The promiscuity of the oxytocin–vasopressin systems and their involvement in autism spectrum disorder

Alaerts, 2019, Amygdala–hippocampal connectivity is associated with endogenous levels of oxytocin and can be altered by exogenously administered oxytocin in adults with autism, Biol Psychiatry, 4, 655 Alonso, 2008, Intrahypothalamic angiogenesis induced by osmotic stimuli correlates with local hypoxia: a potential role of confined vasoconstriction induced by dendritic secretion of vasopressin, Endocrinology, 149, 4279, 10.1210/en.2008-0387 Anagnostou, 2012, Intranasal oxytocin versus placebo in the treatment of adults with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled trial, Mol Autism, 3, 16, 10.1186/2040-2392-3-16 Andari, 2010, Promoting social behavior with oxytocin in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 107, 4389, 10.1073/pnas.0910249107 Andari, 2014, Oxytocin's fingerprint in personality traits and regional brain volume, Cereb Cortex, 24, 479, 10.1093/cercor/bhs328 Andari, 2016, Adaptive coding of the value of social cues with oxytocin, an fMRI study in autism spectrum disorder, Cortex, 76, 79, 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.12.010 Andari, 2020, Epigenetic modification of the oxytocin receptor gene: implications for autism symptom severity and brain functional connectivity, Neuropsychopharmacology, 45, 1150, 10.1038/s41386-020-0610-6 Apter-Levi, 2014, Oxytocin and vasopressin support distinct configurations of social synchrony, Brain Res, 1580, 124, 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.10.052 Arthur, 2008, Relationship between gene expression and function of uterotonic systems in the rat during gestation, uterine activation and both term and preterm labour, J Physiol, 586, 6063, 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.164004 Auyeung, 2015, Oxytocin increases eye contact during a real-time, naturalistic social interaction in males with and without autism, Transl Psychiatry, 5, e507, 10.1038/tp.2014.146 Bakos, 2018, Molecular mechanisms of oxytocin signaling at the synaptic connection, Neural Plast, 2018, 1, 10.1155/2018/4864107 Bales, 2007, Neonatal oxytocin manipulations have long-lasting, sexually dimorphic effects on vasopressin receptors, Neuroscience, 144, 38, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.09.009 Bey, 2014, Overview of mouse models of autism spectrum disorders, Curr Protoc Pharmacol, 66, 5.66.1, 10.1002/0471141755.ph0566s66 Bielsky, 2005, The V1a vasopressin receptor is necessary and sufficient for normal social recognition: a gene replacement study, Neuron, 47, 503, 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.06.031 Bolognani, 2019, A phase 2 clinical trial of a vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist shows improved adaptive behaviors in men with autism spectrum disorder, Sci Transl Med, 11, eaat7838, 10.1126/scitranslmed.aat7838 Borie, 2019, Control of social withdrawal of mice deficient for the autism gene Magel2 by restoration of vasopressin-oxytocin dialogue in septum, bioRxiv, 800425 Born, 2002, Sniffing neuropeptides: a transnasal approach to the human brain, Nat Neurosci, 5, 514, 10.1038/nn0602-849 Bosch, 2004, Release of oxytocin in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, but not central amygdala or lateral septum in lactating residents and virgin intruders during maternal defence, Neuroscience, 124, 439, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.11.028 Brownstein, 1980, Synthesis, transport, and release of posterior pituitary hormones, Science, 207, 373, 10.1126/science.6153132 Buijs, 1979, Immuno-electron microscopical demonstration of vasopressin and oxytocin synapses in the limbic system of the rat, Cell Tissue Res, 204, 355, 10.1007/BF00233648 Burkett, 2016, Oxytocin-dependent consolation behavior in rodents, Science, 351, 375, 10.1126/science.aac4785 Carson, 2015, Arginine vasopressin is a blood-based biomarker of social functioning in children with autism, PLoS One, 10, e0132224, 10.1371/journal.pone.0132224 Carter, 2009, Consequences of early experiences and exposure to oxytocin and vasopressin are sexually dimorphic, Dev Neurosci, 31, 332, 10.1159/000216544 Chen, 2008, Anti-apoptotic actions of vasopressin in H32 neurons involve map kinase transactivation and bad phosphorylation, Exp Neurol, 211, 529, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.02.023 Dadds, 2014, Nasal oxytocin for social deficits in childhood autism: a randomized controlled trial, J Autism Dev Disord, 44, 521, 10.1007/s10803-013-1899-3 Dai, 2018, Neonatal oxytocin treatment