The rise of the Red Mafia in China: a case study of organised crime and corruption in Chongqing

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 16 Số 1 - Trang 49-73 - 2013
Peng Wang1
1Somerset House East Wing, School of Law, King’s College London, London, UK

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Campana P (2011a) Assessing the movement of criminal groups: some analytical remarks. Global Crime 12(03):207–17

Campana P (2011b) Eavesdropping on the Mob: the functional diversification of Mafia activities across territories. Eur J Criminol 8(3):213–28

Chang E (2010) Ex-Chinese offical executed for corruption’, (updated 7 July 2010) < http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/07/07/china.execution/index.html >, accessed 23 March 2012

Chen A (2005) Secret societies and organized crime in contemporary China. Mod Asian Stud 39(01):77–107

Chen W (2007) Does the colour of the cat matter? The red hat strategy in China’s private enterprises. Manag Organ Rev 3(1):55–80

Chin K, Godson R (2006) Organized crime and the political-criminal nexus in China. Trends Organ Crime 9(3):5–44

ChinaDaily (2011) Narcotics officer, drug traffickers sentenced to death in ChongQing, (updated 1 February 2011) < http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2011-02/01/content_11952279.htm >, accessed 12 December 2011

Chu YK (2000) The triads as business. Routledge

Chung JH, Lai H, Xia M (2006) Mounting challenges to governance in China: surveying collective protestors, religious sects and criminal organizations. China J 56:1–31

Du J, Girma S (2007) Finance and firm export in China. Kyklos 60(1):37–54

Feng C (2010) Chongqing Dahei Diyi An Xuanpan, Gong Gangmo Wuqi Fan Qihang Sixing’, (updated 11 February 2010) < http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20100211/08487407572.shtml >, accessed 16 July 2011

FlorCruz J (2009) China cracks down on Chongqing’s gangsters’, (updated 21 October 2009) < http://articles.cnn.com/2009-10-21/world/china.corruption_1_chongqing-drug-trafficking-corruption?_s=PM:WORLD >, accessed 12 February

FlorCruz J (2012) The rise and fall of China’s Bo Xilai (updated 16 March 2012) < http://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/16/world/asia/florcruz-xilai-china/?hpt=wo_mid >, accessed March 19

Gambetta D (1996) The Sicilian Mafia: the business of private protection. Harvard Univesity Press

Gambetta D, Reuter P (1995) Conspiracy among the many: the mafia in legitimate industries. In: Fiorentini G, Peltzman S (eds) The economics of organized crime. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 116–36

Gong T (2002) Dangerous collusion: corruption as a collective venture in contemporary China. Communist Post-communist Stud 35:85–103

Gounev P, Bezlov T (2010) Examining the links between organised crime and corruption. Trends Organ Crime 13(4):326–59

He B (2009) Lessons from Chongqing ital to corruption fight (updated 05 November 2009) < http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2009-11/05/content_8915702.htm >, accessed 01 March 2012

He Z (2000) Corruption and anti-corruption in reform China. Communist Post-Communist Stud 33(2):243–70

Hill PBE (2003) The Japanese mafia: yakuza, law, and the state. Oxford University Press, USA

Huang H (2010) Gang protector’ faces trial today (updated 2 Feb 2010) < http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2010-02/02/content_9411041.htm >, accessed 1 March 2012

Huang S (2010) Chongqing Dahei Jieduan Zongjie Biaozhang, (updated 1 March 2010) < http://news.sohu.com/20100301/n270476991.shtml >, accessed 2 January 2012

Huang Y (2005) Why more may be actually less? Financing bias and labor-intensive FDI in China. In: Huang Y, Saich T, Steinfeld E (eds) Financial sector reforms in China. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp 131–57

Jacobs A (2009) Chinese Trial Reveals Vast Web of Corruption, (updated 3 November 2009) < http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/04/world/asia/04crimewave.html?pagewanted=1&_r=2 >, accessed 04 April 2012

Joireman SF (2011) Where there is no Government: Enforcing property rights in common law Africa. Oxford University Press

