Acharya, 2017, Chronic opioid use is associated with altered gut microbiota and predicts readmissions in patients with cirrhosis, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 45, 319, 10.1111/apt.13858
Allen, 2017, Cell biology of astrocyte-synapse interactions, Neuron, 96, 697, 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.09.056
Allen, 2018, Glia as architects of central nervous system formation and function, Science, 362, 181, 10.1126/science.aat0473
Araos, 2015, Plasma profile of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in cocaine users under outpatient treatment: Influence of cocaine symptom severity and psychiatric co-morbidity, Addiction Biology, 20, 756, 10.1111/adb.12156
Arezoomandan, 2016, Administration of the glial condition medium in the nucleus accumbens prolong maintenance and intensify reinstatement of morphine-seeking behavior, Neurochemical Research, 41, 855, 10.1007/s11064-015-1762-3
Arpaia, 2013, Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation, Nature, 504, 451, 10.1038/nature12726
Arreola, 2016, Immunomodulatory effects mediated by dopamine, Journal of Immunology Research, 2016, 3160486, 10.1155/2016/3160486
Atarashi, 2015, Th17 cell induction by adhesion of microbes to intestinal epithelial cells, Cell, 163, 367, 10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.058
Atarashi, 2013, Treg induction by a rationally selected mixture of clostridia strains from the human microbiota, Nature, 500, 232, 10.1038/nature12331
Atarashi, 2011, Induction of colonic regulatory T cells by indigenous clostridium species, Science, 331, 337, 10.1126/science.1198469
Attarzadeh-Yazdi, 2014, Minocycline, an antibiotic with inhibitory effect on microglial activation, attenuates the maintenance and reinstatement of methamphetamine-seeking behavior in rat, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 53, 142, 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.04.008
Avital, 2003, Impaired interleukin-1 signaling is associated with deficits in hippocampal memory processes and neural plasticity, Hippocampus, 13, 826, 10.1002/hipo.10135
Bachtell, 2017, Glial and neuroinflammatory targets for treating substance use disorders, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 180, 156, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.003
Balasubbramanian, 2019, Is IL-12 pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory? Depends on the blood pressure, Cardiovascular Research, 115, 998, 10.1093/cvr/cvz028
Banerjee, 2016, Opioid-induced gut microbial disruption and bile dysregulation leads to gut barrier compromise and sustained systemic inflammation, Mucosal Immunology, 9, 1418, 10.1038/mi.2016.9
Banks, 2002, Entry of blood-borne cytokines into the central nervous system: Effects on cognitive processes, Neuroimmunomodulation, 10, 319, 10.1159/000071472
Banks, 1995, Passage of cytokines across the blood-brain barrier, Neuroimmunomodulation, 2, 241, 10.1159/000097202
Barengolts, 2018, Gut microbiota varies by opioid use, circulating leptin and oxytocin in African American men with diabetes and high burden of chronic disease, PLoS One, 13, e0194171, 10.1371/journal.pone.0194171
Barr, 2020, Acute cocaine administration alters permeability of blood-brain barrier in freely-moving rats—Evidence using miniaturized fluorescence microscopy, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 206, 107637, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107637
Becher, 2017, Cytokine networks in neuroinflammation, Nature Reviews. Immunology, 17, 49, 10.1038/nri.2016.123
Becker, 2019, Sex differences in neural mechanisms mediating reward and addiction, Neuropsychopharmacology, 44, 166, 10.1038/s41386-018-0125-6
Beitner-Johnson, 1993, Glial fibrillary acidic protein and the mesolimbic dopamine system: Regulation by chronic morphine and Lewis-Fischer strain differences in the rat ventral tegmental area, Journal of Neurochemistry, 61, 1766, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb09814.x
Belkaid, 2014, Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation, Cell, 157, 121, 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.011
Bercik, 2011, The intestinal microbiota affect central levels of brain-derived neurotropic factor and behavior in mice, Gastroenterology, 141, 599, 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.04.052
Bialas, 2013, TGF-β signaling regulates neuronal C1q expression and developmental synaptic refinement, Nature Neuroscience, 16, 1773, 10.1038/nn.3560
Biber, 2007, Neuronal “On” and “Off” signals control microglia, Trends in Neurosciences, 30, 596, 10.1016/j.tins.2007.08.007
Bland, 2009, The glial activation inhibitor AV411 reduces morphine-induced nucleus accumbens dopamine release, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 23, 492, 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.01.014
Bowers, 2003, Forebrain astroglial plasticity is induced following withdrawal from repeated cocaine administration, The European Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 1273, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02537.x
Bowman, 2003, Cultured astrocytes express toll-like receptors for bacterial products, Glia, 43, 281, 10.1002/glia.10256
Brady, 2019, Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor alters the pharmacodynamic properties of cocaine in female mice, ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 10, 4213, 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00309
Braniste, 2014, The gut microbiota influences blood-brain barrier permeability in mice, Science Translational Medicine, 6, 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009759
Brown, 2018, Innate immune signaling in the ventral tegmental area contributes to drug-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 67, 130, 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.08.012
Browne, 2020, Epigenetic mechanisms of opioid addiction, Biological Psychiatry, 87, 22, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.06.027
Brubaker, 2015, Innate immune pattern recognition: A cell biological perspective, Annual Review of Immunology, 33, 257, 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112240
Bsibsi, 2002, Broad expression of toll-like receptors in the human central nervous system, Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 61, 1013, 10.1093/jnen/61.11.1013
Calipari, 2018, Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor controls neural and behavioral plasticity in response to cocaine, Nature Communications, 9, 9, 10.1038/s41467-017-01881-x
Campbell, 2020, Bacterial metabolism of bile acids promotes generation of peripheral regulatory T cells, Nature, 581, 475, 10.1038/s41586-020-2193-0
Capuron, 2012, Dopaminergic mechanisms of reduced basal ganglia responses to hedonic reward during interferon alfa administration, Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 1044, 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2094
