Sự Gia Tăng của Fentanyl Trái Phép, Chất Kích Thích và Làn Sóng Thứ Tư của Khủng Hoảng Quá Liều Opioid
Tóm tắt
Bài đánh giá này cung cấp cập nhật về các tài liệu đã xuất bản gần đây liên quan đến sự gia tăng của fentanyls trái phép, các rủi ro của quá liều, sự kết hợp với các chất khác như chất kích thích, hệ quả và phương pháp điều trị.
Quá liều do opioid tổng hợp trái phép (như fentanyl và các chất tương tự fentanyl) tiếp tục gia tăng ở Hoa Kỳ trước và trong đại dịch COVID-19. Quá liều liên quan đến fentanyl đang gia tăng ở các khu vực địa lý mới như miền Tây Hoa Kỳ. Quá liều liên quan đến chất kích thích cũng đang gia tăng trên toàn quốc bởi methamphetamine và cocaine. Sử dụng nhiều chất ma túy, chẳng hạn như sử dụng một chất kích thích cùng với một opioid đang dẫn đến quá liều liên quan đến chất kích thích. Các hậu quả y tế khác của việc sử dụng ma túy qua kim tiêm cũng đang tăng lên bao gồm nhiễm HIV và viêm gan C. Các phương pháp điều trị rối loạn sử dụng opioid bằng thuốc vẫn là tiêu chuẩn điều trị và có các phương pháp dược phẩm tiềm năng mới để điều trị rối loạn sử dụng methamphetamine.
Một 'làn sóng thứ tư' của tỷ lệ tử vong cao bao gồm sử dụng methamphetamine và cocaine đang hình thành ở Hoa Kỳ. Sự sẵn có và sử dụng fentanyls trái phép vẫn là những yếu tố chính dẫn đến tử vong do quá liều và sự gia tăng hiện tại của tử vong liên quan đến chất kích thích dường như liên quan chặt chẽ với đại dịch opioid đang diễn ra.
Từ khóa
#fentanyl trái phép #chất kích thích #quá liều opioid #rối loạn sử dụng #đại dịch opioidTài liệu tham khảo
Ciccarone, 2019, The triple wave epidemic: Supply and demand drivers of the US opioid overdose crisis, Int J Drug Policy, 71, 183, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.01.010
Ciccarone, 2017, Fentanyl in the US heroin supply: A rapidly changing risk environment, Int J Drug Policy, 46, 107, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.06.010
Wilson, 2020, Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths – United States, 2017–2018, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 69, 290, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6911a4
Guy, 2017, Vital signs: changes in opioid prescribing in the United States, 2006–2015, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 66, 697, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6626a4
Jalal, 2020, Carfentanil and the rise and fall of overdose deaths in the United States, Addiction
Wakeman, 2020, An overdose surge will compound the COVID-19 pandemic if urgent action is not taken, Nat Med, 26, 819, 10.1038/s41591-020-0898-0
Arena, 2020, Race, COVID-19 and deaths of despair, EClinicalMedicine, 25, 100485, 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100485
Koob, 2020, Addiction as a coping response: hyperkatifeia, deaths of despair, and COVID-19, Am J Psychiatry, 177, 1031, 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20091375
O’Donnell, 2020, Notes from the field: opioid-involved overdose deaths with fentanyl or fentanyl analogs detected - 28 states and the District of Columbia, July 2016-December 2018, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 69, 271, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6910a4
Krotulski, 2021, Brorphine-Investigation and quantitation of a new potent synthetic opioid in forensic toxicology casework using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, J Forensic Sci, 66, 664, 10.1111/1556-4029.14623
Rosenblum, 2020, The rapidly changing US illicit drug market and the potential for an improved early warning system: Evidence from ohio drug crime labs, Drug Alcohol Depend, 208, 107779, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107779
Pardo, 2020, The dawn of a new synthetic opioid era: the need for innovative interventions, Addiction
Mars, 2019, Illicit fentanyls in the opioid street market: Desired or imposed?, Addiction, 114, 774, 10.1111/add.14474
Ciccarone, 2017, Heroin uncertainties: Exploring users’ perceptions of fentanyl-adulterated and -substituted ‘heroin’, Int J Drug Policy, 46, 146, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.06.004
Mars, 2018, Sold as heroin: Perceptions and use of an evolving drug in Baltimore, MD, J Psychoactive Drugs, 50, 1, 10.1080/02791072.2017.1394508
