The real type and ideal type of transdisciplinary processes: part I—theoretical foundations

Abbott A (1988) The system of professions. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago

Abbott A (2002) The disciplines and the future. In: Brint S (ed) The future and the city of intellect: the changing American universities. Stanford University Press, Stanford, pp 205–230

Apostel L, Berger G, Briggs A, Michaud G (eds) (1972) Interdisciplinarity: problems of teaching and research in universities. OECD, Centre for Research and Innovation, Nice

Atkin A (ed) (2010) Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Stanford University, Stanford

Bell S, Morse S (2013) Rich pictures: a means to explore the ‘sustainable mind’? Sustain Dev 21(1):30–47

Brunswik E (1952) The conceptual framework of psychology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

Chadha M (ed) (2010) Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Stanford University, Stanford

Chomsky N (1975) Reflections on language. Pantheon Books, New York

Dienel PC (1970/1991). Die Planungszelle. Opladen, Westdeutscher Verlag

Dreyfus HL, Dreyfus SE (2005) Peripheral vision: expertise in real world contexts. Organ Stud 26(5):779–792

Environmental System Sciences (2006) Sustainable urban mobility—case study Graz/Annenstraße (in short: ‘Case study Graz’). University of Graz, Graz

European Commission (2012) The European Union explained: Europe 2020: Europe’s growth strategy. Growing to a sustainable and job-rich future. EU, Brussels

Fals Borda O, Rahman MA (1991) Action and knowledge: breaking the monopoly with participatory action-research. Apex Press, New York

Fischbein E (1987) Intuition in science and mathematics. Springer, Heidelberg

Fischer KR, Stadler F (eds) (1997) “Wahrnehmung und Gegenstandswelt”: Zum Lebenswerk von Egon Brunswik (1903–1955) [Perception and world of objects: On the lifework of Egon Brunswik (1903–1955)]. Springer, Vienna

Forrester JW (2009) Learning through system dynamics as preparation for the 21st century. MIT Sloan School of Management, Cambridge

Francis C, Breland TA, Ostergaard E, Lieblein G, Morse S (2013) Phenomenon-based learning in agroecology: a prerequisite for transdisciplinarity and responsible action. Agroecol Sustain Food Syst 37(1):60–75

Friend J, Hickling J (2005) Planning under pressure. The strategic choice approach. Elsevier, Amsterdam

Frischknecht PM, Imboden DM (1995) Environmental sciences education at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich and at other Swiss Universities. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2(1):56–59

Funtowicz SO, Ravetz JR (1993) Science for the post-normal age. Futures 7(25):735–755

Funtowicz SO, Ravetz J (2003) Post-normal science. In: International Society for Ecological Economics (ed) Online encyclopedia of ecological economics

Gallucci S, Matzinger P (2001) Danger signals: SOS to the immune system. Curr Opin Immunol 13(1):114–119

Gass JR (1972) Preface. In: Apostel L, Berger G, Briggs A, Michaud G (eds) Interdisciplinarity: problems of teaching and research in universities. University of Nice, Nice, pp 9–10

Geertz C (1966) Religion as a culture. In: Banton M (ed) Anthropological approaches to the study of religion. Routledge, London

Gentner D (2002) Psychology of mental models. In: Smelser NJ, bates PB (eds) International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp 9683–9687

Giacomo R, Sinigaglia C, Anderson FT (2008) Mirrors in the brain: how our minds share actions and emotions. Oxford University Press, Oxford

Gibbons M, Nowotny H (2001) The potential of transdisciplinarity. In: Thompson Klein J, Grossenbacher-Mansuy W, Häberli R, Bill A, Scholz RW, Welti M (eds) Transdisciplinarity: joint problem solving among science, technology, and society. An effective way for managing complexity. Birkhäuser, Basel, pp 67–80

Gibbons M, Limoges C, Nowotny H, Schwartzmann S, Scott P, Trow M (1994) The new production of knowledge. Sage, London

Goldstein WM (2006) Introduction to Brunswikian theory and method. In: Kirlik A (ed) Adaptive perspectives on human-technology interaction. Methods and models for cognitive engineering and human-computer interaction. Oxford University Press, Oxford

