The psychological development of panic disorder: implications for neurobiology and treatment

Feinstein, 1987 Feinstein, 1999, Basic biomedical science and the destruction of the pathophysiological bridge from bench to bedside, Am J Medicine, 107, 461, 10.1016/S0002-9343(99)00264-8 Fava, 2010, New modalities of assessment and treatment planning in depression: the sequential approach, CNS Drugs, 24, 453, 10.2165/11531580-000000000-00000 Cosci, 2011, New clinical strategies of assessment of comorbidity associated with substance use disorders, Clin Psychol Rev, 31, 418, 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.11.004 Fava, 2012, Clinimetrics: the science of clinical measurements, Int J Clin Pract, 66, 11, 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02825.x Fava, 2011, The clinical process in psychiatry: a clinimetric approach, J Clin Psychiatry Fava, 2004, Psychometric theory is an obstacle to the progress of clinical research, Psychother Psychosom, 73, 145, 10.1159/000076451 Bech, 2004, Modern psychometrics in clinimetrics, Psychother Psychosom, 73, 134, 10.1159/000076448 Bech, 2009, Fifty years with the Hamilton scales for anxiety and depression. A tribute to Max Hamilton, Psychother Psychosom, 78, 202, 10.1159/000214441 Faravelli, 2004, Assessment of psychopathology, Psychother Psychosom, 73, 139, 10.1159/000076449 Fava, 1993, Staging: a neglected dimension in psychiatric classification, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 87, 225, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03362.x Sheehan, 1982, The classification of anxiety and hysterical states. Part II. Toward a more heuristic classification, J Clin Psychopharmacol, 2, 386, 10.1097/00004714-198212000-00005 Fava, 2008, Agoraphobia is a disease: a tribute to Sir Martin Roth, Psychother Psychosom, 77, 133, 10.1159/000116606 Kessler, 2006, The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 63, 415, 10.1001/archpsyc.63.4.415 Roy-Byrne PP, Cowley DS. Course and outcome in panic disorder: a review of recent follow-up studies. Anxiety. 1994–1995;1(4):151–60. Eaton, 1995, Prodromes and precursors: epidemiologic data for primary prevention of disorders with slow onset, Am J Psychiatry, 152, 967, 10.1176/ajp.152.7.967 Perugi, 1998, Delineating a putative phobic-anxious temperament in 126 panic-agoraphobic patients: toward a rapprochement of European and US views, J Affect Disord, 47, 11, 10.1016/S0165-0327(97)00108-0 Keller, 1994, Remission and relapse in subjects with panic disorder and panic with agoraphobia: a prospective short-interval naturalistic follow-up, J Nerv Ment Dis, 182, 290, 10.1097/00005053-199405000-00007 Faravelli, 1995, 5-year prospective, naturalistic follow-up study of panic disorder, Compr Psychiatry, 36, 271, 10.1016/S0010-440X(95)90072-1 Ehlers, 1995, A 1-year prospective study of panic attacks: clinical course and factors associated with maintenance, J. Abnorm Psychol, 104, 164, 10.1037/0021-843X.104.1.164 O’Rourke, 1996, The Galway Study of Panic Disorder. III. Outcome at 5 to 6 years, Br J Psychiatry, 168, 462, 10.1192/bjp.168.4.462 Cowley, 1996, Long-term course and outcome in panic disorder: a naturalistic follow-up study, Anxiety, 2, 13, 10.1002/(SICI)1522-7154(1996)2:1<13::AID-ANXI2>3.0.CO;2-E Fava, 2001, Long-term outcome of panic disorder with agoraphobia treated by exposure, Psychol Med, 31, 891, 10.1017/S0033291701003592 Fava, 1999, Subclinical symptoms in mood disorders: pathophysiological and therapeutic implications, Psychol Med, 29, 47, 10.1017/S0033291798007429 Detre, 1971 Fava, 1991, Prodromal symptoms in affective disorder, Am J Psychiatry, 148, 823, 10.1176/ajp.148.7.823 Fava, 1999, Subclinical symptoms of panic disorder: new insights into pathophysiology and treatment, Psychother Psychosom, 68, 281, 10.1159/000012345 Fava, 2007, The road to recovery from depression--don’t drive today with yesterday’s map, Psychother Psychosom, 76, 260, 10.1159/000104701 Klein, 1981, Anxiety reconceptualized, 235 Garvey, 1984, The relationship of panic disorder to agoraphobia, Compr Psychiatry, 25, 529, 10.1016/0010-440X(84)90052-X Bienvenu, 2006, Agoraphobia in adults: incidence and longitudinal relationship with panic, Br J Psychiatry, 188, 432, 10.1192/bjp.bp.105.010827 Wittchen, 2008, Agoraphobia and panic. Prospective-longitudinal relations suggest a rethinking of diagnostic concepts, Psychother Psychosom, 77, 147, 10.1159/000116608 Wittchen, 2010, Agoraphobia: a review of the diagnostic classificatory position and criteria, Depress Anxiety, 27, 113, 10.1002/da.20646 Faravelli, 2008, Agoraphobia between