O’Donnell, 2017, Trends in deaths involving heroin and synthetic opioids excluding methadone, and law enforcement drug product reports, by Census Region - United States, 2006–2015, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 66, 897, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6634a2
Gladden, 2016, Fentanyl law enforcement submissions and increases in synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths - 27 states, 2013–2014, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 65, 837, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6533a2
Unick, 2017, US regional and demographic differences in prescription opioid and heroin-related overdose hospitalizations, Int J Drug Policy, 46, 112, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.06.003
Carroll, 2017, Exposure to fentanyl-contaminated heroin and overdose risk among illicit opioid users in Rhode Island: a mixed methods study, Int J Drug Policy, 46, 136, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.023
Somerville, 2017, Characteristics of fentanyl overdose - Massachusetts, 2014–2016, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 66, 382, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6614a2
Hempstead, 2014, Supply-side response to declining heroin purity: fentanyl overdose episode in New Jersey, Health Econ, 23, 688, 10.1002/hec.2937
Shover, 2020, Steep increases in fentanyl-related mortality west of the Mississippi River: Recent evidence from county and state surveillance, Drug Alcohol Depend, 216, 108314, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108314
Pouget, 2018, Racial/ethnic differences in prevalence trends for heroin use and non-medical use of prescription opioids among entrants to opioid treatment programs, 2005–2016, Subst Use Misuse, 53, 290, 10.1080/10826084.2017.1334070
Jones, 2015, Vital signs: demographic and substance use trends among heroin users - United States, 2002–2013, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 64, 719
Unick, 2013, Intertwined epidemics: national demographic trends in hospitalizations for heroin- and opioid-related overdoses, 1993–2009, PLoS One, 8, e54496, 10.1371/journal.pone.0054496
Lippold, 2019, Racial/ethnic and age group differences in opioid and synthetic opioid- involved overdose deaths among adults aged > / = 18 years in metropolitan areas - United States, 2015–2017, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 68, 967, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6843a3
Drake, 2020, Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Black and Hispanic communities in the United States, Drug Sci Policy Law, 6, 2050324520940428, 10.1177/2050324520940428
James, 2018, The opioid crisis in black communities, J Law Med Ethics, 46, 404, 10.1177/1073110518782949
Hansen, 2016, Is the prescription opioid epidemic a white problem?, Am J Public Health, 106, 2127, 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303483
Mazhnaya, 2020, Fentanyl preference among people who inject drugs in West Virginia, Subst Use Misuse, 55, 1774, 10.1080/10826084.2020.1762653
Morales, 2019, Preference for drugs containing fentanyl from a cross-sectional survey of people who use illicit opioids in three United States cities, Drug Alcohol Depend, 204, 107547, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107547
Park, 2020, Situating the continuum of overdose risk in the social determinants of health: a new conceptual framework, Milbank Q, 98, 700, 10.1111/1468-0009.12470
Kline, 2021, Opioid overdose in the age of fentanyl: risk factor differences among subpopulations of overdose survivors, Int J Drug Policy, 90, 103051, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103051
Dasgupta, 2018, Opioid crisis: No easy fix to its social and economic determinants, Am J Public Health, 108, 182, 10.2105/AJPH.2017.304187
Seal, 2001, Predictors and prevention of nonfatal overdose among street-recruited injection heroin users in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1998–1999, Am J Public Health, 91, 1842, 10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1842
Hunter, 2018, Safe and unsafe spaces: nonfatal overdose, arrest, and receptive syringe sharing among people who inject drugs in public and semi-public spaces in Baltimore City, Int J Drug Policy, 57, 25, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.03.026