Jones CAG (1994) Capitalism, globalization and rule of law: an alternative trajectory of legal change in China. Soc Leg Stud 3(2):195–221

Lafraniere S, Burns JF, Ansfield J (2012) Death of a Briton is thrust to center of China Scandal (updated 10 April 2012) < http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/11/world/asia/detained-party-official-facing-ouster-from-politburo.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all >, accessed 11 April 2012

Leong AVM (2004) The ‘Bate-ficha’ business and triads in Macau Casinos. Qld Univ Tech Law Justice J 2(1):83–96

Li J, Chen D, Zhang C (2010) Tingshen Zhiji: Zhao Liming Duoci Zu’nao Chachu Xie Caiping, (updated 2 February 2010) < http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2010-02-02/121619612583.shtml >

Li JS (2003) Relation–based versus Rule–based Governance: an explanation of the East Asian Miracle and Asian Crisis. Rev Int Econ 11(4):651–73

Li L (2011) Performing Bribery in China: guanxi practice, corruption with a human face. J Contemp China 20(68):1–20

Lo TW (1993) Corruption and politics in Hong Kong and China. Open University Press Buckingham

Luo X, Wang M, Mo X (2010) ‘Liangdian’ Tuanhuo Bei Qisu, Tuanhuo Shexian Qi Zongzui, (updated 26 February 2010) < http://www.cqwb.com.cn/cqwb/html/2010-02/26/content_199055.htm >, accessed 12 July 2011

Ma, W, Wang H (2010) Gang boss gets life in jail, (updated 13 April 2010) < http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-04/13/content_9719309.htm >, accessed 13 December 2011

Manion M (2004) Corruption by design: building clean government in mainland China and Hong Kong. Harvard University Press

Moore M (2009) China corruption trial: inside the country’s criminal gangs, (updated 17 Oct 2009) < http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/6357031/China-corruption-trial-inside-the-countrys-criminal-gangs.html >, accessed 20 January 2012

Moore M (2009) China corruption trial exposes capital of graft, (updated 17 Oct 2009) < http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/6357024/China-corruption-trial-exposes-capital-of-graft.html >, accessed 38 March 2012

Moore M (2009) China corruption trial exposes capital of graft, (updated 17 October 2009) < http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/6357024/China-corruption-trial-exposes-capital-of-graft.html >, accessed 16 January 2012

Moore M (2011) China executes ‘Godmother’ of prostitution, (updated 09 Dec 2011) < http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8946361/China-executes-Godmother-of-prostitution.html >, accessed 20 January 2012

Morselli C (2009) Inside criminal networks. Springer, Montreal

Pei M (2008) China’s trapped transition: The limits of developmental autocracy. Harvard University Press

Pei M (2009) Corruption threatens China’s future (Policy Brief No. 55). Carnegie Endowment, Washington, DC

Punch M (2009) Police corruption: deviance, accountability and reform in policing. Willan Publishing

Punch M, Gilmour S (2010) Police corruption: apples, barrels and orchards. Crim Justice Matters 79(1):10–12

Qiu GP (2008) Cong “Baohushan” dao “heilaoda”: Jiedu zhongguo heishehui xingzhi zuzhi zhong guanyuan juese de bianqian. Issues Juv Crimes Delinquency 27(1):13–16

Ramzy A (2010) China’s dark city: behind Chongqing’s crime crackdown, (updated 15 March 2010) < http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1969642,00.html#ixzz1qLCmX2JH >, accessed 10 January.