panic and phobias: clinical epidemiology from the Sesto Fiorentino Study, Compr Psychiatry, 49, 283, 10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.12.001 Garvey, 1988, The occurrence of a prodrome of generalized anxiety in panic disorder, Compr Psychiatry, 29, 445, 10.1016/0010-440X(88)90059-4 Fava, 1988, Prodromal symptoms in panic disorder with agoraphobia, Am J Psychiatry, 145, 1564, 10.1176/ajp.145.12.1564 Fava, 1992, Prodromal symptoms in panic disorder with agoraphobia: a replication study, J Affect Disord, 26, 85, 10.1016/0165-0327(92)90038-8 Lelliott, 1989, Onset of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Toward an integrated model, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 46, 1000, 10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110042006 Hayward, 2000, Predictors of panic attacks in adolescents, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 39, 207, 10.1097/00004583-200002000-00021 Karsten, 2011, Psychiatric history and subthreshold symptoms as predictors of the occurrence of depressive or anxiety disorder within 2 years, Br J Psychiatry, 198, 206, 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080572 Biederman, 2007, Developmental trajectories of anxiety disorders in offspring at high risk for panic disorder and major depression, Psychiatry Res, 153, 245, 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.02.016 Rudaz, 2010, Health anxiety and fear of fear in panic disorder and agoraphobia vs. social phobia: a prospective longitudinal study, Depress Anxiety, 27, 404, 10.1002/da.20645 Fava, 2001, Psychological well-being and residual symptoms in remitted patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia, J Affect Disord, 65, 185, 10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00267-6 Fava, 1999, 19. Sequential treatment: a new way of integrating pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, Psychother Psychosom, 68, 227, 10.1159/000012338 Corominas, 2002, Residual symptoms and comorbidity in panic disorder, Eur Psychiatry, 17, 399, 10.1016/S0924-9338(02)00693-4 Marchesi, 2008, Effect of pharmacological treatment on temperament and character in panic disorder, Psychiatry Res, 158, 147, 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.08.009 Cloninger, 1993, A psychobiological model of temperament and character, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 50, 975, 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008 Fava, 1991, Mechanisms of change of panic attacks with exposure treatment of agoraphobia, J Affect Disord, 22, 65, 10.1016/0165-0327(91)90085-7 Stanley, 1996, Patterns of change during cognitive behavioral treatment for panic disorder, J Nerv Ment Dis, 184, 567, 10.1097/00005053-199609000-00009 Noda, 2007, Sensitization of catastrophic cognition in cognitive-behavioral therapy for panic disorder, BMC Psychiatry, 7, 70, 10.1186/1471-244X-7-70 Hoffart, 2008, Mechanisms of change in cognitive therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia, J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 39, 262, 10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.07.006 Rifkin, 1991, The sequence of improvement of the symptoms encountered in patients with panic disorder, Compr Psychiatry, 32, 559, 10.1016/0010-440X(91)90035-B Deltito, 1991, The sequence of improvement of the symptoms encountered in patients with panic disorder, Compr Psychiatry, 32, 120, 10.1016/0010-440X(91)90003-U Mavissakalian, 1996, Phenomenology of panic attacks: responsiveness of individual symptoms to imipramine, J Clin Psychopharmacol, 16, 233, 10.1097/00004714-199606000-00007 Liebowitz, 2009, A double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, flexible-dose study of venlafaxine extended release capsules in adult outpatients with panic disorder, J Clin Psychiatry, 70, 550, 10.4088/JCP.08m04238 Bouchard, 2007, Temporal relationship between dysfunctional beliefs, self-efficacy and panic apprehension in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia, J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 38, 275, 10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.08.002 Fava, 1995, Diagnostic criteria for use in psychosomatic research, Psychother Psychosom, 63, 1, 10.1159/000288931 Wise, 2009, Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research are necessary for DSM V, Psychoter Psychosom, 78, 330, 10.1159/000235735 Fava, 2007, Psychological factors affecting either identified or feared medical conditions: a solution for somatoform disorders, Am J Psychiatry, 164, 1002, 10.1176/ajp.2007.164.7.1002 Fava, 