Gregory R, Failing L, Harstone M, McDaniels T, Ohlson D (2012) Structured decision making. A practical guide to environmental management choices. Wiley, Chicester

Gross M, Hoffmann-Riem H, Krohn W (2003) Real-world experiments: Robustness and dynamics of ecological design projects in a knowledge society. Soziale Welt-Zeitschrift für Sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung und Praxis 54(3):241

Häberli R, Grossenbacher-Mansuy W (1998) Transdisziplinarität zwischen Förderung und Überforderung. Erkenntnisse aus dem SPP Umwelt. GAIA 7:196–213

Häberli R, Scholz RW, Bill A, Welti M (eds) (2000) Transdisciplinarity: joint problem-solving among science, technology and society. Workbook I: dialogue sessions and idea market, Vol 1. Haffmans Sachbuch Verlag, Zürich

Häberli R, Bill A, Grossenbacher-Mansuy W, Thompson Klein J, Scholz RW, Welti M (2001) Synthesis. In: Thompson Klein J, Grossenbacher-Mansuy W, Häberli R, Bill A, Scholz RW, Welti M (eds) Transdisciplinarity: joint problem solving among science, technology, and society. An effective way for managing complexity. Basel, Birkhäuser, pp 6–22

Habermas J (1987) The theory of communicative action. In: Lifeworld and system: a critiques of funtionalist reason. vol 2. Beacon, Boston, MA

Hammond KR (1954) Representative vs. systematic design in clinical psychology. Psychol Bull 51:150–159

Hammond KR, Stewart TR (eds) (2001) The essential Brunswik. Oxford University Press, Oxford

Hammond KR, Hamm RM, Grassia J, Pearson T (1983) Direct comparison of intuitive, quasi-rational, and analytical cognition. University of Colorado, Institute for Cognitive Science, Center for Research on Judgment and Policy, Boulder

Hansmann R, Scholz RW, Crott HW, Mieg HA, Scholz RW (2003) Higher education in environmental sciences: the effects of incorporating expert information in group discussions of a transdisciplinary case study. Electr J Sci Educ 7(3):31

Hansmann R, Crott HW, Mieg HA (2009) Improving group processes in transdisciplinary case studies for sustainability learning. Int J Sustain High Educ 10(1):33–42

Harris M (1976) History and significance of emic-etic distinction. Annu Rev Anthropol 5:329–350

Heider F (1930) Die Leistung des Wahrnehmungssystems [The performance of the perception system]. Zeitschrift für Psychol 114:371–394

Hempel C, Oppenheim P (1948) Studies in the logic of explanation. Philos Sci 15:135–175

Jantsch E (1970) Inter- and transdisciplinary university: a systems approach to education and innovation. Policy Sci 1:403–428

Jantsch E (1972) Towards interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity in education and innovation. In: Apostel L, Berger G, Briggs A, Michaud G (eds) Interdisciplinarity: problems of teaching and research in universities. University of Nice, Nice, pp 97–121

Junker B, Flüeler T, Stauffacher M, Scholz RW (2008) Description of the safety case for long-term disposal of radioactive waste—the iterative safety analysis approach as utilized in Switzerland. ETH Zürich, Zurich

Kahneman D (2011) Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York

Kant I (1770) De mundi sensibilis atque intelligibilis forma et principiis, Kant’s inaugural dissertation of 1770 by Immanuel Kant, translated by WJ Eckoff. In Wikisource (Eds.) http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Kant’s_Inaugural_Dissertation_of_1770-Paragraph_9

Kemmis S, McTaggert R, Retallick J (2004) The action research planner, 2nd edn. Aga Khan University, Institute for Educational Development, Karachi

Kessel F, Rosenfield PL (2008) Toward transdisciplinary research—historical and contemporary perspectives. Am J Prev Med 35(2):S225–S234

Kirlik A (ed) (2006) Adaptive perspectives on human-technology interaction. Methods and models for cognitive engineering and human-computer interaction. Oxford University Press, Oxford