Ramzy A (2010) China’s dark city: behing Chongqing’s crime crackdown, (updated 15 March 2010) < http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1969642,00.html >, accessed 25 February 2012

Skarbek D (2011) Governance and prison gangs. Am Polit Sci Rev 105(4):702–16

Shieh S (2005) The rise of collective corruption in China: the Xiamen smuggling case. J Contemp China 12(42):67–91

Steidlmeier P (1999) Gift giving, bribery and corruption: ethical management of business relationships in China. J Bus Ethics 20(2):121–32

Sun Y (1999) Reform, state, and corruption: is corruption less destructive in China than in Russia? Comp Polit 32(1):1–20

Sun Y (2004) Corruption and market in contemporary China. Cornell University Press

The Economist (2009) China’s other face: The red and the black (updated 1 October 2009) < http://www.economist.com/node/14539628?story_id=14539628 >, accessed 15 January 2012

Tian H (2001) A study of the crime of sheltering or pampering mafia-like gangs. J Hunan Publ Secur Coll 13(4):11–19

Tian W (2012) Chongqing Zuida Dubang Fumieji, (updated 19 February 2012) < http://zqb.cyol.com/html/2012-01/19/nw.D110000zgqnb_20120119_1-03.htm >, accessed 18 March 2012

TimeWeekly (2009) Chongqing Zuida Heibang Zuzhi Toumu Xinghui Wenqiang Hou Jianju Qi Shouhui, (updated 31 December 2009) < http://news.sina.com.cn/c/sd/2009-12-31/142819376936.shtml >, accessed 15 December 2011

Tran T (2009) Xie Caiping, Gang “Godmother,” Sentenced To 18 Years In Jail By China, (updated 09 March 2009) < http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/11/03/xie-caiping-gang-godmothe_n_343462.html >, accessed 26 March 2012

Tzvetkova M (2008) Aspects of the evolution of extra-legal protection in Bulgaria (1989–1999). Trends Organ Crime 11(4):326–51

Varese F (1994) Is Sicily the future of Russia? Private protection and the rise of the Russian Mafia. Eur J Soc 35(02):224–58

Varese F (2001) The Russian Mafia: private protection in a new market economy. Oxford University Press, USA

Varese F (2004) Varieties of protectors. In: Amin A, Thrift NJ (eds) The Blackwell cultural economy reader. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, pp 145–63

Varese F (2006) How Mafias migrate: the case of theNdrangheta in Northern Italy. Law Soc Rev 40(2):411–44

Varese F (2010) General introduction. What is organized crime? In: Varese F (ed) Organized crime. Routledge, London and New York, pp 1–33

Varese F (2011) Mafias on the move: how organized crime conquers new territories. Princeton University Press

Varese F (2012) How Mafias take advantage of globalization the Russian Mafia in Italy. Br J Criminol 52(2):235–53

Von Lampe K (2012) Definitions of Organized Crime, (updated 27 April 2012) < http://www.organized-crime.de/organizedcrimedefinitions.htm >

Wang H (2010) Chongqing’s former police director on trial, (updated 9 February 2010) < http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-02/09/content_9447165.htm >, accessed 15 January 2012

Wang P (2011) The Chinese Mafia: private protection in a socialist market economy. Glob Crime 12(4):290–311

Wang P (2012) Crime clubs - Clamping down on criminal networks in China. Jane’s Intell Rev 24(5):46–49

Watts J (2009) A city fights black: chinese gangsters get death penalty, < http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/oct/21/chongqing-china-gangster-death-sentence >, accessed 28 March 2012

Wedeman A (2012) The challenge of commercial bribery and organized crime in China. J Contemp China. Online First

Wintrobe R (1990) The tinpot and the totalitarian: an economic theory of dictatorship. Am Pol Sci Rev 84(3):849–72

Wintrobe R (1998) The political economy of dictatorship. Cambridge University Press

Wu H (2009) Chongqing Dahei ‘Zuba’ Wang Tianlun Titang, Gunbang Dazao Shengzu Diguo, (updated 09 December 2009) < http://news.sohu.com/20091209/n268792486.shtml >, accessed 12 December 2011

Xia M (2004) The criminal-political nexus in China: an assessment. Woodrow Wilson Center Asia Program Special Report 124:12–18

Xia M (2006) Assessing and explaining the resurgence of China’s criminal underworld. Glob Crime 7(2):151–75

Xia M (2008) Organizational formations of organized crime in China: perspectives from the state, markets, and networks. J Contemp China 17(54):1–23

