The psychological assessment of patients with chronic pain

Lebovits AH: Chronic pain: the multidisciplinary approach. Int Anesthesiol Clin 1991, 29:1–7.

Turk DC, Rudy TE: Toward an empirically derived taxonomy of chronic pain patients: integration of psychological assessment data. J Consult Clin Psychol 1988, 56:233–238.

Karoly P, Jensen MP: Multimethod Assessment of Chronic Pain. London: Pergamon Press; 1987:44–45.

Jensen MP, Karoly P, Braver S: The measurement of clinical pain intensity. Pain 1986, 27:117–126.

Varni JW, Jay SM, Masek BJ, Thompson KL: Cognitivebehavioral assessment and management of pediatric pain. In Pain Management: A Handbook of Psychological Treatment Approaches. Edited by Holzman AD, Turk DC. New York: Pergamon Press; 1986:168–192.

Hester NK, Foster R, Kristensen K: Measurement of pain in children: generalizability and validity of the pain ladder and the poker chip tool. In Advances in Pain Research and Therapy: Pediatric Pain. Edited by Tyler DC, Krane EJ. New York: Raven Press; 1990:79–84.

Bieri D, Reeve RA, Champion GD, et al.: The faces pain scale for the self-assessment of the severity of pain experienced by children: development, initial validation, and preliminary investigation for ratio scale properties. Pain 1990, 41:139–150.

Melzack R: The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods. Pain 1975, 1:277–299.

Turk DC, Rudy TE, Salovey P: The McGill Pain Questionnaire reconsidered: confirming the factor structure and examining appropriate uses. Pain 1985, 21:385–397.

Beck AT, Rush AJ, Shaw BF, Emery G: Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York: Guilford; 1979.

Romano JM, Turner JA: Chronic pain and depression: does the evidence support a relationship? Psychol Bull 1985, 97:18–34.

Turner JA, Romano JM: Self-report screening measures for depression in chronic pain patients. J Clin Psychol 1984, 40:909–913.

Geisser ME, Roth RS, Robinson ME: Assessing depression among persons with chronic pain using the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory: a comparative analysis. Clin J Pain 1997, 13:163–170. The authors evaluated 132 patients with chronic pain with two widely used measures of depression and found that both significantly discriminated persons with and without major depression. They also found that removal of the somatic items did not improve their accuracy.

Spielberger CD: Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1983.

Butcher NB, Dahlstrom WG, Graham JR, et al.: MMPI-2, Manual for Administration and Scoring. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; 1989.

Derogatis LR: The SCL-90R: Administration Scoring and Procedures Manual I. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometrics Research; 1977.

Lynch NT, Lyman DR: Psychological assessment in chronic pain syndrome. In A Practical Approach to Pain Management. Edited by Lefkowitz M et al. Boston: Little Brown and Co.; 1996:115–123.

Kerns RD, Turk DC, Rudy TE: The West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (WHYMPI). Pain 1985, 23:345–356.

Rosenstiel AK, Keefe FJ: The use of coping strategies in chronic low back pain patients: relationship to patient characteristics and current adjustment. Pain 1983, 17:33–44.

Riley JL, Robinson ME: CSQ: five factors or fiction? Clin J Pain 1997, 13:156–162. The authors performed an item level exploratory factor analysis on a large sample and suggested the creation of the CSQ Revised (CSQ-R).

Nelson DV, Kennington M, Novy DM, et al.: Psychological selection criteria for implantable spinal cord stimulators. Pain Forum 1996, 5:93–103. An excellent review of the history of psychological selection criteria in spinal cord stimulator implantation. The authors evaluate the published data and present a framework for including psychological factors in determining suitability for implantation.

Herron LD, Turner J, Clancy S, et al.: The differential utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. A predictor of outcome in lumbar laminectomy for disc herniation versus spinal stenosis. Spine 1986, 11:847–849.

Spengler DM, Tillete EA, Battie M, et al.: Elective discectomy for herniation of a lumbar disc. Additional experience with an objective method. J Bone Joint Surg 1990, 72:230–237.

Gatchel RJ, Polatin PB, Mayer TG: The dominant role of psychosocial risk factors in the development of chronic low back pain disability. Spine 1995, 20:2702–2709. A well-designed large scale prospective study that monitored patients longitudinally over a 1-year period and predicted the work status of patients 1 year later with 91% accuracy.