Klein JT, Grossenbacher-Mansuy W, Häberli R, Bill A, Scholz RW, Welti M (eds) (2001) Transdisciplinarity: Joint problem solving among science, technology, and society. An effective way for managing complexity. Birkhäuser, Basel

Kolb DA (1984) Experiential learning. Experience as the source of learning and development. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River

Krütli P, Flüeler T, Stauffacher M, Wiek A, Scholz RW (2010) Technical safety vs. public involvement? A case study on the unrealized project for the disposal of nuclear waste at Wellenberg (Switzerland). J Integr Environ Sci 7(3):229–244

Krütli P, Stauffacher M, Pedolin D, Moser C, Scholz RW (2012) The process matters: fairness in repository siting for nuclear waste. J Justice Res 25:79–101

Kuhn TS (1996) The structure of scientific revolutions, 3rd edn. Chicago University Press, Chicago

Lang DJ, Wiek A, Bergmann M, Stauffacher M, Martens P, Moll P et al (2012) Transdisciplinary research in sustainability science: practice, principles, and challenges. Sustain Sci 7:25–43

Leung MW, Yen IH, Minkler M (2004) Community based participatory research: a promising approach for increasing epidemiology’s relevance in the 21st century. Int J Epidemiol 33(3):499–506

Lewin K (1946) Action research and minority problems. J Soc Issues 2(4):34–46

Leydesdorff L, Etzkowitz H (1996) Emergence of a triple helix of university-industry-government relations. Sci Public Policy 23(5):279–286

Leydesdorff L, Meyer M (2006) Triple helix indicators of knowledge-based innovation systems—introduction to the special issue. Res Policy 35(10):1441–1449

Lind I (1999) Organizing for interdisciplinarity in Sweden: the case of tema at Linköping University. Policy Sci 32:415–420

Malpass J (ed) (2014) Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Stanford University, Stanford

Margiolis E, Laurence S (eds) (2011) Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Stanford University, Stanford

Martens P, Rotmans J (2005) Transitions in a globalising world. Futures 37(10):1133–1144

Mieg HA (2006) System experts and decision making experts in transdisciplinary projects. Int J Sustain High Educ 7(3):341–351

Naveh Z (2005) Epilogue: toward a transdisciplinary science of ecological and cultural landscape restoration. Restor Ecol 13:228–234

Nicolescu B (2000) Transdisciplinarity and complexity: levels of reality as source of indeterminacy. Bulletin Interactif du Centre International de Recherches et Études Transdisciplinaire, 2014 (November 29)

Nicolescu B (2002) Manifesto of transdisciplinarity. State University of New York, Albany

Nicolescu B (2006) Transdisciplinarity: past, present and future. In: Haverkort B, Reijntjes C (eds) Moving worldviews—reshaping sciences, policies and practices for endogenous sustainable development, COMPAS Editions, Holland, pp 142–166

Nicolescu B (2014) From modernity to cosmodernity. State University of New York Press, New York

Nowotny H (1993) Socially distributed knowledge: five spaces for science to meet the public. Hist Philos Sci 2:307–319

Nowotny H, Scott P, Gibbons M (2001) Rethinking science—knowledge and the public on an age of uncertainty. Polity, London

OECD (2012) OECD science, technology and industry outlook 2012. OECD Publishing, paris

Ostrom E (2009) A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems. Science 325(5939):419–422

Peirce CS (1991) Peirce on signs: writings on semiotics by Charles Sanders Perice. In: Hopkins J (ed). University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC

Piaget J (1972) The epistemology of interdisciplinary relationships. In: Apostel L, Berger G, Briggs A, Michaud G (eds) Interdisciplinarity: problems of teaching and research in universities. OECD, Paris, pp 127–139

Pickering A (ed) (1992) Science as practice and culture. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

Polanyi M (1966) The tacit dimension. Doubleday, New York

Popper K (1935/2005) Logik der Forschung [The logic of scientific discovery]. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen

Postman L, Bruner JS, McGinnies E (1948) Personal values as selective factors in perception. J Abnorm Soc Psychol 43(2):143

Renn O, Webler T, Rakel H, Dienel P, Johnson B (1993) Public participation in decision-making: a 3-step procedure. Policy Sci 26(3):189–214