ameliorates autistic-like behaviors and oxytocin deficiency in valproic acid-induced rat model of autism, Front Cell Neurosci, 12, 355, 10.3389/fncel.2018.00355 Dal Monte, 2014, CSF and blood oxytocin concentration changes following intranasal delivery in macaque, PLoS One, 9, e103677, 10.1371/journal.pone.0103677 Di Napoli, 2014, Genetic variation in the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene is associated with Asperger syndrome, Mol Autism, 5, 48, 10.1186/2040-2392-5-48 Dykens, 2011, Prader–Willi syndrome and autism spectrum disorders: an evolving story, J Neurodev Disord, 3, 225, 10.1007/s11689-011-9092-5 Elabd, 2007, Possible neuroendocrine role for oxytocin in bone remodeling, Endocr Regul, 41, 131 Engelmann, 1994, Microdialysis administration of vasopressin into the septum improves social recognition in Brattleboro rats, Physiol Behav, 55, 145, 10.1016/0031-9384(94)90022-1 Feldman, 2012, Sensitive parenting is associated with plasma oxytocin and polymorphisms in the OXTR and CD38 genes, Biol Psychiatry, 72, 175, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.12.025 Feng, 2015, Oxytocin and vasopressin effects on the neural response to social cooperation are modulated by sex in humans, Brain Imaging Behav, 9, 754, 10.1007/s11682-014-9333-9 Ferguson, 2000, Social amnesia in mice lacking the oxytocin gene, Nat Genet, 25, 284, 10.1038/77040 Ferguson, 2001, Oxytocin in the medial amygdala is essential for social recognition in the mouse, J Neurosci, 21, 8278, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-20-08278.2001 Ferretti, 2019, Oxytocin signaling in the central amygdala modulates emotion discrimination in mice, Curr Biol, 29, 1938, 10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.070 Filippi, 2003, Role of oxytocin in the ejaculatory process, J Endocrinol Invest, 26, 82 Francis, 2014, Oxytocin and vasopressin systems in genetic syndromes and neurodevelopmental disorders, Brain Res, 1580, 199, 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.021 Francis, 2016, ASD and genetic associations with receptors for oxytocin and vasopressin—AVPR1A, AVPR1B, and OXTR, Front Neurosci, 10, 516, 10.3389/fnins.2016.00516 Freeman, 2016, Plasma and CSF oxytocin levels after intranasal and intravenous oxytocin in awake macaques, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 66, 185, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.01.014 Gordon, 2013, Oxytocin enhances brain function in children with autism, PNAS, 110, 20953, 10.1073/pnas.1312857110 Gouin, 2012, Plasma vasopressin and interpersonal functioning, Biol Psychol, 91, 270, 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.07.003 Gregory, 2009, Genomic and epigenetic evidence for oxytocin receptor deficiency in autism, BMC Med, 7, 62, 10.1186/1741-7015-7-62 Grund, 2019, Chemogenetic activation of oxytocin neurons: temporal dynamics, hormonal release, and behavioral consequences, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 106, 77, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.019 Guastella, 2008, Oxytocin increases gaze to the eye region of human faces, Biol Psychiatry, 63, 3, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.06.026 Guastella, 2010, Intranasal oxytocin improves emotion recognition for youth with autism spectrum disorders, Biol Psychiatry, 67, 692, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.020 Guastella, 2010, Intranasal arginine vasopressin enhances the encoding of happy and angry faces in humans, Biol Psychiatry, 67, 1220, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.03.014 Guastella, 2011, Arginine vasopressin selectively enhances recognition of sexual cues in male humans, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36, 294, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.07.023 Guastella, 2015, The effects of a course of intranasal oxytocin on social behaviors in youth diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled trial, J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 56, 444, 10.1111/jcpp.12305 Gwee, 2009, Characterization of the neurohypophysial hormone gene loci in elephant shark and the Japanese lamprey: origin of the vertebrate neurohypophysial hormone genes, BMC Evol Biol, 9, 1, 10.1186/1471-2148-9-47 Hammock, 2002, Variation in the vasopressin V1a receptor promoter and expression: implications for inter- and intraspecific variation in social behaviour, Eur J Neurosci, 16, 399, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02083.x Hammock, 2005, Association of vasopressin 1a receptor levels with a regulatory microsatellite