The role of neuronal calcium channels in dependence on ethanol and other sedatives/hypnotics

Pharmacology & Therapeutics - Tập 50 - Trang 347-365 - 1991
H.J. Little1
1Pharmacology Department, The Medical School, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Akaike, 1989, Dihydropyridine sensitive low-threshold calcium channels in isolated rat hypothalamic neurones, J. Physiol. Lond., 412, 181, 10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017610 Armbrecht, 1983, Ethanol-induced disordering of membranes from different age groups of C57 BL/6 NN1A mice, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 226, 387 Baeyens, 1987, Effects of peripheral and central administration of calcium channel blockers in the naloxone-precipitated abstinence syndrome in morphine-dependent rats, Eur. J. Pharmac., 137, 9, 10.1016/0014-2999(87)90176-2 Barrios, 1988, Differential effects of calcium channel blockers and stimulants on morphine withdrawal in vitro, Eur. J. Pharmac., 152, 175, 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90852-7 Bean, 1984, Nitrendipine block of cardiac calcium channels: high affinity binding to the inactivated state, 81, 6388 Beleslin, 1986, Verapamil induced behavioural, autonomic and motor effects in cats, Pharmac. Biochem. Behav., 24, 329, 10.1016/0091-3057(86)90360-6 Bender, 1985, Pharmacological evidence that the nonneuronal diazepam binding site in primary cultures of glial cells is associated with a calcium channel, Eur. J. Pharmac., 110, 287, 10.1016/0014-2999(85)90226-2 Benedek, 1984, Potentiation of thermoregulatory and analgesic effects of morphine by calcium antagonists, Pharmac. Res. Commun., 16, 1009, 10.1016/S0031-6989(84)80065-X Benson, 1989, Ethanol suppresses hippocampal cell firing through a calcium and cyclic AMP-sensitive mechanism, Eur. J. Pharmac., 164, 591, 10.1016/0014-2999(89)90270-7 Bergamaschi, 1988, Acute ethanol and acetaldehyde administration produce similar effects of L-type calcium channels in rat brain, Alcohol, 5, 337, 10.1016/0741-8329(88)90076-6 Bichard, 1984, Differential effects of the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 after “general anaesthetic” doses of benzodiazepines in mice, Br. J. Anaesth., 56, 1153, 10.1093/bja/56.10.1153 Blaustein, 1975, Barbiturate inhibition of calcium uptake by depolarized nerve terminals in vitro, Molec. Pharmac., 11, 369 Bongianni, 1986, Calcium channel inhibitors suppress the morphine-withdrawal syndrome in rats, Br. J. Pharmac., 88, 561, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1986.tb10236.x Brennan, 1990, Second messengers involved in genetic regulation of the number of calcium channels in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells in culture, Neuropharmacology, 29, 689, 10.1016/0028-3908(90)90031-L Brennan, 1989, Membrane receptors involved in upregulation of calcium channels in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells, chronically exposed to ethanol, Neuropharmacology, 28, 1303, 10.1016/0028-3908(89)90003-8 Brown, 1982, The alcohol withdrawal syndrome, A. emerg. Med., 11, 276, 10.1016/S0196-0644(82)80101-7 Cantor, 1984, Interaction of calcium channel blockers with nonneuronal benzodiazepine binding sites, 81, 1549 Carlen, 1982, Ethanol in low doses augments calcium-mediated mechanisms measured intracellularly in hippocampal neurones, Science, 215, 306, 10.1126/science.7053581 Carlen, 1983, Low-dose benzodiazepine neuronal inhibition: enhanced Ca2+-mediated K+-conductance, Brain Res., 271, 358, 10.1016/0006-8993(83)90302-5 Carlen, 1985, Enhanced neurones K+ conductance: a possible common mechanism for sedative-hypnotic drug action, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmac., 63, 831, 10.1139/y85-137 Cherubini, 1985, Benzodiazepines both enhance gamma-aminobutyrate responses and decrease calcium action potentials in guinea pig myenteric neurones, Neuroscience, 14, 309, 10.1016/0306-4522(85)90180-0 Chin, 1977, Effect of low concentrations of ethanol on the fluidity of spin labeled erythrocyte and brain membranes, Molec. Pharmac., 13, 435 Chin, 1977, Drug tolerance in biomembranes: a spin label study of the effects of ethanol, Science, 196, 684, 10.1126/science.193186 Contreras, 1988, Calcium channel antagonists increase morphine