Schaltegger S, Beckmann M, Hansen EG (2013) Transdisciplinarity in corporate sustainability: mapping the field. Bus Strategy Environ 22(4):219–229

Scholz RW (ed) (1983) Decision making under uncertainty. Elsevier, Amsterdam

Scholz RW (1987) Cognitive strategies in stochastic thinking. Reidel, Dordrecht

Scholz RW (1995a) Pionierarbeit und neue Perspektive. Vorwort mit kleiner Einleitung. In RW Scholz, T Koller, HA Mieg, C Schmidlin (eds) Perspektive “Grosses Moos”—Wege zu einer nachhaltigen Landwirtschaft. UNS-Fallstudie 1994. Vdf, Zurich, pp 5–7

Scholz RW (1995b) Zur Theorie der Fallstudie. In RW Scholz, T Koller, HA Mieg & C Schmidlin (eds.) Perspektive “Grosses Moos”—Wege zu einer nachhaltigen Landwirtschaft. UNS-Fallstudie 1994. Vdf, Zürich, pp 39–46

Scholz RW (2000) Mutual learning as a basic principle of transdisciplinarity. In: Scholz RW, Häberli R, Bill A, Welti W (eds) Transdisciplinarity: joint problem-solving among science, technology and society. Workbook II: mutual learning sessions. Haffmans Sachbuch, Zürich, pp 13–17

Scholz RW (2011) Environmental literacy in science and society: From knowledge to decisions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Scholz RW (2012) Transdisziplinäre Krebsforschung mit den Mayas. Das Macocc Projekt—body-mind Komplementaritäten auf der Ebene der Zelle, des Patienten und der therapeutischen Allianz. EANU Spec 7:1–38

Scholz RW, Le QL (2014) A novice’s guide to transdisciplinarity. In: Scholz RW, Roy AH, Brand FS, Hellums DT, Ulrich AE (eds) Sustainable phosphorus management: a global transdisciplinary roadmap. Springer, Berlin, pp 116–118

Scholz RW, Marks D (2001) Learning about transdisciplinarity: where are we? where have we been? where should we go? In: Klein JT, Grossenbacher-Mansuy W, Häberli R, Bill A, Scholz RW, Welti M (eds) Transdisciplinarity: Joint problem solving among science, technology, and society. Birkhäuser Verlag AG, Basel, pp 236–252

Scholz RW, Tietje O (2002) Embedded case study methods: integrating quantitative and qualitative knowledge. Sage, Thousand Oaks

Scholz RW, Häberli R, Bill A, Welti M (eds) (2000) Transdisciplinarity: Joint problem-solving among science, technology and society. Workbook II: Mutual learning sessions, vol 2. Haffmans Sachbuch Verlag, Zürich

Scholz RW, Mieg HA, Oswald J (2000b) Transdisciplinarity in groundwater management: towards mutual learning of science and society. Water Air Soil Pollut 123(1–4):477–487

Scholz RW, Lang DJ, Wiek A, Walter AI, Stauffacher M (2006) Transdisciplinary case studies as a means of sustainability learning: historical framework and theory. Int J Sustain High Educ 7(3):226–251

Scholz RW, Stauffacher M, Bösch S, Krütli P, Wiek A (eds) (2007) Entscheidungsprozesse Wellenberg—Lagerung radioaktiver Abfälle in der Schweiz (ETH-UNS Fallstudie 2006) [Decision processess Wellenberg—Repository of radioactive waste in Switzerland]. Rüegger, Zurich

Scholz RW, Blumer YB, Brand FS (2012) Risk, vulnerability, robustness, and resilience from a decision-theoretic perspective. J Risk Res 15(3):313–330

Scholz RW, Kiyaschenko LP, Bazhanov VA (eds) (2015) Transdisciplinarity in philosophy and science: approaches, problems and prospects. Navigator, Moscow

Scholz RW, Yarime M, Shiroyama H (forthcoming) Global leadership for social design: theoretical and educational perspectives

