Phản ứng của hệ sinh thái dưới nước đối với các tác động tương tác của sự suy giảm ozone tầng bình lưu, bức xạ UV và biến đổi khí hậu

Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences - Tập 22 - Trang 1093-1127 - 2023
P. J. Neale1, C. E. Williamson2, A. T. Banaszak3, D.-P. Häder4, S. Hylander5, R. Ossola6, K. C. Rose7, S.-Å. Wängberg8, R. Zepp9
1Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, USA
2Miami University of Ohio, Oxford, USA
3Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Puerto Morelos, Mexico
4Friedrich-Alexander University, Möhrendorf, Germany
5Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
6Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
7Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, USA
8University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
9ORD/CEMM, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, USA

Tóm tắt

Sự biến đổi của ozone tầng bình lưu và những thay đổi trong môi trường thủy sinh do biến đổi khí hậu và hoạt động con người đang làm thay đổi mức độ tiếp xúc của các hệ sinh thái thủy sinh với bức xạ UV. Những thay đổi này có những hệ quả đối với sự phân bố của các loài, chu kỳ sinh hóa và các dịch vụ mà các hệ sinh thái thủy sinh cung cấp. Đánh giá bốn năm một lần này trình bày những kiến thức mới nhất về các tương tác đa diện giữa ảnh hưởng của bức xạ UV và biến đổi khí hậu, cùng với các hoạt động nhân tạo khác, và cách mà các điều kiện này đang làm thay đổi các hệ sinh thái thủy sinh. Biến đổi khí hậu dẫn đến sự biến đổi trong độ sâu trộn lẫn, độ dày của lớp băng, thời gian các điều kiện không có băng và việc cung cấp chất hữu cơ hòa tan, tất cả đều có thể làm tăng hoặc giảm mức độ tiếp xúc với bức xạ UV. Các hoạt động nhân tạo phóng thích dầu, bộ lọc UV trong kem chống nắng và vi nhựa vào môi trường thủy sinh sau đó được biến đổi bởi bức xạ UV, thường làm gia tăng các tác động xấu đến các sinh vật thủy sinh và môi trường của chúng. Các tác động của những thay đổi này kết hợp với các yếu tố như sự ấm lên và axit hóa đại dương được xem xét đối với các vi sinh vật dưới nước, tảo lớn, thực vật và động vật (nổi, bơi và gắn). Việc giảm thiểu những hậu quả phá vỡ của những tác động này đối với các dịch vụ thiết yếu được cung cấp bởi các sông, hồ và đại dương trên thế giới (cung cấp nước ngọt, giải trí, vận chuyển và an ninh lương thực) không chỉ cần duy trì tuân thủ Nghị định thư Montreal mà còn cần sự bao gồm rộng rãi hơn về bức xạ UV mặt trời và tác động của nó trong các nghiên cứu và/hoặc mô hình của các hệ sinh thái thủy sinh dưới các điều kiện khí hậu toàn cầu trong tương lai.

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