induced analgesia and antagonise morphine tolerance, Eur. J. Pharmac., 148, 463, 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90129-X Cowen, 1981, Ethyl-betacarboline carboxylase lowers seizure threshold and antagonises flurazepam-induced sedation in rats, Nature, 290, 54, 10.1038/290054a0 Crowder, 1986, Morphine inhibition of calcium fluxes, neurotransmitter release and protein and lipid phosphorylation in brain slices and synaptosomes, Biochem. Pharmac., 351, 2501, 10.1016/0006-2952(86)90046-8 Daniell, 1988, Neuronal intracellular calcium are altered by anesthetics: relationship to membrane fluidisation, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 245, 1 Daniell, 1988, Effect of chronic ethanol treatment and selective breeding for hypnotic sensitivity to ethanol on intracellular ionised calcium concentrations in synaptosomes, Alcoholism, 12, 179, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1988.tb00156.x Daniell, 1989, Ethanol and inositol 1,4,5, triphosphate release calcium from separate stores of brain microsomes, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 250, 875 Daniell, 1987, Effect of ethanol on intracellular ionised calcium concentrations in synaptosomes and hepatocytes, Molec. Pharmac., 32, 831 Davidson, 1988, Ethanol increases synaptosomal free calcium, Neurosci. Lett., 89, 169, 10.1016/0304-3940(88)90375-8 Deitrich, 1989, Mechanism of action of ethanol; initial central nervous system actions, Pharmac. Rev., 41, 489 Docherty, 1986, Interaction of 1,4-dihydropyridines with somatic Ca2+ currents in hippocampal CA1 neurones of the guinea pig in vitro, Neurosci. Lett., 70, 106, 10.1016/0304-3940(86)90447-7 Dolin, 1986, Augmentation by calcium channel antagonists of general anaesthetic potency in mice, Br. J. Pharmac., 88, 909, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1986.tb16265.x Dolin, 1989, Are changes in neuronal calcium channels involved in ethanol tolerance, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 250, 985 Dolin, 1987, Increased dihydropyridine sensitive calcium channels in rat brain may underlie ethanolo physical dependence, Neuropharmacology, 26, 275, 10.1016/0028-3908(87)90220-6 Dolin, 1988, Effects of the calcium channel agonist, BAY K 8644, on a general anaesthetic potency in mice, Br. J. Pharmac., 94, 413, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1988.tb11543.x Dolin, 1988, Anticonvulsant profile of the dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists, nitrendipine and nimodipine, Eur. J. Pharmac., 152, 19, 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90831-X Dolin, 1988, Evidence for the involvement of dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channels in ethanol dependence, Br. J. Pharmac., 95, 877p Dolin, 1990, Nitrendipine decreases benzodiazepine withdrawal seizures but not the development of benzodiazepine tolerance or withdrawal signs, Br. J. Pharmac., 101, 691, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1990.tb14142.x Dolin, 1991, Differential interactions between benzodizepines and the dihydropyridines, nitrendipine and Bay K 8644, Neuropharmacology, 10.1016/0028-3908(91)90148-5 Draski, 1985, Nimodipine's interactions with other drugs: II, diazepam, Life Sci., 37, 2123, 10.1016/0024-3205(85)90584-3 Durand, 1984, Decreased neuronal inhibition in vitro after long-term administration of ethanol, Science, 224, 1359, 10.1126/science.6328654 Edmonds, 1983, Dietary manipulation of alcohol withdrawal in the rat, Res. Commun. Subst. Abuse, 4, 89 Edwards, 1990, Withdrawal symptoms and alcohol dependence: fruitful mysteries, Br. J. Addict., 85, 447, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01665.x Elrod, 1980, Acute and chronic effects of barbiturates on depolarisation induced calcium influx into synaptosomes from rat brain regions, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 212, 131 Eskuri, 1985, Development of ethanol tolerance in sensory neurones in culture, Alcohol. clin. exp. Res., 9, 197 Falk, 1972, Behavioral maintenance of high concentrations of blood ethanol and physical dependence in the rat, Science, 177, 811, 10.1126/science.177.4051.811 Ferendelli, 1982, Comparative actions of phenytoin and other anticonvulsant drugs on potassium- and