and behavior, Genes Brain Behav, 4, 289, 10.1111/j.1601-183X.2005.00119.x Hara, 2017, Oxytocin attenuates deficits in social interaction but not recognition memory in a prenatal valproic acid-induced mouse model of autism, Horm Behav, 96, 130, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.09.013 Harony-Nicolas, 2014, Brain region-specific methylation in the promoter of the murine oxytocin receptor gene is involved in its expression regulation, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 39, 121, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.10.004 Harony-Nicolas, 2017, Oxytocin improves behavioral and electrophysiological deficits in a novel Shank3-deficient rat, eLife, 6, e18904, 10.7554/eLife.18904 Heinrichs, 2008, Neuropeptides and social behaviour: effects of oxytocin and vasopressin in humans, Prog Brain Res, 170, 337, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)00428-7 Hollander, 2003, Oxytocin infusion reduces repetitive behaviors in adults with autistic and Asperger's disorders, Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, 193, 10.1038/sj.npp.1300021 Hollander, 2007, Oxytocin increases retention of social cognition in autism, Biol Psychiatry, 61, 498, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.030 Hopkins, 2012, A polymorphic indel containing the RS3 microsatellite in the 5’ flanking region of the vasopressin V1a receptor gene is associated with chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) personality, Genes Brain Behav, 11, 552, 10.1111/j.1601-183X.2012.00799.x Horie, 2018, Oxytocin receptor knockout prairie voles generated by CRISPR/Cas9 editing show reduced preference for social novelty and exaggerated repetitive behaviors, Horm Behav, 111, 60, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.10.011 Hung, 2017, Gating of social reward by oxytocin in the ventral tegmental area, Science, 357, 1406, 10.1126/science.aan4994 Insel, 1995, A gender-specific mechanism for pair bonding: oxytocin and partner preference formation in monogamous voles, Behav Neurosci, 109, 782, 10.1037/0735-7044.109.4.782 Jankowski, 2004, Oxytocin in cardiac ontogeny, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101, 13074, 10.1073/pnas.0405324101 Jirikowski, 1988, Estradiol influences oxytocin-immunoreactive brain systems, Neuroscience, 25, 237, 10.1016/0306-4522(88)90022-X Johnson, 2016, Central oxytocin receptors mediate mating-induced partner preferences and enhance correlated activation across forebrain nuclei in male prairie voles, Horm Behav, 79, 8, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.11.011 Kato, 1995, Distribution and developmental changes in vasopressin V2 receptor mRNA in rat brain, Differentiation, 59, 163, 10.1046/j.1432-0436.1995.5930163.x Kazdoba, 2014, Modeling fragile X syndrome in the Fmr1 knockout mouse, Intractable Rare Dis Res, 3, 118, 10.5582/irdr.2014.01024 King, 2016, Variation in the oxytocin receptor gene predicts brain region specific expression and social attachment, Biol Psychiatry, 80, 160, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.12.008 Klatt, 2013, Oxytocin-like receptors mediate pair bonding in a socially monogamous songbird, Proc Biol Sci, 280, 20122396 Knafo, 2008, Individual differences in allocation of funds in the dictator game associated with length of the arginine vasopressin 1a receptor RS3 promoter region and correlation between RS3 length and hippocampal mRNA, Genes Brain Behav, 7, 266, 10.1111/j.1601-183X.2007.00341.x Knobloch, 2012, Evoked axonal oxytocin release in the central amygdala attenuates fear response, Neuron, 73, 553, 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.11.030 Kosaka, 2016, Oxytocin efficacy is modulated by dosage and oxytocin receptor genotype in young adults with high-functioning autism: a 24-week randomized clinical trial, Transl Psychiatry, 6, 10.1038/tp.2016.152 Krol, 2019, Epigenetic modification of the oxytocin receptor gene is associated with emotion processing in the infant brain, Dev Cogn Neurosci, 37, 100648, 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100648 Kumsta, 2013, Epigenetic regulation of the oxytocin receptor gene: implications for behavioral neuroscience, Front Neurosci, 7, 83, 10.3389/fnins.2013.00083 Kuppens, 2016, Promising effects of oxytocin on social and food-related behavior in young children with Prader-Willi syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, controlled crossover trial, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 85, 979, 10.1111/cen.13169 Kurz, 2018, Cognitive behavioral therapy for children with autism