Case, 2017, Mortality and morbidity in the 21st century, Brookings Pap Econ Act, Spring, 397, 10.1353/eca.2017.0005
Muennig, 2018, America's declining well being, health, and life expectancy: not just a white problem, Am J Public Health, 108, 1626, 10.2105/AJPH.2018.304585
McLean, 2016, There's nothing here’: deindustrialization as risk environment for overdose, Int J Drug Policy, 29, 19, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.01.009
Pear, 2019, Urban-rural variation in the socioeconomic determinants of opioid overdose, Drug Alcohol Depend, 195, 66, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.11.024
Zoorob, 2017, Bowling alone, dying together: the role of social capital in mitigating the drug overdose epidemic in the United States, Drug Alcohol Depend, 173, 1, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.12.011
Monnat, 2018, Factors associated with county-level differences in US drug-related mortality rates, Am Prevent Med, 54, 611, 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.01.040
Hollingsworth, 2017, Macroeconomic conditions and opioid abuse, J Health Econ, 56, 222, 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.07.009
Dean, 2019, Free trade and opioid overdose death in the United States, SSM Population Health, 8, 100409, 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100409
Rigg, 2018, Opioid-related mortality in rural America: geographic heterogeneity and intervention strategies, Int J Drug Policy, 57, 119, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.04.011
Jalal, 2018, Changing dynamics of the drug overdose epidemic in the United States from 1979 through 2016, Science, 361, eaau1184, 10.1126/science.aau1184
Volkow, 2020, Collision of the COVID-19 and addiction epidemics, Ann Intern Med, 173, 61, 10.7326/M20-1212
Suzuki, 2017, A review: fentanyl and nonpharmaceutical fentanyls, Drug Alcohol Depend, 171, 107, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.033
Heyman, 2019, Evidence that social-economic factors play an important role in drug overdose deaths, Int J Drug Policy, 74, 274, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.026
Monnat, 2019, The contributions of socioeconomic and opioid supply factors to U.S. drug mortality rates: Urban-rural and within-rural differences, J Rural Studies, 68, 319, 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.12.004
Han, 2021, Methamphetamine overdose deaths in the US by sex and race and ethnicity, JAMA Psychiatry, 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4321
Glick, 2018, Increasing methamphetamine injection among non-MSM who inject drugs in King County, Washington, Drug Alcohol Depend, 182, 86, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.011
Wakeman, 2021, Rise in presence of methamphetamine in oral fluid toxicology tests among outpatients in a large healthcare setting in the Northeast, J Addict Med, 15, 85, 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000695
Palamar, 2021, Shifts in drug seizures in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic, Drug Alcohol Depend, 221, 108580, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108580
Gladden, 2019, Changes in opioid-involved overdose deaths by opioid type and presence of benzodiazepines, cocaine, and methamphetamine - 25 states, July-December 2017 to January-June 2018, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 68, 737, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6834a2
Jones, 2018, Changes in synthetic opioid involvement in drug overdose deaths in the united states, 2010–2016, JAMA, 319, 1819, 10.1001/jama.2018.2844
Al-Tayyib, 2017, Heroin and methamphetamine injection: an emerging drug use pattern, Subst Use Misuse, 52, 1051, 10.1080/10826084.2016.1271432
Mars, 2015, Heroin-related overdose: the unexplored influences of markets, marketing and source-types in the United States, Soc Sci Med, 140, 44, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.06.032
Strickland, 2019, A nationally representative analysis of ‘twin epidemics’: rising rates of methamphetamine use among persons who use opioids, Drug Alcohol Depend, 204, 107592, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107592