veratridine-stimulated calcium uptake in synaptosomes, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 220, 29 Friedman, 1980, Effects of acute and chronic ethanol administration on whole mouse brain synaptosomal calcium influx, Biochem. Pharmac., 29, 1903, 10.1016/0006-2952(80)90101-X Gandhi, 1988, In vitro morphine decreases [3H]-nimodipine receptor binding in rat brain regions, Neurochem. Res., 13, 1175, 10.1007/BF00971636 Gandhi, 1988, The effect of kappa agonist U50-488H on [3H]-nimodipine receptor binding in rat brain region, Eur. J. Pharmac., 150, 51, 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90749-2 Gibbins, 1971, The effect of chronic administration of ethanol on startle threshold in rats, Psychopharmacology, 19, 95, 10.1007/BF00402633 Goldstein, 1972, Relationship of alcohol dose to intensity of alcohol withdrawal signs in mice, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 180, 203 Goldstein, 1986, The alcohol withdrawal syndrome. A view from the laboratory, Recent Dev. Alcohol., 4, 231, 10.1007/978-1-4899-1695-2_10 Goldstein, 1971, Alcohol dependence produced in mice by inhalation of ethanol: grading the withdrawal reaction, Science, 172, 288, 10.1126/science.172.3980.288 Greenberg, 1986, Depolarization dependent binding of the calcium channel antagonist (+)-[3H] PN 200-110, to intact cultured PC12 cells, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 238, 1021 Greenberg, 1987, Ethanol induced component of 45Ca2+ uptake in PC12 cells is sensitive to Ca2+ channel modulating drugs, Brain Res., 410, 143, 10.1016/S0006-8993(87)80036-7 Gross, 1987, Dynorphin A selectively reduces a large transient (N-type) calcium current of mouse dorsal root ganglion cells in cell culture, 84, 5469 Gross, 1988, Barbiturates and nifedipine have different and selective effects on calcium currents of mouse DRG neurones in culture: a possible basis for differing clinical actions, Neurology, 38, 443, 10.1212/WNL.38.3.443 Grover, 1990, Two components of long-term potentiation induced by different patterns of afferent activation, Nature, 346, 477, 10.1038/347477a0 Guerrero-Menoz, 1979, Effect of morphine on calcium-uptake by lysed synaptosomes, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 211, 370 Gundersen, 1988, Barbiturates depress currents through human brain calcium channels studied in Xenopus oocytes, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 247, 824 Guppy, 1987, Increased [3H]-dihydropyridine binding sites in brain, heart and smooth muscle of ethanol dependent rats, Br. J. Pharmac., 92, 662P Harper, 1987, Altered characteristics of catecholamine release from rat cortical slices and bovine adrenal chromaffin cells in culture after chronic exposure to ethanol and the effect of the dihydropyridine drugs on these systems, Alcohol Alcohol, 1, 724 Harper, 1989, Genetic upregulation of calcium channels in a cellular model of ethanol dependence, Neuropharmacology, 28, 1299, 10.1016/0028-3908(89)90002-6 Harris, 1981, Ethanol and pentobarbital inhibition of intrasynaptosomal sequestration of calcium, Biochem. Pharmac., 30, 3209, 10.1016/0006-2952(81)90520-7 Harris, 1984, Differential effects of membrane pertubants on voltage activated sodium and calcium channels and calcium dependent potassium channels, J. Biophys., 45, 132, 10.1016/S0006-3495(84)84137-5 Harris, 1982, Ethanol and synaptosomal calcium binding, Biochem. Pharmac., 31, 1790, 10.1016/0006-2952(82)90688-8 Harris, 1980, Inhibition of synaptosomal calcium uptake by ethanol, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 213, 562 Harris, 1982, Effects of a sedative and a convulsant barbiturate on synaptosomal calcium transport, Brain Res., 242, 157, 10.1016/0006-8993(82)90506-6 Harris, 1977, Discrete changes in brain calcium with morphine analgesia, tolerance-dependence, and abstinence, Life Sci., 20, 501, 10.1016/0024-3205(77)90393-9 Harris, 1984, Relationship of membrane physical properties to alcohol dependence in mice selected for genetic differences in alcohol withdrawal, Life Sci., 35, 2601, 10.1016/0024-3205(84)90027-4 Harris, 1985, Effects of dihydropyridine derivatives and anticonvulsant drugs on [3H]-nitrendipine binding and calcium and sodium fluxes in brain, Biochem. Pharmac., 34, 2187, 