spectrum disorder: a prospective observational study, Eur J Paediatr Neurol, 22, 803, 10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.05.010 Lagman, 2013, The vertebrate ancestral repertoire of visual opsins, transducin alpha subunits and oxytocin/vasopressin receptors was established by duplication of their shared genomic region in the two rounds of early vertebrate genome duplications, BMC Evol Biol, 13, 238, 10.1186/1471-2148-13-238 Larrazolo-López, 2008, Vaginocervical stimulation enhances social recognition memory in rats via oxytocin release in the olfactory bulb, Neuroscience, 152, 585, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.024 Lee, 2018, Oxytocin by intranasal and intravenous routes reaches the cerebrospinal fluid in rhesus macaques: determination using a novel oxytocin assay, Mol Psychiatry, 23, 115, 10.1038/mp.2017.27 Lefevre, 2017, A comparison of methods to measure central and peripheral oxytocin concentrations in human and non-human primates, Sci Rep, 7, 17222, 10.1038/s41598-017-17674-7 Leng, 2008, Oxytocin and the maternal brain, Curr Opin Pharmacol, 8, 731, 10.1016/j.coph.2008.07.001 Liu, 2003, Nucleus accumbens oxytocin and dopamine interact to regulate pair bond formation in female prairie voles, Neuroscience, 121, 537, 10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00555-4 Liu, 2001, Vasopressin in the lateral septum regulates pair bond formation in male prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), Behav Neurosci, 115, 910, 10.1037/0735-7044.115.4.910 Lucassen, 1997, Unchanged amounts of vasopressin mRNA in the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus during aging and in Alzheimer's disease, J Neuroendocrinol, 9, 297, 10.1046/j.1365-2826.1997.t01-1-00583.x Ludwig, 2006, Dendritic peptide release and peptide-dependent behaviours, Nat Rev Neurosci, 7, 126, 10.1038/nrn1845 Lukas, 2011, The neuropeptide oxytocin facilitates pro-social behavior and prevents social avoidance in rats and mice, Neuropsychopharmacology, 36, 2159, 10.1038/npp.2011.95 Luppino, 2014, Association between a polymorphism of the vasopressin 1B receptor gene and aggression in children, Psychiatr Genet, 24, 185, 10.1097/YPG.0000000000000036 Magalhaes, 2009, Oxytocin pretreatment decreases oxytocin-induced myometrial contractions in pregnant rats in a concentration-dependent but not time-dependent manner, Reprod Sci, 16, 501, 10.1177/1933719108329954 Mamrut, 2013, DNA methylation of specific CpG sites in the promoter region regulates the transcription of the mouse oxytocin receptor, PLoS One, 8, e56869, 10.1371/journal.pone.0056869 Marlin, 2015, Oxytocin enables maternal behaviour by balancing cortical inhibition, Nature, 520, 499, 10.1038/nature14402 Marroni, 2007, Neuroanatomical and cellular substrates of hypergrooming induced by microinjection of oxytocin in central nucleus of amygdala, an experimental model of compulsive behavior, Mol Psychiatry, 12, 1103, 10.1038/sj.mp.4002015 Maud, 2018, The role of oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) DNA methylation (DNAm) in human social and emotional functioning: a systematic narrative review, BMC Psychiatry, 18, 154, 10.1186/s12888-018-1740-9 Mayasich, 2016, The emergence of the vasopressin and oxytocin hormone receptor gene family lineage: clues from the characterization of vasotocin receptors in the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), Gen Comp Endocrinol, 226, 88, 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.01.001 Melmed, 2011 Menon, 2018, Oxytocin signaling in the lateral septum prevents social fear during lactation, Curr Biol, 28, 1066, 10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.044 Meziane, 2015, An early postnatal oxytocin treatment prevents social and learning deficits in adult mice deficient for Magel2, a gene involved in Prader-Willi syndrome and autism, Biol Psychiatry, 78, 85, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.11.010 Michalska, 2014, Genetic imaging of the association of oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) polymorphisms with positive maternal parenting, Front Behav Neurosci, 8, 21, 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00021 Modahl, 1998, Plasma oxytocin levels in autistic children, Biol Psychiatry, 43, 270, 10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00439-3 Nephew, 2008, Central actions of arginine vasopressin and a V1a receptor antagonist on maternal aggression, maternal behavior, and grooming in lactating rats, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 91, 77, 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.06.013 