Carrera, 1992, Depression of the mononuclear phagocyte system caused by high doses of narcotics, Revista de Medicina de la Universidad de Navarra, 119
Castilla-Cortázar, 1998, Opioid peptides and immunodysfunction in patients with major depression and anxiety disorders, Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry, 54, 203
Cavaillon, 2001, Pro- versus anti-inflammatory cytokines: Myth or reality, Cellular and Molecular Biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France), 47, 695
Chao, 1996, κ opioid receptors in human microglia downregulate human immunodeficiency virus 1 expression, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93, 8051, 10.1073/pnas.93.15.8051
Chen, 2016, Cytokine networks and T-cell subsets in inflammatory bowel diseases, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 22, 1157, 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000714
Chen, 2009, Minocycline affects cocaine sensitization in mice, Neuroscience Letters, 452, 258, 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.01.078
Christopherson, 2005, Thrombospondins are astrocyte-secreted proteins that promote CNS synaptogenesis, Cell, 120, 421, 10.1016/j.cell.2004.12.020
Chu, 2019, The microbiota regulate neuronal function and fear extinction learning, Nature, 574, 543, 10.1038/s41586-019-1644-y
Cıcek, 2018, Increased neutrophil-lymphocyte and platelet-lymphocyte ratios in male heroin addicts: A prospective controlled study, Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 16, 190, 10.9758/cpn.2018.16.2.190
Clarke, 2014, Minireview: Gut microbiota: The neglected endocrine organ, Molecular Endocrinology, 28, 1221, 10.1210/me.2014-1108
Clemente, 2012, The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: An integrative view, Cell, 148, 1258, 10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.035
Coelho-Santos, 2012, Prevention of methamphetamine-induced microglial cell death by TNF-α and IL-6 through activation of the JAK-STAT pathway, Journal of Neuroinflammation, 9, 565, 10.1186/1742-2094-9-103
Coller, 2012, Implications of central immune signaling caused by drugs of abuse: Mechanisms, mediators and new therapeutic approaches for prediction and treatment of drug dependence, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 134, 219, 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.01.008
Conrad, 2008, Formation of accumbens GluR2-lacking AMPA receptors mediates incubation of cocaine craving, Nature, 454, 118, 10.1038/nature06995
Corder, 2017, Loss of μ opioid receptor signaling in nociceptors, but not microglia, abrogates morphine tolerance without disrupting analgesia, Nature Medicine, 23, 164, 10.1038/nm.4262
Cosenza-Nashat, 2009, Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain, Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 35, 306, 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2008.01006.x
Cotto, 2018, Cocaine-mediated activation of microglia and microglial MeCP2 and BDNF production, Neurobiology of Disease, 117, 28, 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.05.017
Covelo, 2018, Neuronal activity determines distinct gliotransmitter release from a single astrocyte, eLife, 7, e32237, 10.7554/eLife.32237
Crews, 2017, Toll-like receptor signaling and stages of addiction, Psychopharmacology, 234, 1483, 10.1007/s00213-017-4560-6
Cui, 2014, Neuroimmune mechanisms of alcohol and drug addiction, International Review of Neurobiology, 118, 1, 10.1016/B978-0-12-801284-0.00001-4
Dalile, 2019, The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota–gut–brain communication, Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 16, 461, 10.1038/s41575-019-0157-3
Desbonnet, 2015, Gut microbiota depletion from early adolescence in mice: Implications for brain and behaviour, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 48, 165, 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.04.004
Dietrich, 2009, Alteration of blood-brain barrier function by methamphetamine and cocaine, Cell and Tissue Research, 336, 385, 10.1007/s00441-009-0777-y
Dillon, 2016, Gut dendritic cell activation links an altered colonic microbiome to mucosal and systemic T-cell activation in untreated HIV-1 infection, Mucosal Immunology, 9, 24, 10.1038/mi.2015.33
Dinan, 2017, The microbiome-gut-brain axis in health and disease, Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, 46, 77, 10.1016/j.gtc.2016.09.007
Dobrenis, 1995, Occurrence of the opiate alkaloid-selective μ3 receptor in mammalian microglia, astrocytes and Kupffer cells, Brain Research, 686, 239, 10.1016/0006-8993(95)00452-V
Donahoe, 1998, Opiates as potential cofactors in progression of HIV-1 infections to AIDS, Journal of Neuroimmunology, 83, 77, 10.1016/S0165-5728(97)00224-5
Duscha, 2020, Propionic acid shapes the multiple sclerosis disease course by an immunomodulatory mechanism, Cell, 180, 1067, 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.035
Eidson, 2017, Toll-like receptor 4 mediates morphine-induced neuroinflammation and tolerance via soluble tumor necrosis factor signaling, Neuropsychopharmacology, 42, 661, 10.1038/npp.2016.131
Eidson, 2013, Blockade of toll-like receptor 4 attenuates morphine tolerance and facilitates the pain relieving properties of morphine, The Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 15952, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1609-13.2013
El Aidy, 2015, Gut microbiota: The conductor in the Orchestra of immune-neuroendocrine communication, Clinical Therapeutics, 37, 954, 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.03.002
Engelhardt, 2017, The movers and shapers in immune privilege of the CNS, Nature Immunology, 18, 123, 10.1038/ni.3666
Eriksson, 1992, δ and k opiate receptors in primary astroglial cultures part II: Receptor sets in cultures from various brain regions and interactions with ß-receptor activated cyclic AMP, Neurochemical Research, 17, 545, 10.1007/BF00968781
Erny, 2015, Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS, Nature Neuroscience, 18, 965, 10.1038/nn.4030
Eroglu, 2010, Regulation of synaptic connectivity by glia, Nature, 468, 223, 10.1038/nature09612
Ersche, 2014, Aberrant disgust responses and immune reactivity in cocaine-dependent men, Biological Psychiatry, 75, 140, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.004
Farache, 2013, Contributions of dendritic cells and macrophages to intestinal homeostasis and immune defense, Immunology and Cell Biology, 91, 232, 10.1038/icb.2012.79
Felger, 2016, Inflammation is associated with decreased functional connectivity within corticostriatal reward circuitry in depression, Molecular Psychiatry, 21, 1358, 10.1038/mp.2015.168
Felger, 2017, Inflammation effects on motivation and motor activity: Role of dopamine, Neuropsychopharmacology, 42, 216, 10.1038/npp.2016.143