10.1016/0006-2952(85)90416-2 Harris, 1988, Effects of ethanol and calcium on lipid other of membranes from mice selected for genetic differences in ethanol intoxication, Alcohol, 5, 251, 10.1016/0741-8329(88)90060-2 Heyer, 1982, Barbiturate reduction of calcium-dependent action potentials: correlation with anaesthetic action, Brain Res., 236, 157, 10.1016/0006-8993(82)90042-7 Hirning, 1988, Dominant role of N-type Ca2+ channels in evoked release of norepinephrine from sympathetic neurones, Science, 239, 57, 10.1126/science.2447647 Hitchcott, 1990, Acute CGS8216 reverses, and concurrent verapamil prevents, diazepam withdrawal-induced anxiety in rats, Br. J. Pharmac., 100, 354P Hoffmeister, 1986, Calcium and agonists and antagonists of the dihydropyridine type: antinociceptive effects; interference with opiate μ-receptor agonists and pharmacological effect in rodents, Psychopharmacology, 90, 299, 10.1007/BF00179181 Hunkeler, 1981, Selective antagonists of benzodiazepine receptors, Nature, 290, 514, 10.1038/290514a0 Isaacson, 1985, Nimodipine interactions with other drugs, 1. Ethanol, Life Sci., 36, 2195, 10.1016/0024-3205(85)90329-7 Koppi, 1987, Calcium channel blocking agent in the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal. Caroverine versus meprobamate in a randomized double blind study, Neuropharmacology, 17, 49 Lace, 1986, The ethanol sensitivity of calcium taken up by a depolarisation-dependent process in mouse strains DBA and C57BL, Pharmac. Biochem. Behav., 24, 1137, 10.1016/0091-3057(86)90468-5 Le, 1979, Effect of L-tryptophan on the acquisition of tolerance to ethanol-induced motor impairment and hypothermia, Psychopharmacology, 61, 125, 10.1007/BF00426725 Leslie, 1980, Effects of chlordiazepoxide on depolarisation induced calcium influx into synaptosomes, Biochem. Pharmac., 29, 2439, 10.1016/0006-2952(80)90347-0 Leslie, 1980, Acute and chronic effects of barbiturates on depolarisation induced calcium influx into rat synaptosomes, Brain Res., 185, 409, 10.1016/0006-8993(80)91078-1 Leslie, 1983, Inhibition of fast and slow phase depolarisation dependent synaptosomal calcium uptake by ethanol, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 225, 571 Lieber, 1982, The feeding of alcohol in liquid diets; two decades of applications and 1982 uptake, Alcohol. clin. exp. Res., 6, 523, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1982.tb05017.x Lima-Landman, 1989, Ethanol potentiates and blocks NMDA activated single-channel currents in rat hippocampal pyramidal cells, FEBS Lett., 247, 61, 10.1016/0014-5793(89)81241-4 Little, 1991, Possible mechanisms that may underlie the behavioural effects of ethanol, Prog. Neurobiol., 36, 171, 10.1016/0301-0082(91)90029-Z Little, 1987, Lack of tolerance to ethanol after concurrent administration of nitrendipine, Br. J. Pharmac., 92, 606P Little, 1986, Calcium channel antagonists decrease the ethanol withdrawal syndrome, Life Sci., 39, 2059, 10.1016/0024-3205(86)90356-5 Littleton, 1990, Effects of dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists in ethanol withdrawal; doses required, stereospecifivity and actions of BAY K 8644, Psychopharmacology, 100, 387, 10.1007/BF02244612 Llinas, 1988, The intrinsic electrophysiological properties of mammalian neurones: insights into central nervous system function, Science, 242, 1654, 10.1126/science.3059497 Llinas, 1986, Specific blockage of the low threshold calcium channel by high molecular weight alcohols, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 12, 174 Lovinger, 1989, Ethanol inhibits NMDA activated ion currents in hippocampal neurones, Science, 243, 1721, 10.1126/science.2467382 Lucchi, 1985, Ethanol administration in vivo alters calcium ions control in rat straitum, Brain Res., 332, 376, 10.1016/0006-8993(85)90608-0 Luthin, 1984, Effects of ethanol on calmodulin levels in mouse striatum and cerebral cortex, Alcohol. clin. exp. Res., 8, 68 Lynch, 1983, Possible association of alcohol tolerance with increased synaptic Ca2+ sensitivity, Nature, 303, 175, 10.1038/303175a0 Macdonald, 1979, Anticonvulsant and anaesthetic barbiturates: different postsynaptic actions in cultured mammalian neurones, Neurology, 29, 432, 10.1212/WNL.29.4.432 Majchrowicz, 1975, Induction of physical dependence upon