Neumann, 2013, Increased brain and plasma oxytocin after nasal and peripheral administration in rats and mice, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 1985, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.03.003 Nishina, 2015, Polymorphism of the oxytocin receptor gene modulates behavioral and attitudinal trust among men but not women, PLoS One, 10, e0137089, 10.1371/journal.pone.0137089 Nishina, 2019, Association of polymorphism of arginine-vasopressin receptor 1A (AVPR1a) gene with trust and reciprocity, Front Hum Neurosci, 13, 230, 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00230 Ocampo Daza, 2012, The oxytocin/vasopressin receptor family has at least five members in the gnathostome lineage, inclucing two distinct V2 subtypes, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 175, 135, 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.10.011 Oettl, 2016, Oxytocin enhances social recognition by modulating cortical control of early olfactory processing, Neuron, 90, 609, 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.03.033 Olszewski, 2016, Oxytocin: a conditional anorexigen whose effects on appetite depend on the physiological, behavioural and social contexts, J Neuroendocrinol, 28, 10.1111/jne.12376 Ooi, 2017, Oxytocin and autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Pharmacopsychiatry, 50, 5 Oztan, 2018, Cerebrospinal fluid vasopressin and symptom severity in children with autism, Ann Neurol, 84, 611, 10.1002/ana.25314 Parker, 2014, Plasma oxytocin concentrations and OXTR polymorphisms predict social impairments in children with and without autism spectrum disorder, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 111, 12258, 10.1073/pnas.1402236111 Parker, 2018, Arginine vasopressin in cerebrospinal fluid is a marker of sociality in nonhuman primates, Sci Transl Med, 10, 10.1126/scitranslmed.aam9100 Parker, 2019, A randomized placebo-controlled pilot trial shows that intranasal vasopressin improves social deficits in children with autism, Sci Transl Med, 11, eaau7356, 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau7356 Pavan de Arruda Camargo, 2008, Vasopressin and angiotensin receptors of the medial septal area in the control of mean arterial pressure induced by vasopressin, J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst, 9, 133, 10.1177/1470320308095260 Peñagarikano, 2017, Oxytocin in animal models of autism spectrum disorder, Dev Neurobiol, 77, 202, 10.1002/dneu.22449 Peñagarikano, 2011, Absence of CNTNAP2 leads to epilepsy, neuronal migration abnormalities and core autism-related deficits, Cell, 147, 235, 10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.040 Peñagarikano, 2015, Exogenous and evoked oxytocin restores social behavior in the Cntnap2 mouse model of autism, Sci Transl Med, 7, 271ra8, 10.1126/scitranslmed.3010257 Petersson, 1996, Oxytocin causes a long-term decrease of blood pressure in female and male rats, Physiol Behav, 60, 1311, 10.1016/S0031-9384(96)00261-2 Pisansky, 2017, Oxytocin enhances observational fear in mice, Nat Commun, 8, 2102, 10.1038/s41467-017-02279-5 Pobbe, 2012, Oxytocin receptor knockout mice display deficits in the expression of autism-related behaviors, Horm Behav, 61, 436, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.10.010 Puglia, 2015, Epigenetic modification of the oxytocin receptor gene influences the perception of anger and fear in the human brain, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 112, 3308, 10.1073/pnas.1422096112 Puglia, 2018, Epigenetic regulation of the oxytocin receptor is associated with neural response during selective social attention, Transl Psychiatry, 8, 116, 10.1038/s41398-018-0159-x Pujol, 2018, Back-translating behavioral intervention for autism spectrum disorders to mice with blunted reward restores social abilities, Transl Psychiatry, 8, 1, 10.1038/s41398-018-0247-y Quintana, 2015, Do delivery routes of intranasally administered oxytocin account for observed effects on social cognition and behavior? A two-level model, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 49, 182, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.011 Raam, 2017, Hippocampal oxytocin receptors are necessary for discrimination of social stimuli, Nat Commun, 8, 2001, 10.1038/s41467-017-02173-0 Remington, 2007, Early intensive behavioral intervention: outcomes for children with autism and their parents after two years, Am J Ment Retard, 112, 418, 10.1352/0895-8017(2007)112[418:EIBIOF]2.0.CO;2 Renaud, 1991, Neurophysiology and neuropharmacology of