The potential role of cost-utility analysis in the decision to implement major system change in acute stroke services in metropolitan areas in England

Office of National Statistics. Census: usual resident population, local authorities in England and Wales. https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/2011censuskeystatisticsforlocalauthoritiesinenglandandwales/r21ewrttableks101ewladv1_tcm77-290562.xls . Accessed 5 Mar 2015.

Fulop N, Boaden R, Hunter R, McKevitt C, Morris S, Pursani N, Ramsay AI, Rudd AG, Tyrrell PJ, Wolfe C. Innovations in major system reconfiguration in England: a study of the effectiveness, acceptability and processes of implementation of two models of stroke care. Implement Sci. 2013;8:5.

Hunter RM, Davie C, Rudd A, Thompson A, Walker H, Thomson N, Mountford J, Schwamm L, Deanfield J, Thompson K, et al. Impact on clinical and cost outcomes of a centralized approach to acute stroke care in London: a comparative effectiveness before and after model. PLoS One. 2013;8:e70420.

Morris S, Hunter RM, Ramsay AI, Boaden R, McKevitt C, Perry C, Pursani N, Rudd AG, Schwamm LH, Turner SJ, et al. Impact of centralising acute stroke services in English metropolitan areas on mortality and length of hospital stay: difference-in-differences analysis. BMJ. 2014;349:g4757.

Ramsay AI, Morris S, Hoffman A, Hunter RM, Boaden R, McKevitt C, Perry C, Pursani N, Rudd AG, Turner SJ, et al. Effects of centralizing acute stroke services on stroke care provision in two large metropolitan areas in England. Stroke. 2015;46:2244–51.

Healthcare for London. Stroke Acute Commissioning and Tariff Guidance. London: Department of Health; 2009.

Bhattarai N, McMeekin P, Price C, Vale L. Economic evaluations on centralisation of specialised healthcare services: a systematic review of methods. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e011214.

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Guide to the Methods of Technology Appraisal 2013. 2013. https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg9/chapter/foreword . Accessed 2 Jan 2018.

Claxton K, Martin S, Soares M, Rice N, Spackman E, Hinde S, Devlin N, Smith PC, Sculpher M. Methods for the estimation of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence cost-effectiveness threshold. Health Technol Assess. 2015;19:1–503. v-vi

Ruta D, Mitton C, Bate A, Donaldson C. Programme budgeting and marginal analysis: bridging the divide between doctors and managers. BMJ. 2005;330:1501–3.

Office of National Statistics. 2001 Rural-Urban Classification. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/products/area-classifications/rural-urban-definition-and-la/index.html . Accessed 12 Feb 2016.

NHS Digital. Linked HES-ONS Mortality Data. http://content.digital.nhs.uk/article/2677/Linked-HES-ONS-mortality-data . Accessed 15 Feb 2016.

On behalf of the Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. National Sentinel Stroke Audit: Phase II (clinical audit) 2008. London: Royal College of Physicians; 2009.

On behalf of the Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. SINAP - Combined Quarterly Public Report (Quarters 1–7). London: Royal College of Physicians; 2013.

Wang Y, Rudd AG, Wolfe CD. Age and ethnic disparities in incidence of stroke over time: the South London Stroke Register. Stroke. 2013;44:3298–304.

Briggs A, Sculpher M, Claxton K. Decision Modelling for Health Economic Evaluation. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006.

Department for Communities and Local Government. Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004. http://data.gov.uk/dataset/imd_2004 . Accessed 25 Jan 2016.

Quan H, Sundararajan V, Halfon P, Fong A, Burnand B, Luthi JC, Saunders LD, Beck CA, Feasby TE, Ghali WA. Coding algorithms for defining comorbidities in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 administrative data. Med Care. 2005;43:1130–9.

Gordon AL, Franklin M, Bradshaw L, Logan P, Elliott R, Gladman JR. Health status of UK care home residents: a cohort study. Age Ageing. 2014;43:97–103.

NHS Digital. Emergency Hospital Admissions: Stroke: Indirectly Standardised Rate, All Ages. Annual Trend. https://beta.digital.nhs.uk/publications/clinical-indicators/compendium-of-population-health-indicators/compendium-hospital-care/current/emergency-admissions/emergency-hospital-admissions-stroke-indirectly-standardised-rate-all-ages-annual-trend-f-m-p . Accessed 5 Mar 2018.

Sheehan J. Pre-Consultation Business Case - Major Trauma and Stroke Services in London. London: Healthcare for London; 2009.

Boyle S. Economic Case for Change in the System of Stroke Care in Greater Manchester. Greater Manchester & Cheshire Cardiac and Stroke Network, and the Association of Greater Manchester PCTs: Greater Manchester; 2009.

Eddama O, Coast J. Use of economic evaluation in local health care decision-making in England: a qualitative investigation. Health Policy. 2009;89:261–70.

Fulop NJ, Ramsay AI, Perry C, Boaden RJ, McKevitt C, Rudd AG, Turner SJ, Tyrrell PJ, Wolfe CD, Morris S. Explaining outcomes in major system change: a qualitative study of implementing centralised acute stroke services in two large metropolitan regions in England. Implement Sci. 2016;11:80.

Ubel PA, DeKay ML, Baron J, Asch DA. Cost-effectiveness analysis in a setting of budget constraints--is it equitable? N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1174–7.

Hoomans T, Severens JL. Economic evaluation of implementation strategies in health care. Implement Sci. 2014;9:168.

Turner S, Ramsay A, Perry C, Boaden R, McKevitt C, Morris S, Pursani N, Rudd A, Tyrrell P, Wolfe C, et al. Lessons for major system change: centralization of stroke services in two metropolitan areas of England. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2016;21:156–65.

Sullivan SM, Wells G, Coyle D. What guidance are economists given on how to present economic evaluations for policymakers? A systematic review. Value Health. 2015;18:915–24.

Fulop NJ, Ramsay AI, Vindrola-Padros C, Aitchison M, Boaden RJ, Brinton V, Clarke CS, Hines J, Hunter RM, Levermore C, et al. Reorganising specialist cancer surgery for the twenty-first century: a mixed methods evaluation (RESPECT-21). Implement Sci. 2016;11:155.

NHS England. 2014/2015 National Tariff Payment System: Annex 5A: National Prices. Department of Health. 2014; https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-tariff-payment-system-2014-to-2015 . Accessed 25 Oct 2015

Greater Manchester and Cheshire Cardiac and Stroke Network Support Team. Development of Stroke Services in Greater Manchester: Twelve Month Review. http://www.gmecscn.nhs.uk/attachments/article/39/Appendix1-GMCCSN12monthStrokeReviewOct11.pdf . Accessed 5 Mar 2018.

Department of Health. NHS Reference Costs 2013 to 2014. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/nhs-reference-costs-2013-to-2014 . Accessed 25 Oct 2015.

Curtis L. Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2014. Canterbury: Personal Social Services Research Unit; 2015.

Franklin M, Berdunov V, Edmans J, Conroy S, Gladman J, Tanajewski L, Gkountouras G, Elliott RA. Identifying patient-level health and social care costs for older adults discharged from acute medical units in England. Age Ageing. 2014;43:703–7.