ethanol and the associated behavioural changes in the rat, Psychopharmacology, 43, 245, 10.1007/BF00429258 Mansour, 1988, Anatomy of CNS opioid receptors, Trends Neurosci., 11, 308, 10.1016/0166-2236(88)90093-8 Marks, 1989, Comparative effects of chronic exposure to ethanol and calcium channel antagonists on calcium antagonists receptors in cultured neural (PC12) cells, J. Neurochem., 53, 168, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb07309.x McCaslin, 1987, 2-amino-7-phosphonohepatanic acid, a selective antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate, prevents barbital withdrawal-induced convulsions and the elevation of cerebellar cyclic GMP in dependent rats, Neuropharmacology, 26, 731, 10.1016/0028-3908(87)90235-8 McCaslin, 1988, Anticonvulsant activity of several excitatory amino acid antagonists against barbital induced spontaneous convulsions, Eur. J. Pharmac., 147, 381, 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90172-0 McCaslin, 1989, Increased response of cerebellar cGMP to kainate but not NMDA or quisqualate following barbital withdrawal from dependent rats, Eur. J. Pharmac., 173, 127, 10.1016/0014-2999(89)90509-8 Mello, 1973, A review of methods to induce alcohol addiction in animals, Pharmac. Biochem. Behav., 1, 89, 10.1016/0091-3057(73)90061-0 Menelson, 1984, Nifedipine blocks sleep induction by flurazepam in the rat, Sleep, 7, 64, 10.1093/sleep/7.1.64 Mendelson, 1984, Diazepam stimulated increases in the synaptosomal uptake pf 45Ca2+: reversal by dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists, Eur. J. Pharmac., 104, 181, 10.1016/0014-2999(84)90388-1 Messing, 1986, Ethanol regulates calcium channels in clonal neural cells, 83, 6213 Michaelis, 1979, Calcium binding to brain synaptosomes, effects of chronic ethanol intake, Biochem. Pharmac., 28, 2081, 10.1016/0006-2952(79)90227-2 Michaelis, 1985, Differential effects of ethanol on two synaptic membrane calcium transport systems, Alcohol, 100, 129, 10.1016/0741-8329(85)90029-1 Michaelis, 1987, Effects of chronic ethanol administration of synaptic membrane Na+-Ca2+ exchange activity, Brain Res., 414, 239, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90004-7 Miljkovic, 1986, Voltage-dependent block of excitatory amino acid currents by pentobarbital, Brain Res., 376, 396, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90207-6 Morgan, 1977, Pentobarbital: presynaptic effect in squid giant synapse, Experientia, 33, 487, 10.1007/BF01922226 Nicoll, 1980, The effects of pentobarbital and related compounds on frog motoneurons, Brain Res., 191, 225, 10.1016/0006-8993(80)90325-X Niesen, 1988, Reversed ethanol effects on potassium conductances in aged hippocampal dentate granule neurones, Brain Res., 445, 137, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)91082-7 Nishi, 1983, Barbiturates increased the rate of voltage-dependent inactivation of the calcium current in snail neurones, Br. J. Pharmac., 80, 761, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1983.tb10068.x Nowycky, 1985, Three types of neuronal calcium channel with different calcium agonist sensitivity, Nature, 316, 440, 10.1038/316440a0 Nutt, 1982, Unusual interactions of benzodiazepine receptor antagonists, Nature, 295, 436, 10.1038/295436a0 Oakes, 1982, Electrophysiological effects of acute ethanol exposure. II. Alterations in the calcium component of action potentials from sensory neurons in dissociated culture, Devl Brain Res., 5, 251, 10.1016/0165-3806(82)90123-7 Ogata, 1972, A comparison of techniques to induce alcohol dependence and tolerance in the mouse, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 180, 216 Ogura, 1984, Differential effects of a dihydropyridine derivative to Ca2+ entry pathways in neuronal preparations, Brain Res., 201, 323, 10.1016/0006-8993(84)91101-6 Ohnishi, 1988, Decrease in analgesic effect of nifedipine following chronic administration of morphine, Eur. J. Pharmac., 158, 173, 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90270-1 Ohnishi, 1989, Changes in [3H]-nitrendipine binding and gamma-aminobutyric acid release in rat hippocampus following repeated morphine administration, J. Neurochem., 53, 1507, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb08545.x Olsen, 