2010, The spectrum of anxiety disorders in the medically ill, J Clin Psychiatry, 71, 910, 10.4088/JCP.10m06000blu Porcelli, 2009, Psychosocial functioning in consultation-liaison psychiatry patients: influence of psychosomatic syndromes, psychopathology and somatization, Psychother Psychosom, 78, 352, 10.1159/000235739 Ferrari, 2008, Frequent attenders in primary care: impact of medical, psychiatric and psychosomatic diagnoses, Psychother Psychosom, 77, 306, 10.1159/000142523 Gorman, 1989, A neuroanatomical hypothesis for panic disorder, Am J Psychiatry, 146, 148, 10.1176/ajp.146.2.148 Gorman, 2000, Neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder, revised, Am J Psychiatry, 157, 493, 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.4.493 Ninan, 2005, Neurobiology and etiology of panic disorder, J Clin Psychiatry, 66, 3 Graeff, 2008, Neurobiology of panic disorder: from animal models to brain neuroimaging, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 32, 1326, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017 McGorry, 2007, Issues for DSM-V: Clinical Staging: A Heuristic Pathway to Valid Nosology and Safer, More Effective Treatment in Psychiatry, Am J Psychiatry, 164, 859, 10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.859 McGorry, 2007, Clinical staging: a heuristic model for psychiatry and youth mental health, Med J Aust, 187, S40, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01335.x 1998, Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with panic disorder. Work Group on Panic Disorder. American Psychiatric Association, Am J Psychiatry, 155, 1 2003, Australian and New Zealand clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia, Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 37, 641, 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2003.01254.x Shear, 1998, The road to recovery in panic disorder: response, remission, and relapse, J Clin Psychiatry, 59, 4 van Balkom, 1997, A meta-analysis of the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: a comparison of psychopharmacological, cognitive-behavioral, and combination treatments, J Nerv Ment Dis, 185, 510, 10.1097/00005053-199708000-00006 Furukawa, 2007, Combined psychotherapy plus antidepressants for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 24 Watanabe, 2009, Combined psychotherapy plus benzodiazepines for panic disorder, Cochrane Database Syst Rev Simon, 2009, Next-step strategies for panic disorder refractory to initial pharmacotherapy: a 3- phase randomized clinical trial, J Clin Psychiatry, 70, 1563, 10.4088/JCP.08m04485blu Goldstein, 1986, Sequential treatment of panic disorder with alprazolam and imipramine, Am J Psychiatry, 143, 1634, 10.1176/ajp.143.12.1634b Mavissakalian, 1990, Sequential combination of imipramine and self-directed exposure in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia, J Clin Psychiatry, 51, 184 de Beurs, 1995, Treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia: comparison of fluvoxamine, placebo, and psychological panic management combined with exposure and of exposure in vivo alone, Am J Psychiatry, 152, 683, 10.1176/ajp.152.5.683 de Beurs, 1999, Long-term outcome of pharmacological and psychological treatment for panic disorder with agoraphobia: a 2-year naturalistic follow-up, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 99, 59, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb05385.x Heldt, 2006, Oneyear follow-up of pharmacotherapy-resistant patients with panic disorder treated with cognitive-behavior therapy: outcome and predictors of remission, Behav Res Ther, 44, 657, 10.1016/j.brat.2005.05.003 Fava, 1998, Well-being therapy. A novel psychotherapeutic approach for residual symptoms of affective disorders, Psychol Med, 28, 475, 10.1017/S0033291797006363 Ryff, 1989, Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being, J Pers Soc Psychol, 57, 1069, 10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069 Ryff, 1996, Psychological well-being: meaning, measurement, and implications for psychotherapy research, Psychother Psychosom, 65, 14, 10.1159/000289026 Tomba, 2012, Nowhere Patients, Psychother Psychosom, 81, 69, 10.1159/000334112 Bech, 2010, Struggle for subtypes in primary and secondary depression and their mode-specific treatment or healing, Psychother Psychosom, 79, 331, 10.1159/000320118 Lichtenberg, 2010, Subtyping major depressive disorder, Psychother Psychosom, 79, 131, 10.1159/000286957 Fava, 2010, Clinical assessment of allostatic load and clinimetric criteria, Psychother Psychosom, 79, 280, 10.1159/000318294 Feinstein, 1987 