Ferrari, 2004, Dopaminergic D1-like receptor-dependent inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA expression and catecholamine production in human lymphocytes, Biochemical Pharmacology, 67, 865, 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.10.004
Fiala, 1998, Cocaine enhances monocyte migration across the blood-brain barrier. Cocaine's connection to aids dementia and vasculitis?, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 437, 199, 10.1007/978-1-4615-5347-2_22
Foster, 2016, Gut microbiome and behavior: Focus on neuroimmune interactions, 49
Fox, 2012, Immune system inflammation in cocaine dependent individuals: Implications for medications development, Human Psychopharmacology, 27, 156, 10.1002/hup.1251
Franchi, 2009, Function of nod-like receptors in microbial recognition and host defense, Immunological Reviews, 227, 106, 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00734.x
Fu, 2007, Regulation of proinflammatory cytokines gene expression by nociceptin/orphanin FQ in the spinal cord and the cultured astrocytes, Neuroscience, 144, 275, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.09.016
Fukagawa, 2013, Microglial activation involved in morphine tolerance is not mediated by toll-like receptor 4, Journal of Anesthesia, 27, 93, 10.1007/s00540-012-1469-4
Furusawa, 2013, Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells, Nature, 504, 446, 10.1038/nature12721
Gadient, 1997, Interleukin-6 (IL-6)—A molecule with both beneficial and destructive potentials, Progress in Neurobiology, 52, 379, 10.1016/S0301-0082(97)00021-X
Ganguly, 2019, Effects of early life stress on cocaine conditioning and AMPA receptor composition are sex-specific and driven by TNF, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 78, 41, 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.01.006
García-Pérez, 2014, Glial activation and midkine and pleiotrophin transcription in the ventral tegmental area are modulated by morphine administration, Journal of Neuroimmunology, 274, 244, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.07.017
Geyer, 2019, Immunity against bacterial infection of the central nervous system: An astrocyte perspective, Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, 12, 57, 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00057
Glassner, 2020, The microbiome and inflammatory bowel disease, The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 145, 16, 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.11.003
Goins, 2018, Astrocytic hypertrophy in the rat ventral tegmental area following chronic morphine differs with age, Journal of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Research, 3, 14, 10.35841/neurology-neurorehabilitation.3.1.14-21
Gonçalves, 2008, Methamphetamine-induced early increase of IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression in the mouse brain, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1139, 103, 10.1196/annals.1432.043
Govitrapong, 1998, Alterations of immune functions in heroin addicts and heroin withdrawal subjects, The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 286, 883
Graham, 2007, Dynamic BDNF activity in nucleus accumbens with cocaine use increases self-administration and relapse, Nature Neuroscience, 10, 1029, 10.1038/nn1929
Gupta, 2018, Intravenous cocaine results in an acute decrease in levels of biomarkers of vascular inflammation in humans, Cardiovascular Toxicology, 18, 295, 10.1007/s12012-017-9440-0
Gurwell, 1996, κ-Opioid receptor expression defines a phenotypically distinct subpopulation of astroglia: Relationship to Ca2+ mobilization, development, and the antiproliferative effect of opioids, Brain Research, 737, 175, 10.1016/0006-8993(96)00728-7
Haghikia, 2015, Dietary fatty acids directly impact central nervous system autoimmunity via the small intestine, Immunity, 43, 817, 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.09.007
Halpern, 2003, Diminished interleukin-6 response to proinflammatory challenge in men and women after intravenous cocaine administration, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 88, 1188, 10.1210/jc.2002-020804
Hanisch, 2007, Microglia: Active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain, Nature Neuroscience, 10, 1387, 10.1038/nn1997
Hansen, 2012, Patterns of early gut colonization shape future immune responses of the host, PLoS One, 7, e34043, 10.1371/journal.pone.0034043
Happel, 2008, DAMGO-induced expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors: The role of TGF- 1, Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 83, 956, 10.1189/jlb.1007685
Heijtz, 2011, Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 3047, 10.1073/pnas.1010529108
Heinisch, 2010, SDF-1α/CXCL12 enhances GABA and glutamate synaptic activity at serotonin neurons in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus, Neuropharmacology, 58, 501, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.08.022
Hepworth, 2015, Group 3 innate lymphoid cells mediate intestinal selection of commensal bacteria-specific CD4+ T cells, Science, 348, 1031, 10.1126/science.aaa4812
Hodes, 2015, Neuroimmune mechanisms of depression, Nature Neuroscience, 18, 1386, 10.1038/nn.4113
Hofford, 2020
Hofford, 2018, Neuroimmune mechanisms of psychostimulant and opioid use disorders, The European Journal of Neuroscience, 50, 2562, 10.1111/ejn.14143
Huh, 2020, Neuroimmune circuits in inter-organ communication, Nature Reviews. Immunology, 20, 217, 10.1038/s41577-019-0247-z
Hutchinson, 2007, Opioid-induced glial activation: Mechanisms of activation and implications for opioid analgesia, dependence, and reward, The Scientific World Journal, 7, 98, 10.1100/tsw.2007.230
Hutchinson, 2008, Proinflammatory cytokines oppose opioid-induced acute and chronic analgesia, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 22, 1178, 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.05.004
Hutchinson, 2009, Reduction of opioid withdrawal and potentiation of acute opioid analgesia by systemic AV411 (ibudilast), Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 23, 240, 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.09.012
Hutchinson, 2010, Possible involvement of toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor-2 activity of opioid inactive isomers causes spinal proinflammation and related behavioral consequences, Neuroscience, 167, 880, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.011
Hutchinson, 2008, Minocycline suppresses morphine-induced respiratory depression, suppresses morphine-induced reward, and enhances systemic morphine-induced analgesia, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 22, 1248, 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.07.008
Hutchinson, 2012, Opioid activation of toll-like receptor 4 contributes to drug reinforcement, The Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 11187, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0684-12.2012
