f., ed. B. Brilling and H. Richtering,Westfalia Judaica 1 (Studia Delitzschiana 11) (Stuttgart, 1967), p. 42; Aronius, 633, p. 266f.

Henry Margrave of Meissen, 1265, 5; Aronius, 711, pp. 292–95, esp. 293; Stobbe, pp. 303–7, esp. 305.

Report of the Bishop of Olomouc, 9, p. 594.

Synod of the Province of Gniezno in Leczyca, 6 Jan. 1285, c. 34f., ed. Z. Helcel,Starodawne Prawa Polskiego Pomniki I (Warsaw, 1856), p. 387; Scherer,Beiträge, p. 154.

King Casimir of Poland, Jewry Charter, 1334, 6, P. Bloch, “Die General-Privilegien der polnischen Judenschaft,”Zeitschrift der historischen Gesellschaft für die Provinz Posen 6 (1891), p. 82; cf. B. D. Weinryb,The Jews of Poland (Philadelphia, 1982), pp. 33–35.

Synod of Magdeburg (1383–1403),Concilia Germaniae, ed. J. F. Schannat and J. Hartzheim, vol. 5, Cologne, 1763, p. 707b; Scherer,Beiträge, p. 154ff.: Revocamus, cassamus et tollimus omnia privilegia libertatis, in quibus eis concessum est contra veritatem Evangelicam ⋯ preceptum, ne rem furtivam eis in pignis datam teneantur domino suo requirenti, gratis et sine omni solutione restituere; cum hoc non liceat Christiano nec licere debet ⋯ nostre religionis inimico ⋯

Cf. n. 100, above.

Kisch,Jews, pp. 38–41. TheSchwabenspiegel is transmitted in at least 372 manuscripts.

Schwabenspiegel, Kurzform, Mitteldeutsch-Niederdeutsche Handschriften, ed. R. Grosse, MGHFontes Juris Germanici, n.s. 5, 1964.

Kisch,Jews, p. 50ff., 97–100.

King Rudolf I, Jewry Charters, 4 Jul. 1275; 4 Jul. 1281, MGH Const. III, nos. 84, 275; pp. 72f., 267.

Agus, Meir, nos. 292, 567–73, 576, 581f., 584, 608f.; pp. 323f., 518–31, 533, 536–45, 562–65; see ibid., pp. 143–56.

King Rudolf I, Jewry Charter, 6 Dec. 1286, MGH Const. III, 388ff.; pp. 368f.: Cum universi et singuli Iudei utpote camere mostre servi cum personis et rebus suis omnibus specialiter nobis attineant vel illis principibus, quibus iidem Iudei a nobis et imperio in feodum sunt concessi ⋯ si aliqui Iudeorum huismodi ⋯ se a vero domino alienent, de illorum possessionibus, rebus et bonis omnibus tam mobilibus quam immobilibus ⋯ nos vel omini, quibus attinent, licite intromittere debeamus ⋯

F. Pauly, “Zur Vita des Werner von Oberwesel. Legende und irklichkeit,”Archiv für mittelrheinische Kirchengeschichte 16 (1964), pp. 94–109.

See F. Lotter, “Die Judenverfolgung des ‘König Rintfleisch’ in Franken um 1298,”Zeitschrift für historisches Forschung 4 (1988), pp. 385–422.

Encyclopedia Judaica, s.v. “Asher ben Jehiel.”