Schori S, Krütli M, Stauffacher M, Flüeler T, Scholz RW (2009) Siting of nuclear waste repositories in Switzerland and Sweden. Stakeholder preferences for the interplay between technical expertise and social input. ETH-NSSI Case Study 2008. ETH, Zurich

Scott P (2007) From professor to ‘knowledge worker’: profiles of the academic profession. Minerva 45(2):205–215

Selten R (1990) Bounded rationality. J Inst Theor Econ 146(4):649–658

Shulman LS, Carey NB (1984) Psychology and the limitations of individual rationality: implications for the study of reasoning and civility. Rev Educ Res 54(4):501–524

Simon HA (1973) The structure of ill-structured problems. Artif Intell 4:181–201

Simon HA (1982) Models of bounded rationality. MIT Press, Cambridge

Slovic P, Malmfors T, Krewski D, Mertz CK, Neil N, Bartlett S (1995) Intuitive toxicology 2. Expert and lay judgments of chemical risks in Canada. Risk Anal 15(6):661–675

Sneed JD (1971) The logical structure of mathematical physics. Reidel, Dordrecht

Steiner G (2008) Supporting sustainable innovation through stakeholder management: a systems view. Int J Innov Learn 5(6):595–616

Steiner G (2009) The concept of open creativity: collaborative creative problem solving for innovation generation—a systems approach. J Bus Manag 15(1):5–33

Steiner G (2011) Das Planetenmodell der kollaborativen Kreativität: Systemisch-kreatives Problemlösen für komplexe Herausforderungen. Gabler, Wiesbaden

Steiner G (2013) Competences for complex real-world problems: toward an integrative framework. Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, Boston

Steiner G (2014) Problem discovery as a collaborative, creative, and method-guided search for the “real problems” as raw diamonds of innovation. Working Paper 2014-0003, Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, Boston

Stokols D, Fuqua J, Gress J, Harvey R, Phillips K, Baezconde-Garbanati L et al (2003) Evaluating transdisciplinary science. Nicot Tob Res 5(Suppl 1):S21–S39

Stokols D, Hall KL, Moser RP, Fenk A, Misra S, Taylor BK (2010) Cross-disciplinary team science initiatives: research, training, and translation. In: Frodeman R, Thompson Klein J, Mutcham C, Holbrock JB (eds) Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 471–481

Stueber K (ed) (2013) Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Stanford University, Stanford

Susskind LE, McKearnen S, Thomas-Lamar J (1999) The consensus building handbook: a comprehensive guide to reaching agreement. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks

Van Boven L, Thompson L (2003) A look into the mind of the negotiator: mental models in negotiation. Gr Proces Intergr Relat 6(4):387–404

von Uexküll JJ (1931) Der Organismus und die Umwelt [The organism and the environment]. In: Driesch H, Woltereck H (eds) Das Lebensproblem im Lichte der modernen Forschung [The life problem in the light of modern research]. Verlag Quelle & Meyer, Leipzig, pp 189–224

Walter AI, Helgenberger S, Wiek A, Scholz RW (2007) Measuring societal effects of transdisciplinary research projects: design and application of an evaluation method. Eval Prog Plan 30:325–338

Watkins JW (1952) Ideal types and historical explanation. Br J Philos Sci 3(9):22–43

Weber M (1949) The methodology of the social sciences. The Free Press, Glencoe

Wellek A (1953) Verstehen, Begreifen, Erklären. Jahrbuch für Psychologie und Psychotherapie 393–409

Werner F (2005) Ambiguities in decision-oriented life cycle analysis. The role of mental models and values. Springer, Dordrecht

Werner F, Scholz RW (2002) Ambiguities in decision-oriented life cycle inventories—the role of mental models. Int J Life Cycle Assess 7(6):330–338

Wiek A, Walter AI (2009) A transdisciplinary approach for formalized integrated planning and decision-making in complex systems. Eur J Oper Res 197(1):360–370

Yarime M, Trencher G, Mino T, Scholz RW, Olsson L, Ness B et al (2012) Establishing sustainability science in higher education institutions: towards an integration of academic development, institutionalization, and stakeholder collaborations. Sustain Sci 7:101–113