Hutchinson, 2010, Evidence that opioids may have toll-like receptor 4 and MD-2 effects, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 24, 83, 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.08.004
Irwin, 2007, Cocaine dependence and acute cocaine induce decreases of monocyte proinflammatory cytokine expression across the diurnal period: Autonomic mechanisms, The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 320, 507, 10.1124/jpet.106.112797
Ivanov, 2009, Induction of intestinal Th17 cells by segmented filamentous bacteria, Cell, 139, 485, 10.1016/j.cell.2009.09.033
Jang, 2018, Evidence for interplay among antibacterial-induced gut microbiota disturbance, neuro-inflammation, and anxiety in mice, Mucosal Immunology, 11, 1386, 10.1038/s41385-018-0042-3
Jašarević, 2016, Sex differences in the gut microbiome—Brain axis across the lifespan, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 371, 20150122, 10.1098/rstb.2015.0122
Jiao, 2020, Crosstalk between gut microbiota and innate immunity and its implication in autoimmune diseases, Frontiers in Immunology, 11, 282, 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00282
Joseph, 2017, Modified mediterranean diet for enrichment of short chain fatty acids: Potential adjunctive therapeutic to target immune and metabolic dysfunction in schizophrenia?, Frontiers in Neuroscience, 11, 155, 10.3389/fnins.2017.00155
Kalivas, 2007, Cocaine and amphetamine-like psychostimulants: Neuro circuitry and glutamate neuroplasticity, Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 9, 389, 10.31887/DCNS.2007.9.4/pkalivas
Kang, 2017, The effect of gut microbiome on tolerance to morphine mediated antinociception in mice, Scientific Reports, 7, 42658, 10.1038/srep42658
Kao, 2012, Absence of μ opioid receptor mRNA expression in astrocytes and microglia of rat spinal cord, Neuroreport, 23, 378, 10.1097/WNR.0b013e3283522e1b
Kariisa, 2019, Drug overdose deaths involving cocaine and psychostimulants with abuse potential—United States, 2003–2017, MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 68, 388, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6817a3
Karlsson, 2017, Proinflammatory signaling regulates voluntary alcohol intake and stress-induced consumption after exposure to social defeat stress in mice, Addiction Biology, 22, 1279, 10.1111/adb.12416
Kashima, 2017, Toll-like receptor 4 deficiency alters nucleus accumbens synaptic physiology and drug reward behavior, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114, 8865, 10.1073/pnas.1705974114
Kawai, 2010, The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: Update on toll-like receptors, Nature Immunology, 11, 373, 10.1038/ni.1863
Kelly, 2015, Breaking down the barriers: The gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders, Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 9, 392, 10.3389/fncel.2015.00392
Kettenmann, 2013, Microglia: New roles for the synaptic stripper, Neuron, 77, 10, 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.12.023
Khandaker, 2015, Inflammation and immunity in schizophrenia: Implications for pathophysiology and treatment, The Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 258, 10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00122-9
Kiraly, 2017, Altered peripheral immune profiles in treatment-resistant depression: Response to ketamine and prediction of treatment outcome, Translational Psychiatry, 7, e1065, 10.1038/tp.2017.31
Kiraly, 2016, Alterations of the host microbiome affect behavioral responses to cocaine, Scientific Reports, 6, 35455, 10.1038/srep35455
Kirillova, 2008, Dopamine receptors in human lymphocytes: Radioligand binding and quantitative RT-PCR assays, Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 174, 272, 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.07.018
Koh, 2016, From dietary fiber to host physiology: Short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites, Cell, 165, 1332, 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.041
Koob, 2010, Neurocircuitry of addiction, Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 217, 10.1038/npp.2009.110
Koob, 2016, Neurobiology of addiction: A neurocircuitry analysis, The Lancet Psychiatry, 3, 760, 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00104-8
Kosloski, 2013, GM-CSF induces neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory responses in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine intoxicated mice, Journal of Neuroimmunology, 265, 1, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.10.009
Kucukdereli, 2011, Control of excitatory CNS synaptogenesis by astrocyte-secreted proteins hevin and SPARC, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, E440
Kuehn, 2012, WHO documents worldwide need for better drug abuse treatment—And access to it, JAMA, 308, 442, 10.1001/jama.2012.8882
Kutlu, 2018, Granulocyte colony stimulating factor enhances reward learning through potentiation of mesolimbic dopamine system function, The Journal of Neuroscience, 38, 8845, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1116-18.2018
Lacagnina, 2017, Opioid self-administration is attenuated by early-life experience and gene therapy for anti-inflammatory IL-10 in the nucleus accumbens of male rats, Neuropsychopharmacology, 42, 2128, 10.1038/npp.2017.82
Lacagnina, 2017, Glial and neuroimmune mechanisms as critical modulators of drug use and abuse, Neuropsychopharmacology, 42, 156, 10.1038/npp.2016.121
Laflamme, 2001, Toll-like receptor 4: The missing link of the cerebral innate immune response triggered by circulating gram-negative bacterial cell wall components, The FASEB Journal, 15, 155, 10.1096/fj.00-0339com
Lang, 2009, Interferon-alpha reinstates morphine-conditioned place preference through opioid receptors in rats, Behavioural Pharmacology, 20, 166, 10.1097/FBP.0b013e32832a805e
Leclercq, 2017, Low-dose penicillin in early life induces long-term changes in murine gut microbiota, brain cytokines and behavior, Nature Communications, 8, 1, 10.1038/ncomms15062
Lee, 2011, Proinflammatory T-cell responses to gut microbiota promote experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 4615, 10.1073/pnas.1000082107
Lee, 2018, The gut microbiota mediates reward and sensory responses associated with regimen-selective morphine dependence, Neuropsychopharmacology, 43, 2606, 10.1038/s41386-018-0211-9
Lehmann, 2020, Microbiota-induced tissue signals regulate ILC3-mediated antigen presentation, Nature Communications, 11, 1794, 10.1038/s41467-020-15612-2
Levandowski, 2016, Plasma interleukin-6 and executive function in crack cocaine-dependent women, Neuroscience Letters, 628, 85, 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.06.023