Barocas, 2019, Sociodemographic factors and social determinants associated with toxicology confirmed polysubstance opioid-related deaths, Drug Alcohol Depend, 200, 59, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.03.014
Hall, 2008, Estimation of HIV incidence in the United States, JAMA, 300, 520, 10.1001/jama.300.5.520
Lyss, 2020, Responding to outbreaks of human immunodeficiency virus among persons who inject drugs-United States, 2016–2019: Perspectives on Recent Experience and Lessons Learned, J Infect Dis, 222, S239, 10.1093/infdis/jiaa112
Zibbell, 2018, Increases in acute hepatitis C virus infection related to a growing opioid epidemic and associated injection drug use, United States, 2004 to 2014, Am J Public Health, 108, 175, 10.2105/AJPH.2017.304132
Alpren, 2020, Opioid Use Fueling HIV Transmission in an Urban Setting: An Outbreak of HIV Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs-Massachusetts, 2015–2018, Am J Public Health, 110, 37, 10.2105/AJPH.2019.305366
Shearer, 2020, Substance use patterns and health profiles among US adults who use opioids, methamphetamine, or both, 2015–2018, Drug Alcohol Depend, 214, 108162, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108162
Cai, 2020, Risk factors associated with infection of blood-borne virus among people who used methamphetamine, BMC Infect Dis, 20, 742, 10.1186/s12879-020-05464-y
Ciccarone, 2016, Nationwide increase in hospitalizations for heroin-related soft tissue infections: associations with structural market conditions, Drug Alcohol Depend, 163, 126, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.04.009
See, 2020, National public health burden estimates of endocarditis and skin and soft-tissue infections related to injection drug use: a review, J Infect Dis, 222, S429, 10.1093/infdis/jiaa149
Ciccarone, 2011, Stimulant abuse: pharmacology, cocaine, methamphetamine, treatment, attempts at pharmacotherapy, Prim Care, 38, 41, 10.1016/j.pop.2010.11.004
Saloner, 2018, A public health strategy for the opioid crisis, Public Health Rep, 133, 24S, 10.1177/0033354918793627
Trivedi, 2021, Bupropion and naltrexone in methamphetamine use disorder, N Engl J Med, 384, 140, 10.1056/NEJMoa2020214
Coffin, 2020, Effects of mirtazapine for methamphetamine use disorder among cisgender men and transgender women who have sex with men: a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial, JAMA Psychiatry, 77, 246, 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3655
Strang, 2012, Drug policy and the public good: evidence for effective interventions, Lancet, 379, 71, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61674-7
Cottler, 2020, Introducing NIDA's New National Drug Early Warning System, Drug Alcohol Depend, 217, 108286, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108286
Macias-Konstantopoulos, 2021, Between emergency department visits: the role of harm reduction programs in mitigating the harms associated with injection drug use, Ann Emerg Med, 77, 479, 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.11.008
Hayes, 2021, Harm reduction, by mail: the next step in promoting the health of people who use drugs, J Urban Health, 10.1007/s11524-021-00534-1
Peiper, 2019, Fentanyl test strips as an opioid overdose prevention strategy: Findings from a syringe services program in the Southeastern United States, Int J Drug Policy, 63, 122, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.08.007
Zibbell, 2021, Consumer discernment of fentanyl in illicit opioids confirmed by fentanyl test strips: Lessons from a syringe services program in North Carolina, Int J Drug Policy, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103128
Park, 2021, Evaluation of fentanyl test strip distribution in two Mid-Atlantic syringe services programs, Int J Drug Policy, 94, 103196, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103196
Palamar, 2020, Drug checking to detect fentanyl and new psychoactive substances, Curr Opin Psychiatry, 33, 301, 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000607
Servis, 2021, Responding to the opioid epidemic: educational competencies for pain and substance use disorder from the Medical Schools of the University of California, Pain Med, 22, 60, 10.1093/pm/pnaa399
Jordan, 2020, Building outreach and diversity in the field of addictions, Am J Addict, 29, 413, 10.1111/ajad.13097