The role of ENSO in global ocean temperature changes during 1955–2011 simulated with a 1D climate model

Dessler, A. E., 2011: Cloud variations and the Earth’s energy budget. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L19701, doi:10.1029/2011GL049236.

Forster, P. M., and J. M. Gregory, 2006: The climate sensitivity and its components diagnosed from Earth Radiation Budget data. J. Climate, 19, 39–52.

____, and K. E. Taylor, 2006: Climate forcings and climate sensitivities diagnosed from coupled climate model integrations. J. Climate, 19, 6181–6194.

Gupta, Alexander Sen, Les C. Muir, Jaclyn N. Brown, Steven J. Phipps, Paul J. Durack, Didier Monselesan, and Susan E. Wijffels, 2012: Climate drift in the CMIP3 models. J. Climate, 25, 4621–4640.

Harvey, L. D., and Z. Huang, 2001: A quasi-one-dimensional coupled climate-change cycle model 1. Description and behavior of the climate component. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 22,339–22,353, doi:10.1029/2000-JC000364.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by S. Solomon et al., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 996 pp.

Jin, F.-F., S. I. An, A. Timmermann, and J. Zhao, 2003: Strong El Nino events and nonlinear dynamical heating. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(3), 1120, doi:10:1029/2002GL016356.

Levitus, S., J. I. Antonov, T. P. Boyer, R. A. Locarnini, H. E. Garcia, and A. V. Mishonov, 2009: Global ocean heat content 1955–2008 in light of recently revealed instrumentation Problems. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L07608, doi:10.1029/2008GL037155.

____, and Coauthors, 2012: World ocean heat content and thermosteric sea level change (0-2000 m), 1955–2010. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L10603, doi:10.1029/2012GL051106.

Lindzen, R. S., 2002: Do deep ocean temperature records verify models? Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 10.1029/2001GL014360.

____, and Y.-S. Choi, 2011: On the observational determination of climate sensitivity and its implications. Asia-Pacific J. Atmos. Sci., 47(4), 377–390, doi:10.1007/s13143-011-0023-x.

Meehl, G. A., C. Covey, T. Delworth, M. Latif, B. McAvaney, J. F. B. Mitchell, R. J. Stouffer, and K. E. Taylor, 2007: The WCRP CMIP3 multiÅ]model data set: A new era in climate change research. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 1383–1394.

Meinshausen, M., and Coauthors, 2011: The RCP Greenhouse Gas Concentrations and their Extension from 1765 to 2300. Climatic Change, doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0156-z.

Rasmussen, E. M., and T. H. Carpenter, 1982: Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Niño. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 354–384.

Rayner, N. A., P. Brohan, D. E. Parker, C. K. Folland, J. J. Kennedy, M. Vanicek, T. Ansell and S. F. B. Tett, 2006: Improved analyses of changes and uncertainties in sea surface temperature measured in situ since the mid-nineteenth century: the HadSST2 data set. J. Climate, 19, 446–469.

Solomon, A., and M. Newman, 2012: Reconciling disparate 20th century Indo-Pacific ocean temperature trends in the instrumental record. Nature Climate Change, 2, 691–699, doi:10.1038/nclimate1591.

Spencer, R. W., and W. D. Braswell, 2010: On the diagnosis of radiative feedback in the presence of unknown radiative forcing. J. Geophys. Res., 115, doi:10.1029/2009JD013371.

____, and _____, 2011: On the misdiagnosis of surface temperature feedbacks from variations in Earth’s radiant energy balance. Remote Sens., 3, 1603–1613, doi:10.3390/rs3081603.

Taylor, K. E., R. J. Stouffer, and G. A. Meehl, 2012: An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93, 485–498.

Trenberth, K., and T. J. Hoar, 1995: The 1990–1995 El Niño-Southern Oscillation event: Longest on record. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 57–60.

Tsonis, A. A., K. Swanson, and S. Kravtsov, 2007: A new dynamical mechanism for major climate shifts. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L13705, doi:10.1029/2007GL030288.

Wielicki, B. A., B. R. Barkstrom, E. F. Harrison, R. B. Lee III, G. L. Smith, and J. E. Cooper, 1996: Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES): An Earth Observing System experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 853–868.

Wolter, K., 1987: The Southern Oscillation in surface circulation and climate over the tropical Atlantic, Eastern Pacific, and Indian Oceans as captured by cluster analysis. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 26, 540–558.

____, and M. S. Timlin, 2011: El Niño/Southern Oscillation behaviour since 1871 as diagnosed in an extended multivariate ENSO index (MEI.ext). Int. J. Climatol., 31, 1074–1087, doi:10.1002/joc.2336.