Levite, 2016, Dopamine and T cells: Dopamine receptors and potent effects on T cells, dopamine production in T cells, and abnormalities in the dopaminergic system in T cells in autoimmune, neurological and psychiatric diseases, Acta Physiologica, 216, 42, 10.1111/apha.12476
Lewitus, 2016, Microglial TNF-α suppresses cocaine-induced plasticity and behavioral sensitization, Neuron, 90, 483, 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.03.030
Lewitus, 2014, An adaptive role of TNFα in the regulation of striatal synapses, The Journal of Neuroscience, 34, 6146, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3481-13.2014
Liao, 2016, Cocaine-mediated induction of microglial activation involves the ER stress-TLR2 axis, Journal of Neuroinflammation, 13, 33, 10.1186/s12974-016-0501-2
Lim, 2014, A leptin-mediated central mechanism in analgesia-enhanced opioid reward in rats, The Journal of Neuroscience, 34, 9779, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0386-14.2014
Linker, 2019, Glial mechanisms underlying substance use disorders, The European Journal of Neuroscience, 50, 2574, 10.1111/ejn.14163
Little, 2009, Decreased brain dopamine cell numbers in human cocaine users, Psychiatry Research, 168, 173, 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.10.034
Liu, 2018, Decreased resting-state interhemispheric functional connectivity correlated with neurocognitive deficits in drug-naive first-episode adolescent-onset schizophrenia, The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 21, 33, 10.1093/ijnp/pyx095
Lo Iacono, 2018, From traumatic childhood to cocaine abuse: The critical function of the immune system, Biological Psychiatry, 84, 905, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.05.022
Louis, 2017, Formation of propionate and butyrate by the human colonic microbiota, Environmental Microbiology, 19, 29, 10.1111/1462-2920.13589
Louveau, 2015, Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels, Nature, 523, 337, 10.1038/nature14432
Lu, 2018, Microbiota influence the development of the brain and behaviors in C57BL/6J mice, PLoS One, 13, e0201829, 10.1371/journal.pone.0201829
Lu, 2019, Correlation between interleukin-6 levels and methadone maintenance therapy outcomes, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 204, 107516, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.06.018
Lüscher, 2011, Drug-evoked synaptic plasticity in addiction: From molecular changes to circuit remodeling, Neuron, 69, 650, 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.01.017
Machelska, 2020, Opioid receptors in immune and glial cells—Implications for pain control, Frontiers in Immunology, 11, 1, 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00300
Maduna, 2019, Microglia express mu opioid receptor: Insights from transcriptomics and fluorescent reporter mice, Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 726, 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00726
Maher, 2019, Suppression of human natural killer cells by different classes of opioids, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 128, 1013, 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004058
Makman, 1995, Human granulocytes contain an opiate alkaloid-selective receptor mediating inhibition of cytokine-induced activation and chemotaxis, Journal of Immunology, 154, 1323, 10.4049/jimmunol.154.3.1323
Marie-Claire, 2004, Cytoskeletal genes regulation by chronic morphine treatment in rat striatum, Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, 2208, 10.1038/sj.npp.1300513
Matt, 2019, Where is dopamine and how do immune cells see it?: Dopamine-mediated immune cell function in health and disease, Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 15, 114, 10.1007/s11481-019-09851-4
Matthes, 1996, Loss of morphine-induced analgesia, reward effect and withdrawal symptoms in mice lacking the μ-opioid-receptor gene, Nature, 383, 822, 10.1038/383819a0
Mattioli, 2014, Toll-like receptor 4 mutant and null mice retain morphine-induced tolerance, hyperalgesia, and physical dependence, PLoS One, 9, 10.1371/journal.pone.0097361
Mayfield, 2013, Neuroimmune signaling: A key component of alcohol abuse, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 23, 513, 10.1016/j.conb.2013.01.024
Maza-Quiroga, 2017, Evaluation of plasma cytokines in patients with cocaine use disorders in abstinence identifies transforming growth factor alpha (tgfα) as a potential biomarker of consumption and dual diagnosis, PeerJ, 5, 10.7717/peerj.3926
Meckel, 2019, A potential role for the gut microbiome in substance use disorders, Psychopharmacology, 236, 1513, 10.1007/s00213-019-05232-0
Meijerink, 2015, Heroin use is associated with suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine response after LPS exposure in HIV-infected individuals, PLoS One, 10, 10.1371/journal.pone.0122822
Meltzer, 2017, The role of the immune system in autism spectrum disorder, Neuropsychopharmacology, 42, 284, 10.1038/npp.2016.158
Menard, 2017, Social stress induces neurovascular pathology promoting depression, Nature Neuroscience, 20, 1752, 10.1038/s41593-017-0010-3
Meng, 2015, Opioid exacerbation of gram-positive sepsis, induced by gut microbial modulation, is rescued by IL-17A neutralization, Scientific Reports, 5, 10918, 10.1038/srep10918
Meng, 2013, Morphine induces bacterial translocation in mice by compromising intestinal barrier function in a TLR-dependent manner, PLoS One, 8, e54040, 10.1371/journal.pone.0054040
Mervosh, 2018, Granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor alters the proteomic landscape of the ventral tegmental area, Proteomes, 6, 35, 10.3390/proteomes6040035
Meyer, 2017, Novel role of the nociceptin system as a regulator of glutamate transporter expression in developing astrocytes, Glia, 65, 2003, 10.1002/glia.23210
Mika, 2014, Delta-opioid receptor analgesia is independent of microglial activation in a rat model of neuropathic pain, PLoS One, 9, 10.1371/journal.pone.0104420
Millan, 2002, Descending control of pain, Progress in Neurobiology, 66, 355, 10.1016/S0301-0082(02)00009-6
Miller, 2017, Towards an immunophenotype of schizophrenia: Progress, potential mechanisms, and future directions, Neuropsychopharmacology, 42, 299, 10.1038/npp.2016.211
Minter, 2017, Antibiotic-induced perturbations in microbial diversity during post-natal development alters amyloid pathology in an aged APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 murine model of Alzheimer's disease, Scientific Reports, 7, 1, 10.1038/s41598-017-11047-w
Minter, 2016, Antibiotic-induced perturbations in gut microbial diversity influences neuro-inflammation and amyloidosis in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease, Scientific Reports, 6, 1, 10.1038/srep30028
Mora, 2006, Generation of gut-homing IgA-secreting B cells by intestinal dendritic cells, Science, 314, 1157, 10.1126/science.1132742
