The power of incrementalism: environmental regulation and technological change in pulp and paper bleaching in the US
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Pollution Prevention Act of 1990. Public Law 101-508, 5 November 1990.
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Norberg-Bohm V., 1997, The Power of Incrementalism: Environmentally Induced Technological Change in Pulp and Paper Bleaching in the US
Wells Nutt, president Union Camp Technology, interview, 10 November 1995.
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Between 1970 and 1993, US production of paper products almost doubled, increasing from 49 million tons in 1970 to 85 million tons in 1993. Exports increased from 3 million tons in 1970 to 9 million tons in 1993 (American Forest and Paper Association (AFPA), Pajer, Paperboard and Wood Pulp, 1994 Statirtics (Washington, DC, AFPA, 1994)).
1994.Ibid,
This quotation has numerous vague sources, including: an uncited 1988 US EPA document, Bureau of National Affairs, 'Excessive Discharges of Dioxin Confirmed in EPA/Industry Pulp and Paper Mill Study', Environment Reporter, 7 July 1989, pp. 507-508; an uncited 1985 EPA document, Thornton, The Product Is t h Poison: The Casefar a Chlorine Phase-out (Washington, DC, Greenpeace, 1991).
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These are called cluster rules because they cover both air and water pollution regulations ('Effluent Limitations Guidelines, Pretreatment Standards, and New Source Performance Standards: Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Category: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Category: Pulp and Paper Production', Federal Reguter, 58, 17 December 1993).
Effluent Limitations Guidelines, Pretreatment Standards, and New Source Performance Standards: Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Category; National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Category: Pulp and Paper Production', Federal Rep& 61, 15 July 1996.
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Young J., 1993, Pulp and Paper, 67, 61
Union Camp patented its high consistency ozone process and was the first company to commercialize it in 1992. Swedish firms commercialized medium consistency ozone bleaching in the same year.
Site study of Scandinavian mills.
Patrick K.L., 1994, Pulp and Paper, 67, S1
Adler R.W., 1993, The Clean Water Act: 20 Years Later
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1996.op. cit, April Ref 36
Paper Task Force (Duke University, Environmental Defense Fund et al.), Technical Supplement-Part IV: Bleached Kraft Pulp Manufacturing Environmental Companion of Bleached Kraji Pulp Man.facturing Technolops (White Paper 5) (Washington, DC, Environmental Defense Fund, 1995).
Albert R.J., 1994, Pulp and Paper
Despite the dominance of a 'single' bleaching technology, the differences in bleach lines are significant. In the US, BKPMs operate 164 bleaching lines and use 115 different bleaching sequences. Paper Task Force (Duke University, Environmental Defense Fund et al.), Technical Supplemenk-Part IV: Bleached Kraft Pulp Manujactunw Economics of Kraj Pulpiq and Bleaching ( M i & Paper 7) (Washington, DC, Environmental Defense Fund, 1995).
1994.Ibid, July Federal Register, op. cit., Ref 36.
1994.op. cit, July Ref 37
1994.Ibid, July Paper Task Force, op. cit., Ref. 55.
1994.op. cit, July Ref 55
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Albert, 1994, op. cit
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