Xinhua (2009) Xie Caiping Deng 22 Ren Sheheian Xuanpan, Fayuan Rending Heishehui Xingzhi Mingxian, (updated 03 November 2009) < http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2009-11/03/content_12375902.htm >, accessed 14 July 2010

Xinhua (2010a) Chinese court backs death sentence for gang boss, (updated 25 May 2010) < http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-05/25/c_13313973.htm >, accessed 15 December 2011

Xinhua (2010b) Chongqing Gonganju Yuan Fujuzhang Peng Changjian Zhiqi Yin Xiqian Shouhui Bei Panxing, (updated 14 April 2010) < http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2010-04/14/c_1232534.htm >, accessed 15 January 2012

Xinhua (2010c) Justice official loses death sentence appeal in Chongqing, (updated 21 May 2010) < http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-05/21/c_13308006_2.htm >, accessed 22 May 2010

Xinhua (2010d) 18 jailed for mafia-style crimes in Chongqing, (updated 1 June 2010) < http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-06/01/content_9913949.htm >, accessed 2 February 2012

Xinhua (2010e) Chongqing Gonganju Yuan Fujuzhang Peng Changjian Yishen Beipan Wuqi Tuxing, (updated 24 February 2010) < http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2010-02/24/content_13040091.htm >, accessed 16 January 2012

Xinhua (2010f) Chongqing Shehei Toumu Wang Xiaojun Zuzhi Shubai Shaonv Maiyin Beipan Wuqi, (updated 12 April 2010) < http://news.qq.com/a/20100412/001794.htm >, accessed 12 December 2011

Xinhua (2011a) Chongqing ‘Nv Heilaoda’ Wang Ziqi Bei Zhixing Sixing, (updated 7 December 2011) < http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2011-12/07/c_122390505.htm >, accessed 12 January 2012

Xinhua (2011b) Chongqing Nv ‘Heilaoda’ Wang Ziqi Fufa, (updated 8 December 2011) < http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2011-12/08/c_111225257.htm >, accessed 1 January 2012

Xinhua (2012) Chongqing Jingjie Neigui Shangyan Chaoji Wujiandao, Zuida Duxiao Zhong Fumie, (updated 19 January 2012) < http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2012-01/19/c_111449712.htm >, accessed 20 March 2012

Yang S, Chen B (2010) Wuming Heilaoda Yanli de Wen Qiang, Yue Ning: Ta Shi 'Segui, (updated 4 February 2010) < http://cq.qq.com/a/20100204/000099.htm >, accessed 17 July 2011

Yi F (2010) Chongqing Dahei. China Railway Publishing Houses

Yu S (2009) Chongqing Zuba’ Wang Tianlun He Ta De Zurou Wangguo, (updated 7 December 2009) < http://news.qq.com/a/20091214/001738.htm >, accessed 12 November 2011

Yu S (2010) Chongqing Shehei Xianfan Yue Ning Ceng 4 Ci Xiang Wen Qiang Huilu, (updated 13 January 2010) < http://news.sina.com.cn/c/p/2010-01-13/150119460816.shtml >, accessed 15 January 2012

Yu S (2010) Hei Laoda Yue Ning Liantong 11 Ming ‘Mami’ Guotang, (updated 13 January 2010) < http://news.163.com/10/0113/10/5STBV5IN000120GR.html >, accessed 14 Januray 2012

Zhan JV (2012) Filling the gap of formal institutions: the effects of Guanxi network on corruption in reform-era China. Crime Law Soc Chang 57(5):93–109

Zhang SX, Chin K (2008) Snakeheads, mules, and protective umbrellas: a review of current research on Chinese organized crime. Crime Law Soc Chang 50(3):177–95

Zhang X (2001) The emergence of “black society” crime in China. Forum Crime Soc 1(2):53–72

Zhao B et al (2011) Xingsi Daan Yaoan Zhongde Fali Zhihui. China Legal Publishing House

Zhilla F (2011) Organised crime and judicial corruption in the Western Balkans: are customary norms playing any role? J Financ Crime 18(4):387–404