hypothalamic magnocellular neurons secreting vasopressin and oxytocin, Prog Neurobiol, 36, 131, 10.1016/0301-0082(91)90020-2 Richmond, 2003, The role of arginine vasopressin in thermoregulation during fever, J Neurosci Nurs, 35, 281, 10.1097/01376517-200310000-00007 Rilling, 2012, Effects of intranasal oxytocin and vasopressin on cooperative behavior and associated brain activity in men, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 447, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.07.013 Rilling, 2018, Intranasal oxytocin modulates neural functional connectivity during human social interaction, Am J Primatol, 80, e22740, 10.1002/ajp.22740 Sabatier, 2006, Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and oxytocin: a peptide signalling cascade in the hypothalamus, J Neuroendocrinol, 18, 703, 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01464.x Sala, 2011, Pharmacologic rescue of impaired cognitive flexibility, social deficits, increased aggression, and seizure susceptibility in oxytocin receptor null mice: a neurobehavioral model of autism, Biol Psychiatry, 69, 875, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.12.022 Sala, 2013, Mice heterozygous for the oxytocin receptor gene (Oxtr(+/−)) show impaired social behaviour but not increased aggression or cognitive inflexibility: evidence of a selective haploinsufficiency gene effect, J Neuroendocrinol, 25, 107, 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02385.x Schaaf, 2013, Truncating mutations of MAGEL2 cause Prader-Willi phenotypes and autism, Nat Genet, 45, 1405, 10.1038/ng.2776 Schank, 2009, Early locomotor and social effects in vasopressin deficient neonatal rats, Behav Brain Res, 197, 166, 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.08.019 Shou, 2017, A volumetric and functional connectivity MRI study of brain arginine-vasopressin pathways in autistic children, Neurosci Bull, 33, 130, 10.1007/s12264-017-0109-2 Smith, 2015, The sea lamprey meiotic map improves resolution of ancient vertebrate genome duplications, Genome Res, 25, 1081, 10.1101/gr.184135.114 Smith, 2016, Targeted activation of the hippocampal CA2 area strongly enhances social memory, Mol Psychiatry, 21, 1137, 10.1038/mp.2015.189 Smith, 2019, Oxytocin delivered nasally or intraperitoneally reaches the brain and plasma of normal and oxytocin knockout mice, Pharmacol Res, 146, 104324, 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104324 Song, 2017, Cross-talk among oxytocin and arginine-vasopressin receptors: relevance for basic and clinical studies of the brain and periphery, Front Neuroendocrinol, 51, 14, 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.10.004 Spetter, 2017, Current findings on the role of oxytocin in the regulation of food intake, Physiol Behav, 176, 31, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.007 Staes, 2016, Bonobo personality traits are heritable and associated with vasopressin receptor gene 1a variation, Sci Rep, 6, 38193, 10.1038/srep38193 Stevenson, 2012, The vasopressin 1b receptor and the neural regulation of social behavior, Horm Behav, 61, 277, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.11.009 Striepens, 2013, Elevated cerebrospinal fluid and blood concentrations of oxytocin following its intranasal administration in humans, Sci Rep, 3, 3440, 10.1038/srep03440 Swaab, 1995, Alterations in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and its oxytocin neurons (putative satiety cells) in Prader-Willi syndrome: a study of five cases, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 80, 573 Tabak, 2014, Variation in oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) polymorphisms is associated with emotional and behavioral reactions to betrayal, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci, 9, 810, 10.1093/scan/nst042 Tachibana, 2013, Long-term administration of intranasal oxytocin is a safe and promising therapy for early adolescent boys with autism spectrum disorders, J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 23, 123, 10.1089/cap.2012.0048 Takayanagi, 2005, Pervasive social deficits, but normal parturition, in oxytocin receptor-deficient mice, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102, 16096, 10.1073/pnas.0505312102 Tauber, 2017, The use of oxytocin to improve feeding and social skills in infants with Prader-Willi syndrome, Pediatrics, 139, e20162976, 10.1542/peds.2016-2976 Teng, 2013, Prosocial effects of oxytocin in two mouse models of autism spectrum disorders, Neuropharmacology, 72, 187, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.038 