Feinstein, 1999, Basic biomedical science and the destruction of the pathophysiological bridge from bench to bedside, Am J Medicine, 107, 461, 10.1016/S0002-9343(99)00264-8 Fava, 2010, New modalities of assessment and treatment planning in depression: the sequential approach, CNS Drugs, 24, 453, 10.2165/11531580-000000000-00000 Cosci, 2011, New clinical strategies of assessment of comorbidity associated with substance use disorders, Clin Psychol Rev, 31, 418, 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.11.004 Fava, 2012, Clinimetrics: the science of clinical measurements, Int J Clin Pract, 66, 11, 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02825.x Fava, 2011, The clinical process in psychiatry: a clinimetric approach, J Clin Psychiatry Fava, 2004, Psychometric theory is an obstacle to the progress of clinical research, Psychother Psychosom, 73, 145, 10.1159/000076451 Bech, 2004, Modern psychometrics in clinimetrics, Psychother Psychosom, 73, 134, 10.1159/000076448 Bech, 2009, Fifty years with the Hamilton scales for anxiety and depression. A tribute to Max Hamilton, Psychother Psychosom, 78, 202, 10.1159/000214441 Faravelli, 2004, Assessment of psychopathology, Psychother Psychosom, 73, 139, 10.1159/000076449 Fava, 1993, Staging: a neglected dimension in psychiatric classification, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 87, 225, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03362.x Sheehan, 1982, The classification of anxiety and hysterical states. Part II. Toward a more heuristic classification, J Clin Psychopharmacol, 2, 386, 10.1097/00004714-198212000-00005 Fava, 2008, Agoraphobia is a disease: a tribute to Sir Martin Roth, Psychother Psychosom, 77, 133, 10.1159/000116606 Kessler, 2006, The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 63, 415, 10.1001/archpsyc.63.4.415 Roy-Byrne PP, Cowley DS. Course and outcome in panic disorder: a review of recent follow-up studies. Anxiety. 1994–1995;1(4):151–60. Eaton, 1995, Prodromes and precursors: epidemiologic data for primary prevention of disorders with slow onset, Am J Psychiatry, 152, 967, 10.1176/ajp.152.7.967 Perugi, 1998, Delineating a putative phobic-anxious temperament in 126 panic-agoraphobic patients: toward a rapprochement of European and US views, J Affect Disord, 47, 11, 10.1016/S0165-0327(97)00108-0 Keller, 1994, Remission and relapse in subjects with panic disorder and panic with agoraphobia: a prospective short-interval naturalistic follow-up, J Nerv Ment Dis, 182, 290, 10.1097/00005053-199405000-00007 Faravelli, 1995, 5-year prospective, naturalistic follow-up study of panic disorder, Compr Psychiatry, 36, 271, 10.1016/S0010-440X(95)90072-1 Ehlers, 1995, A 1-year prospective study of panic attacks: clinical course and factors associated with maintenance, J. Abnorm Psychol, 104, 164, 10.1037/0021-843X.104.1.164 O’Rourke, 1996, The Galway Study of Panic Disorder. III. Outcome at 5 to 6 years, Br J Psychiatry, 168, 462, 10.1192/bjp.168.4.462 Cowley, 1996, Long-term course and outcome in panic disorder: a naturalistic follow-up study, Anxiety, 2, 13, 10.1002/(SICI)1522-7154(1996)2:1<13::AID-ANXI2>3.0.CO;2-E Fava, 2001, Long-term outcome of panic disorder with agoraphobia treated by exposure, Psychol Med, 31, 891, 10.1017/S0033291701003592 Fava, 1999, Subclinical symptoms in mood disorders: pathophysiological and therapeutic implications, Psychol Med, 29, 47, 10.1017/S0033291798007429 Detre, 1971 Fava, 1991, Prodromal symptoms in affective disorder, Am J Psychiatry, 148, 823, 10.1176/ajp.148.7.823 Fava, 1999, Subclinical symptoms of panic disorder: new insights into pathophysiology and treatment, Psychother Psychosom, 68, 281, 10.1159/000012345 Fava, 2007, The road to recovery from depression--don’t drive today with yesterday’s map, Psychother Psychosom, 76, 260, 10.1159/000104701 Klein, 1981, Anxiety reconceptualized, 235 Garvey, 1984, The relationship of panic disorder to agoraphobia, Compr Psychiatry, 25, 529, 10.1016/0010-440X(84)90052-X Bienvenu, 2006, Agoraphobia in adults: incidence and longitudinal relationship with panic, Br J Psychiatry, 188, 432, 10.1192/bjp.bp.105.010827 Wittchen, 2008, Agoraphobia and panic. Prospective-longitudinal relations suggest a rethinking of diagnostic concepts, Psychother Psychosom, 77, 147, 10.1159/000116608 Wittchen, 2010, Agoraphobia: a review of the diagnostic classificatory position and criteria, Depress Anxiety, 27, 113, 10.1002/da.20646 Faravelli, 2008, Agoraphobia between panic and phobias: clinical epidemiology from the Sesto Fiorentino Study, Compr Psychiatry, 49, 283, 