Moreira, 2016, Cocaine abuse and effects in the serum levels of cytokines IL-6 and IL-10, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 158, 181, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.024
Mori, 2014, Interleukin-1β promotes long-term potentiation in patients with multiple sclerosis, Neuromolecular Medicine, 16, 38, 10.1007/s12017-013-8249-7
Morrison, 2016, Formation of short chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota and their impact on human metabolism, Gut Microbes, 7, 189, 10.1080/19490976.2015.1134082
Mortha, 2014, Microbiota-dependent crosstalk between macrophages and ILC3 promotes intestinal homeostasis, Science, 343, 10.1126/science.1249288
Moussawi, 2009, N-Acetylcysteine reverses cocaine-induced metaplasticity, Nature Neuroscience, 12, 182, 10.1038/nn.2250
Nakajima, 2007, Neuronal regulation by which microglia enhance the production of neurotrophic factors for GABAergic, catecholaminergic, and cholinergic neurons, Neurochemistry International, 50, 807, 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.02.006
Nam, 2018, Expression of μ-opioid receptor in CA1 hippocampal astrocytes, Experimental Neurobiology, 27, 120, 10.5607/en.2018.27.2.120
Narendran, 2014, Cocaine abuse in humans is not associated with increased microglial activation: An 18-kDa translocator protein positron emission tomography imaging study with [11C]PBR28, The Journal of Neuroscience, 34, 9945, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0928-14.2014
Narita, 2006, Direct evidence of astrocytic modulation in the development of rewarding effects induced by drugs of abuse, Neuropsychopharmacology, 31, 2476, 10.1038/sj.npp.1301007
Nestler, 2019, The molecular basis of drug addiction: Linking epigenetic to synaptic and circuit mechanisms, Neuron, 102, 48, 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.016
Neufeld, 2011, Effects of intestinal microbiota on anxiety-like behavior, Communicative & Integrative Biology, 4, 492, 10.4161/cib.15702
Neufeld, 2011, Reduced anxiety-like behavior and central neurochemical change in germ-free mice, Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 23, 255, 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01620.x
NIDA, 2020
NIDA, 2020
Ning, 2017, Gut microbiota analysis in rats with methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference, Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 1620, 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01620
Northcutt, 2015, DAT isn't all that: Cocaine reward and reinforcement require toll-like receptor 4 signaling, Molecular Psychiatry, 20, 1525, 10.1038/mp.2014.177
Okun, 2009, Toll-like receptors in neurodegeneration, Brain Research Reviews, 59, 278, 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.09.001
Olson, 2004, Microglia initiate central nervous system innate and adaptive immune responses through multiple TLRs, Journal of Immunology, 173, 3916, 10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3916
Osokine, 2017, Inflammation and autism: From maternal gut to fetal brain, Trends in Molecular Medicine, 23, 1070, 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.10.008
Ossipov, 2004, Antinociceptive and nociceptive actions of opioids, Journal of Neurobiology, 61, 126, 10.1002/neu.20091
Pacifici, 2000, Pharmacokinetics and cytokine production in heroin and morphine-treated mice, International Journal of Immunopharmacology, 22, 603, 10.1016/S0192-0561(00)00023-0
Palle, 2017, Cytokine signaling in multiple sclerosis and its therapeutic applications, Medical Science, 5, 23
Paolicelli, 2011, Synaptic pruning by microglia is necessary for normal brain development, Science, 333, 1456, 10.1126/science.1202529
Pascual, 2011, Impact of TLR4 on behavioral and cognitive dysfunctions associated with alcohol-induced neuroinflammatory damage, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 25, S80, 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.02.012
Pedraz, 2015, Sex differences in psychiatric comorbidity and plasma biomarkers for cocaine addiction in abstinent cocaine-addicted subjects in outpatient settings, Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6, 17, 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00017
Peirce, 2019, The role of inflammation and the gut microbiome in depression and anxiety, Journal of Neuroscience Research, 97, 1223, 10.1002/jnr.24476
Peterson, 2020, Sex-dependent associations between addiction-related behaviors and the microbiome in outbred rats, eBioMedicine, 55, 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102769
Pfrieger, 1997, Synaptic efficacy enhanced by glial cells in vitro, Science, 277, 1684, 10.1126/science.277.5332.1684
Piccinini, 2010, DAMPening inflammation by modulating TLR signalling, Mediators of Inflammation, 2010, 672395, 10.1155/2010/672395
Piepenbrink, 2016, Humoral dysregulation associated with increased systemic inflammation among injection heroin users, PLoS One, 11, e0158641, 10.1371/journal.pone.0158641
Pimentel, 2020, Effects of drugs of abuse on the blood-brain barrier: A brief overview, Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 513, 10.3389/fnins.2020.00513
Plein, 2018, Opioids and the immune system—Friend or foe, British Journal of Pharmacology, 175, 2717, 10.1111/bph.13750
Pribiag, 2013, Tnf-α downregulates inhibitory neurotransmission through protein phosphatase 1-dependent trafficking of GABAA receptors, The Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 15879, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0530-13.2013
Pribiag, 2014, Neuroimmune regulation of homeostatic synaptic plasticity, Neuropharmacology, 78, 13, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.008
Prinz, 2014, Microglia and brain macrophages in the molecular age: From origin to neuropsychiatric disease, Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 15, 300, 10.1038/nrn3722
Przewlocki, 2004, Opioid abuse and brain gene expression, European Journal of Pharmacology, 500, 331, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.036
Raghavendra, 2004, Attenuation of morphine tolerance, withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia, and associated spinal inflammatory immune responses by propentofylline in rats, Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, 327, 10.1038/sj.npp.1300315
Rankin, 2018, Beyond host defense: Emerging functions of the immune system in regulating complex tissue physiology, Cell, 173, 554, 10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.013
Risdahl, 1998, Opiates and infection, Journal of Neuroimmunology, 83, 4, 10.1016/S0165-5728(97)00216-6
Rivera, 2019, Removal of microglial-specific MyD88 signaling alters dentate gyrus doublecortin and enhances opioid addiction-like behaviors, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 76, 104, 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.11.010
Rivest, 2009, Regulation of innate immune responses in the brain, Nature Reviews. Immunology, 9, 429, 10.1038/nri2565