Theofanopoulou, 2017, A hypothesis on a role of oxytocin in the social mechanisms of speech and vocal learning, Proc Biol Sci, 284 Theofanopoulou, 2018, Oxytocin and vasopressin receptor variants as a window onto the evolution of human prosociality, bioRxiv, 460584 Theofanopoulou, 2021, Universal nomenclature for oxytocin-vasotocin ligand and receptor families, Nature, 10.1038/s41586-020-03040-7 Thul, 2017, A subcellular map of the human proteome, Science, 356, eaal3321, 10.1126/science.aal3321 Tsuji, 2015, Salivary oxytocin concentrations in seven boys with autism spectrum disorder received massage from their mothers: a pilot study, Front Psych, 6, 58 Tyzio, 2006, Maternal oxytocin triggers a transient inhibitory switch in GABA signaling in the fetal brain during delivery, Science, 314, 1788, 10.1126/science.1133212 Tyzio, 2014, Oxytocin-mediated GABA inhibition during delivery attenuates autism pathogenesis in rodent offspring, Science, 343, 675, 10.1126/science.1247190 Uzefovsky, 2019, The oxytocin receptor gene predicts brain activity during an emotion recognition task in autism, Mol Autism, 10, 12, 10.1186/s13229-019-0258-4 Veenema, 2008, Central vasopressin and oxytocin release: regulation of complex social behaviours, Prog Brain Res, 170, 261, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)00422-6 Veenema, 2012, Vasopressin regulates social recognition in juvenile and adult rats of both sexes, but in sex- and age-specific ways, Horm Behav, 61, 50, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.10.002 Veenema, 2013, Sex-specific modulation of juvenile social play by vasopressin, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 2554, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.06.002 Verty, 2004, Evidence for an interaction between CB1 cannabinoid and oxytocin receptors in food and water intake, Neuropharmacology, 47, 593, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.06.002 Walter, 1967, Chemistry and structure-activity relations of the antidiuretic hormones, Am J Med, 42, 653, 10.1016/0002-9343(67)90087-3 Watanabe, 2014, Mitigation of sociocommunicational deficits of autism through oxytocin-induced recovery of medial prefrontal activity: a randomized trial, JAMA Psychiat, 71, 166, 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.3181 Watanabe, 2015, Clinical and neural effects of six-week administration of oxytocin on core symptoms of autism, Brain, 138, 3400, 10.1093/brain/awv249 Weingartner, 1981, Effects of vasopressin on human memory functions, Science, 211, 601, 10.1126/science.7455701 Wersinger, 2002, Vasopressin V1b receptor knockout reduces aggressive behavior in male mice, Mol Psychiatry, 7, 975, 10.1038/sj.mp.4001195 Wicker, 2007, A unified classification system for eukaryotic transposable elements, Nat Rev Genet, 8, 973, 10.1038/nrg2165 Wilson, 2017, Chimpanzee personality and the arginine vasopressin receptor 1A genotype, Behav Genet, 47, 215, 10.1007/s10519-016-9822-2 Witt, 1994, Increased Fos expression in oxytocin neurons following masculine sexual behavior, J Neuroendocrinol, 6, 13, 10.1111/j.1365-2826.1994.tb00549.x Wu, 2003, Pharmacological effects of oxytocin on gastric emptying and intestinal transit of a non-nutritive liquid meal in female rats, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 367, 406, 10.1007/s00210-003-0690-y Wu, 2012, The association between oxytocin receptor gene polymorphism (OXTR) and trait empathy, J Affect Disord, 138, 468, 10.1016/j.jad.2012.01.009 Wu, 2015, The arginine vasopressin V1b receptor gene and prosociality: mediation role of emotional empathy, Psychiatry J, 4, 160 Yamaguchi, 2012, The fifth neurohypophysial hormone receptor is structurally related to the V2-type receptor but functionally similar to V1-type receptors, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 178, 519, 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.07.008 Yang, 2007, Effect of oxytocin on acupuncture analgesia in the rat, Neuropeptides, 41, 285, 10.1016/j.npep.2007.05.004 Yang, 2010, Family-based association study of microsatellites in the 5′ flanking region of AVPR1A with autism spectrum disorder in the Korean population, Psychiatry Res, 178, 199, 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.11.007 Young, 1999, Increased affiliative response to vasopressin in mice expressing the V 1a receptor from a monogamous vole, Nature, 400, 766, 10.1038/23475 Zhang, 2016, Plasma oxytocin and arginine-vasopressin levels in children with autism spectrum disorder in China: associations with symptoms, Neurosci Bull, 32, 423, 10.1007/s12264-016-0046-5