10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.12.001 Garvey, 1988, The occurrence of a prodrome of generalized anxiety in panic disorder, Compr Psychiatry, 29, 445, 10.1016/0010-440X(88)90059-4 Fava, 1988, Prodromal symptoms in panic disorder with agoraphobia, Am J Psychiatry, 145, 1564, 10.1176/ajp.145.12.1564 Fava, 1992, Prodromal symptoms in panic disorder with agoraphobia: a replication study, J Affect Disord, 26, 85, 10.1016/0165-0327(92)90038-8 Lelliott, 1989, Onset of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Toward an integrated model, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 46, 1000, 10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110042006 Hayward, 2000, Predictors of panic attacks in adolescents, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 39, 207, 10.1097/00004583-200002000-00021 Karsten, 2011, Psychiatric history and subthreshold symptoms as predictors of the occurrence of depressive or anxiety disorder within 2 years, Br J Psychiatry, 198, 206, 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080572 Biederman, 2007, Developmental trajectories of anxiety disorders in offspring at high risk for panic disorder and major depression, Psychiatry Res, 153, 245, 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.02.016 Rudaz, 2010, Health anxiety and fear of fear in panic disorder and agoraphobia vs. social phobia: a prospective longitudinal study, Depress Anxiety, 27, 404, 10.1002/da.20645 Fava, 2001, Psychological well-being and residual symptoms in remitted patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia, J Affect Disord, 65, 185, 10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00267-6 Fava, 1999, 19. Sequential treatment: a new way of integrating pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, Psychother Psychosom, 68, 227, 10.1159/000012338 Corominas, 2002, Residual symptoms and comorbidity in panic disorder, Eur Psychiatry, 17, 399, 10.1016/S0924-9338(02)00693-4 Marchesi, 2008, Effect of pharmacological treatment on temperament and character in panic disorder, Psychiatry Res, 158, 147, 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.08.009 Cloninger, 1993, A psychobiological model of temperament and character, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 50, 975, 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008 Fava, 1991, Mechanisms of change of panic attacks with exposure treatment of agoraphobia, J Affect Disord, 22, 65, 10.1016/0165-0327(91)90085-7 Stanley, 1996, Patterns of change during cognitive behavioral treatment for panic disorder, J Nerv Ment Dis, 184, 567, 10.1097/00005053-199609000-00009 Noda, 2007, Sensitization of catastrophic cognition in cognitive-behavioral therapy for panic disorder, BMC Psychiatry, 7, 70, 10.1186/1471-244X-7-70 Hoffart, 2008, Mechanisms of change in cognitive therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia, J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 39, 262, 10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.07.006 Rifkin, 1991, The sequence of improvement of the symptoms encountered in patients with panic disorder, Compr Psychiatry, 32, 559, 10.1016/0010-440X(91)90035-B Deltito, 1991, The sequence of improvement of the symptoms encountered in patients with panic disorder, Compr Psychiatry, 32, 120, 10.1016/0010-440X(91)90003-U Mavissakalian, 1996, Phenomenology of panic attacks: responsiveness of individual symptoms to imipramine, J Clin Psychopharmacol, 16, 233, 10.1097/00004714-199606000-00007 Liebowitz, 2009, A double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, flexible-dose study of venlafaxine extended release capsules in adult outpatients with panic disorder, J Clin Psychiatry, 70, 550, 10.4088/JCP.08m04238 Bouchard, 2007, Temporal relationship between dysfunctional beliefs, self-efficacy and panic apprehension in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia, J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 38, 275, 10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.08.002 Fava, 1995, Diagnostic criteria for use in psychosomatic research, Psychother Psychosom, 63, 1, 10.1159/000288931 Wise, 2009, Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research are necessary for DSM V, Psychoter Psychosom, 78, 330, 10.1159/000235735 Fava, 2007, Psychological factors affecting either identified or feared medical conditions: a solution for somatoform disorders, Am J Psychiatry, 164, 1002, 10.1176/ajp.2007.164.7.1002 Fava, 2010, The spectrum of anxiety disorders in the medically ill, J Clin Psychiatry, 71, 910, 10.4088/JCP.10m06000blu