1981, GABA-benzodiazepine-barbiturate receptor interactions, J. Neurochem., 37, 1, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb05284.x Pant, 1985, Cerebral alteration in calmodulin levels associated with the induction of physical dependence upon ethanol in rats, Brain Res., 342, 379, 10.1016/0006-8993(85)91141-2 Panza, 1985, Evidence for down regulation of 3H-nitrendipine recognition sites in mouse brain about long term treatment with nifedipine or verapamil, Neuropharmacology, 24, 1113, 10.1016/0028-3908(85)90200-X Pillai, 1986, Interaction of k-receptor agonists with Ca2+ channel antagonists in the modulation of hypothermia, Eur. J. Pharmac., 132, 237, 10.1016/0014-2999(86)90610-2 Pucilowski, 1989, Different effect of diltiazen and nifedipine on some central actions of ethanol in the rat, Alcohol, 6, 165, 10.1016/0741-8329(89)90042-6 Rabbani, 1990, Increased action of the partial inverse agonist, FG 7142, during barbiturate withdrawal; protective effect of the calcium channel antagonist, nitrendipine, Br. J. Pharmac., 100, 422P Rabbani, 1990, Changes in dihydropyridine binding in the cerebral cortex following chronic barbital treatment, Br. J. Pharmac., 101, 568P Rabbani, 1991, An NMDA antagonist protects against the barbiturate withdrawal syndrome, but does not appear to cause cross-tolerance, Br. J. Pharmac. Ramkumar, 1988, Morphine treatment increases [3H]-nimodipine binding sites in rat brain, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 552, 207, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb33357.x Ramkumar, 1988, Prolonged morphine treatment increase rat brain dihydropyridine binding sites: possible involvement in development of dependence, Eur. J. Pharmac., 146, 73, 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90488-8 Regehr, 1989, Optical imaging of calcium accumulation in hippocampal pyramidal cells during synaptic activation, Nature, 341, 533, 10.1038/341533a0 Reynolds, 1990, Ethanol tolerance in hippocampal neurones: adaptive changes in cellular responses to ethanol measured in vivo, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 252, 265 Ritzmann, 1976, Body temperature in mice: A quantitative measure of alcohol tolerance and physical dependence, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 199, 158 Rius, 1987, Acute ethanol effect on calcium antagonist binding in rat brain, Brain Res., 402, 359, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90045-X Ross, 1980, Molecular aspects of calcium-membrane interactions: a model for cellular adaptation to ethanol, 227 Ross, 1986, Chronic ethanol administration inhibits calmodulin dependent Ca2+ uptake in synaptosomal membranes, Pharmac. Biochem. Behav., 24, 1659, 10.1016/0091-3057(86)90502-2 Ross, 1979, Nerve cell calcium as a messenger for opiate and endorphin actions, Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmac., 20, 301 Ross, 1974, Morphine and ethanol: selective depletion of regional brain calcium, Science, 186, 63, 10.1126/science.186.4158.63 Ross, 1977, Modification of glycoprotein residues as Ca2+ receptor sites after chronic ethanol exposure, Drug Alcohol Dep., 2, 303, 10.1016/0376-8716(77)90033-3 Saito, 1985, Selective enhancement in striatal [3H]-nitrendipine binding following chronic treatment with morphine, Neurochem. Int., 6, 1033, 10.1016/0197-0186(85)90152-4 Sanna, 1986, Evidence for a selective localisation of voltage sensitive Ca2+ channels in nerve cell bodies of corpus striatum, J. Neurochem., 47, 1552, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1986.tb00794.x Sawada, 1985, Blocking action of pentobarbital on receptors for excitatory amino acids in the guinea pig hippocampus, Expl Brain Res., 59, 226, 10.1007/BF00230901 Scott, 1990, Modulation of neuronal T-type calcium channel currents by photoactivation of intracellular guanosine 5′-o(3-thio) triphosphate, Neuroscience, 38, 285, 10.1016/0306-4522(90)90028-3 Shah, 1988, Spontaneous calcium release induced by ethanol in the isolated rat brain microsomes, Brain Res., 474, 94, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90672-5 Shanley, 1985, Ethanol tolerance and enhanced calcium/calmodulin dependent phosphorylation of synaptic membrane proteins, Neurosci. Lett., 58, 55, 10.1016/0304-3940(85)90328-3 Siggins, 