Rock, 2006, Morphine stimulates CCL2 production by human neurons, Journal of Neuroinflammation, 3, 32, 10.1186/1742-2094-3-32
Rogier, 2015, Toll-like receptor mediated modulation of T cell response by commensal intestinal microbiota as a trigger for autoimmune arthritis, Journal of Immunology Research, 2015, 527696, 10.1155/2015/527696
Rumble, 2015, Neutrophil-related factors as biomarkers in EAE and MS, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 212, 23, 10.1084/jem.20141015
Russo, 2013, The brain reward circuitry in mood disorders, Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 14, 609, 10.1038/nrn3381
Salter, 2017, Microglia emerge as central players in brain disease, Nature Medicine, 23, 1018, 10.1038/nm.4397
Sandhu, 2017, Feeding the microbiota-gut-brain axis: Diet, microbiome, and neuropsychiatry, Translational Research, 179, 223, 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.10.002
Sarkar, 2010, The immunoregulatory role of dopamine: An update, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 24, 525, 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.10.015
Sauma, 2020, Gut-brain communication in demyelinating disorders, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 62, 92, 10.1016/j.conb.2020.01.005
Savignac, 2013, Prebiotic feeding elevates central brain derived neurotrophic factor, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunits and d-serine, Neurochemistry International, 63, 756, 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.10.006
Schafer, 2012, Microglia sculpt postnatal neural circuits in an activity and complement-dependent manner, Neuron, 74, 691, 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.026
Schafer, 2013, Phagocytic glial cells: Sculpting synaptic circuits in the developing nervous system, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 23, 1034, 10.1016/j.conb.2013.09.012
Schwarz, 2011, Early-life experience decreases drug-induced reinstatement of morphine CPP in adulthood via microglial-specific epigenetic programming of anti-inflammatory IL-10 expression, The Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 17835, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3297-11.2011
Schwarz, 2013, FACS analysis of neuronal-glial interactions in the nucleus accumbens following morphine administration, Psychopharmacology, 230, 525, 10.1007/s00213-013-3180-z
Scofield, 2014, Astrocytic dysfunction and addiction: Consequences of impaired glutamate homeostasis, The Neuroscientist, 20, 610, 10.1177/1073858413520347
Scorza, 2019, Alterations in the gut microbiota of rats chronically exposed to volatilized cocaine and its active adulterants caffeine and phenacetin, Neurotoxicity Research, 35, 111, 10.1007/s12640-018-9936-9
Scriven, 2018, Neuropsychiatric disorders: Influence of gut microbe to brain signalling, Diseases (Basel, Switzerland), 6, 78
Sekine, 2008, Methamphetamine causes microglial activation in the brains of human abusers, The Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 5756, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1179-08.2008
Shorter, 2015, Emerging drugs for the treatment of cocaine use disorder: A review of neurobiological targets and pharmacotherapy, Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 20, 15, 10.1517/14728214.2015.985203
Shrivastava, 2017, Mu-opioid receptor and delta-opioid receptor differentially regulate microglial inflammatory response to control proopiomelanocortin neuronal apoptosis in the hypothalamus: Effects of neonatal alcohol, Journal of Neuroinflammation, 14, 83, 10.1186/s12974-017-0844-3
Sil, 2019, Cocaine mediated neuroinflammation: Role of dysregulated autophagy in pericytes, Molecular Neurobiology, 56, 3576, 10.1007/s12035-018-1325-0
Silva, 2020, The role of short-chain fatty acids from gut microbiota in gut-brain communication, Frontiers in Endocrinology, 11, 25, 10.3389/fendo.2020.00025
Sindberg, 2019, Morphine potentiates dysbiotic microbial and metabolic shifts in acute SIV infection, Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 14, 200, 10.1007/s11481-018-9805-6
Smith, 2013, The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic T reg cell homeostasis, Science, 341, 569, 10.1126/science.1241165
Snider, 2013, Glial cell modulators attenuate methamphetamine self-administration in therat, European Journal of Pharmacology, 701, 124, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.016
Song, 2020, Microbial bile acid metabolites modulate gut RORγ+ regulatory T cell homeostasis, Nature, 577, 410, 10.1038/s41586-019-1865-0
Song, 2001, The involvement of glial cells in the development of morphine tolerance, Neuroscience Research, 39, 281, 10.1016/S0168-0102(00)00226-1
Sorini, 2018, Commensal bacteria-specific CD4 + T cell responses in health and disease, Frontiers in Immunology, 9, 2667, 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02667
Spichak, 2019, Gut-neuroimmune interactions: The unexpected role of the immune system in brain development, Biochemistry (London), 41, 36, 10.1042/BIO04101036
Spits, 2013, Innate lymphoid cells-a proposal for uniform nomenclature, Nature Reviews. Immunology, 13, 145, 10.1038/nri3365
Stellwagen, 2006, Synaptic scaling mediated by glial TNF-α, Nature, 440, 1054, 10.1038/nature04671
Stilling, 2016, The neuropharmacology of butyrate: The bread and butter of the microbiota-gut-brain axis?, Neurochemistry International, 99, 110, 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.06.011
Sun, 2016, Antidepressant-like effects of sodium butyrate and its possible mechanisms of action in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress, Neuroscience Letters, 618, 159, 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.03.003
Tadin Hadjina, 2019, Impaired neurocognitive and psychomotor performance in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, Scientific Reports, 9, 1, 10.1038/s41598-019-50192-2
Tanda, 2016, Lack of specific involvement of (+)-Naloxone and (+)-Naltrexone on the reinforcing and neurochemical effects of cocaine and opioids, Neuropsychopharmacology, 41, 2772, 10.1038/npp.2016.91
Tang, 2007, Pivotal role for neuronal toll-like receptors in ischemic brain injury and functional deficits, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 13798, 10.1073/pnas.0702553104
Tartey, 2017, Pathogen recognition and toll-like receptor targeted therapeutics in innate immune cells, International Reviews of Immunology, 36, 57, 10.1080/08830185.2016.1261318
Taylor, 2015, Microglia disrupt mesolimbic reward circuitry in chronic pain, The Journal of Neuroscience, 35, 8442, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4036-14.2015
Thanos, 2016, Chronic methamphetamine effects on brain structure and function in rats, PLoS One, 11, 10.1371/journal.pone.0155457