Porcelli, 2009, Psychosocial functioning in consultation-liaison psychiatry patients: influence of psychosomatic syndromes, psychopathology and somatization, Psychother Psychosom, 78, 352, 10.1159/000235739 Ferrari, 2008, Frequent attenders in primary care: impact of medical, psychiatric and psychosomatic diagnoses, Psychother Psychosom, 77, 306, 10.1159/000142523 Gorman, 1989, A neuroanatomical hypothesis for panic disorder, Am J Psychiatry, 146, 148, 10.1176/ajp.146.2.148 Gorman, 2000, Neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder, revised, Am J Psychiatry, 157, 493, 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.4.493 Ninan, 2005, Neurobiology and etiology of panic disorder, J Clin Psychiatry, 66, 3 Graeff, 2008, Neurobiology of panic disorder: from animal models to brain neuroimaging, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 32, 1326, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017 McGorry, 2007, Issues for DSM-V: Clinical Staging: A Heuristic Pathway to Valid Nosology and Safer, More Effective Treatment in Psychiatry, Am J Psychiatry, 164, 859, 10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.859 McGorry, 2007, Clinical staging: a heuristic model for psychiatry and youth mental health, Med J Aust, 187, S40, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01335.x 1998, Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with panic disorder. Work Group on Panic Disorder. American Psychiatric Association, Am J Psychiatry, 155, 1 2003, Australian and New Zealand clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia, Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 37, 641, 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2003.01254.x Shear, 1998, The road to recovery in panic disorder: response, remission, and relapse, J Clin Psychiatry, 59, 4 van Balkom, 1997, A meta-analysis of the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: a comparison of psychopharmacological, cognitive-behavioral, and combination treatments, J Nerv Ment Dis, 185, 510, 10.1097/00005053-199708000-00006 Furukawa, 2007, Combined psychotherapy plus antidepressants for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 24, 10.1002/14651858.CD004364.pub2 Watanabe, 2009, Combined psychotherapy plus benzodiazepines for panic disorder, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10.1002/14651858.CD005335.pub2 Simon, 2009, Next-step strategies for panic disorder refractory to initial pharmacotherapy: a 3- phase randomized clinical trial, J Clin Psychiatry, 70, 1563, 10.4088/JCP.08m04485blu Goldstein, 1986, Sequential treatment of panic disorder with alprazolam and imipramine, Am J Psychiatry, 143, 1634, 10.1176/ajp.143.12.1634b Mavissakalian, 1990, Sequential combination of imipramine and self-directed exposure in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia, J Clin Psychiatry, 51, 184 de Beurs, 1995, Treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia: comparison of fluvoxamine, placebo, and psychological panic management combined with exposure and of exposure in vivo alone, Am J Psychiatry, 152, 683, 10.1176/ajp.152.5.683 de Beurs, 1999, Long-term outcome of pharmacological and psychological treatment for panic disorder with agoraphobia: a 2-year naturalistic follow-up, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 99, 59, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb05385.x Heldt, 2006, Oneyear follow-up of pharmacotherapy-resistant patients with panic disorder treated with cognitive-behavior therapy: outcome and predictors of remission, Behav Res Ther, 44, 657, 10.1016/j.brat.2005.05.003 Fava, 1998, Wellbeing therapy. A novel psychotherapeutic approach for residual symptoms of affective disorders, Psychol Med, 28, 475, 10.1017/S0033291797006363 Ryff, 1989, Happiness is everything, or is it ? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being, J Pers Soc Psychol, 57, 1069, 10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069 Ryff, 1996, Psychological well-being: meaning, measurement, and implications for psychotherapy research, Psychother Psychosom, 65, 14, 10.1159/000289026 Tomba, 2012, Nowhere Patients, Psychother Psychosom, 81, 69, 10.1159/000334112 Bech, 2010, Struggle for subtypes in primary and secondary depression and their mode-specific treatment or healing, Psychother Psychosom, 79, 331, 10.1159/000320118 Lichtenberg, 2010, Subtyping major depressive disorder, Psychother Psychosom, 79, 131, 10.1159/000286957 Fava, 2010, Clinical assessment of allostatic load and clinimetric criteria, Psychother Psychosom, 79, 280, 10.1159/000318294