1987, Effects of ethanol on CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cells in the hippocampal slice preparation: an intracellular study, Brain Res., 414, 22, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)91323-0 Skerritt, 1984, Diazepam and its analogous p-chloro derivative, Ro 5-4864. Comparative effects on mouse neurones in cell culture, Brain Res., 310, 99, 10.1016/0006-8993(84)90013-1 Spedding, 1985, Calcium antagonist subgroups, Trends Pharmac. Sci., 6, 109, 10.1016/0165-6147(85)90052-5 Squires, 1977, Benzodiazepine receptors in rat brain, Nature, 266, 732, 10.1038/266732a0 Swandulla, 1991, Do calcium channel classifications account for neuronal calcium channel diversity, Trends Neurosci., 14, 46, 10.1016/0166-2236(91)90018-P Szikszay, 1986, Interactions between verapamil and morphine on physiological parameters in rats, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 238, 192 Taft, 1984, Micromolar affinity benzodiazepine receptors regulate voltage-sensitive calcium channels in nerve terminals, 81, 3118 Takahashi, 1989, Hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells of rats have four voltage-dependent calcium conductances, Neurosci. Lett., 104, 229, 10.1016/0304-3940(89)90359-5 Teichberg, 1984, Barbiturates, alcohols and the CNS excitatory transmission: specific effects on the kainate and quisqualate receptors, Brain Res., 291, 285, 10.1016/0006-8993(84)91260-5 Thayer, 1986, Widespread distribution of dihydropyridine sensitive calcium channels in the central nervous system, Molec. Pharmac., 30, 505 Tsien, 1988, Multiple types of neuronal calcium channels and their selective modulation, Trends Neurosci., 11, 431, 10.1016/0166-2236(88)90194-4 Tsunoo, 1986, Block of calcium channels by enkephalin and somatostatin in neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid NG108-15 cells, 83, 9832 Virmani, 1985, Alteration in calcium binding activity in synaptosomal membranes from rat brains in association with physical dependence upon ethanol, Brain Res., 359, 371, 10.1016/0006-8993(85)91454-4 Watlins, 1981, Excitatory amino acid transmitters, A. Rev. Pharmac. Toxic., 21, 165, 10.1146/annurev.pa.21.040181.001121 Wenger, 1981, Ethanol tolerance in the rat is learned, Science, 213, 575, 10.1126/science.7244656 Werz, 1985, Barbiturates decrease voltage dependent calcium conductance of mouse neurons in dissociated cell cultured, Molec. Pharmac., 28, 269 Westenbroek, 1990, Clustering of L-type calcium channels at the base of major dendrites in hippocampal pyramidal neurones, Nature, 347, 281, 10.1038/347281a0 Whittington, 1989, Chronic ethanol increases excitability and hippocampal cell bodies; effects decreased by chronic nitrendipine treatment, Br. J. Pharmac., 97, 435P Whittington, 1990, Patterns of changes in field potentials in the isolated hippocampal slice on withdrawal from chronic ethanol treatment of mice in vivo, Brain Res., 523, 237, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)91492-Y Whittington, 1991, A calcium channel antagonists stereoaselectively decreases ethanol withdrawal hyperexcitability, but not due to bicuculline, in hippocampal slices, Br. J. Pharmac., 103, 1313, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb09786.x Whittington, 1991, Nitrendipine, given during drinking, decreases the electrophysiological changes in the isolated hippocampal slice, seen during ethanol withdrawal, Br. J. Pharmac., 103, 1677, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb09846.x Whityington, 1991, Chronic dihydropyridine treatment can reverse the behavioural consequences and prevent adaptations to chronic ethanol, Br. J. Pharmac., 103, 1669, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb09845.x Wu, 1987, J. Neurochem. Suppl., 48, 5109D Wu, 1987, Nifedipine delays the acquisition of ethanol tolerance, Eur. J. Pharmac., 139, 233, 10.1016/0014-2999(87)90256-1 Xiang, 1990, The k-opiate agonist U50488H decreases the entry of 45Ca into rat cortical synaptosomes by inhibiting N- but not L-type calcium channels, Neuropharmacology, 29, 439, 10.1016/0028-3908(90)90165-N Yamamoto, 1978, Effects of acute and chronic morphine treatments on calcium localization and binding in brain, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 205, 255