Theberge, 2013, Effect of chronic delivery of the toll-like receptor 4 antagonist (+)-naltrexone on incubation of heroin craving, Biological Psychiatry, 73, 729, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.12.019
Thomas, 2004, Methamphetamine neurotoxicity in dopamine nerve endings of the striatum is associated with microglial activation, The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 311, 1, 10.1124/jpet.104.070961
Tilleux, 2007, Neuroinflammation and regulation of glial glutamate uptake in neurological disorders, Journal of Neuroscience Research, 85, 2059, 10.1002/jnr.21325
Tyagi, 2016, The effects of cocaine on HIV transcription, Journal of Neurovirology, 22, 261, 10.1007/s13365-015-0398-z
Ullian, 2001, Control of synapse number by glia, Science, 291, 657, 10.1126/science.291.5504.657
Underwood, 2020, Altered monocyte phenotype and dysregulated innate cytokine responses among people living with HIV and opioid-use disorder, AIDS, 34, 177, 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002416
Valentinova, 2019, Morphine withdrawal recruits lateral habenula cytokine signaling to reduce synaptic excitation and sociability, Nature Neuroscience, 22, 1053, 10.1038/s41593-019-0421-4
van de Wouw, 2018, Short-chain fatty acids: Microbial metabolites that alleviate stress-induced brain–gut axis alterations, The Journal of Physiology, 596, 4923, 10.1113/JP276431
Veiga-Fernandes, 2018, Neuronal-immune system cross-talk in homeostasis, Science, 359, 1465, 10.1126/science.aap9598
Veldhoen, 2006, TGFβ in the context of an inflammatory cytokine milieu supports de novo differentiation of IL-17-producing T cells, Immunity, 24, 179, 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.01.001
Verdam, 2013, Human intestinal microbiota composition is associated with local and systemic inflammation in obesity, Obesity (Silver Spring), 21, E607, 10.1002/oby.20466
Vighi, 2008, Allergy and the gastrointestinal system, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 153, 3, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03713.x
Vincent, 2016, Bloom and bust: Intestinal microbiota dynamics in response to hospital exposures and Clostridium difficile colonization or infection, Microbiome, 4, 12, 10.1186/s40168-016-0156-3
Volpe, 2014, Associations of cocaine use and HIV infection with the intestinal microbiota, microbial translocation, and inflammation, Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 75, 347, 10.15288/jsad.2014.75.347
Wang, 1994, In vivo and in vitro cocaine modulation on production of cytokines in C57BL/6 mice, Life Sciences, 54, 401, 10.1016/0024-3205(94)00698-9
Wang, 2018, Correlation of cytokines, BDNF levels, and memory function in patients with opioid use disorder undergoing methadone maintenance treatment, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 191, 6, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.024
Wang, 2018, Gut microbiota and relevant metabolites analysis in alcohol dependent mice, Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 1874, 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01874
Wang, 2012, Morphine activates neuroinflammation in a manner parallel to endotoxin, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, 6325, 10.1073/pnas.1200130109
Wang, 2018, Morphine induces changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome in a morphine dependence model, Scientific Reports, 8, 3596, 10.1038/s41598-018-21915-8
Wang, 2019, Methamphetamine activates toll-like receptor 4 to induce central immune signaling within the ventral tegmental area and contributes to extracellular dopamine increase in the nucleus accumbens shell, ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 10, 3622, 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00225
Warrington, 2011, An introduction to immunology and immunopathology, Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology, 7, S1, 10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S1
Webber, 1999, A prospective study of HIV disease progression in female and male drug users, AIDS, 13, 257, 10.1097/00002030-199902040-00014
Weber, 2017, Repeated social defeat, neuroinflammation, and behavior: Monocytes carry the signal, Neuropsychopharmacology, 42, 46, 10.1038/npp.2016.102
WHO|Facts and figures. (n.d.). Retrieved October 2, 2020, from https://www.who.int/substance:abuse/facts/en/
Williams, 2006, Effects of microflora on the neonatal development of gut mucosal T cells and myeloid cells in the mouse, Immunology, 119, 470, 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02458.x
Woo, 2018, Activation of astrocytic μ-opioid receptor elicits fast glutamate release through TREK-1-containing K2P channel in hippocampal astrocytes, Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 12, 319, 10.3389/fncel.2018.00319
Woodcock, 2019, Imaging biomarkers of the neuroimmune system among substance use disorders: A systematic review, Molecular Neuropsychiatry, 5, 125
Xu, 2017, Bacterial diversity of intestinal microbiota in patients with substance use disorders revealed by 16S rRNA gene deep sequencing, Scientific Reports, 7, 3628, 10.1038/s41598-017-03706-9
Yeager, 1995, Morphine inhibits spontaneous and cytokine-enhanced natural killer cell cytotoxicity in volunteers, Anesthesiology, 83, 500, 10.1097/00000542-199509000-00008
Zaparte, 2019, Cocaine use disorder is associated with changes in Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines and lymphocytes subsets, Frontiers in Immunology, 10, 2435, 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02435
Zhang, 2012, Activation of p38 signaling in the microglia in the nucleus accumbens contributes to the acquisition and maintenance of morphine-induced conditioned place preference, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 26, 318, 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.09.017
Zhang, 2020, Glial neuroimmune signaling in opioid reward, Brain Research Bulletin, 155, 102, 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.11.012
Zhang, 2017, Alterations of expression of inflammation/immune-related genes in the dorsal and ventral striatum of adult C57BL/6J mice following chronic oxycodone self-administration: A RNA sequencing study, Psychopharmacology, 234, 2259, 10.1007/s00213-017-4657-y
Zhang, 2014, Inflammatory response of macrophages in infection, Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International, 13, 138, 10.1016/S1499-3872(14)60024-2
Zhernakova, 2016, Population-based metagenomics analysis reveals markers for gut microbiome composition and diversity, Science, 352, 565, 10.1126/science.aad3369
Zhu, 2017, Heroin use is associated with lower levels of restriction factors and type I interferon expression and facilitates HIV-1 replication, Microbes and Infection, 19, 288, 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.01.002
Zigmond, 2013, Intestinal macrophages: Well educated exceptions from the rule, Trends in Immunology, 34, 162, 10.1016/j.it.2013.02.001