The possible “backfire” effects of hot spots policing: an experimental assessment of impacts on legitimacy, fear and collective efficacy

David Weisburd1, Joshua C. Hinkle2, Christine Famega3, Justin Ready4
1The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
2Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
3California State University, San Bernardino, San Bernardino, USA
4Arizona State Unversity, Phoenix, USA

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Appleyard, D. (1981). Livable streets. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Bloom, H. S. (2005). Randomizing groups to evaluate place-based programs. In H. S. Bloom (Ed.), Learning More From Social Experiments: Evolving Analytic Approaches. New York: Russell Sage Foundation Publications.

Braga, A. A. (2001). The effects of hot spots policing on crime. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 568, 104–125.

Braga, A. A. (2005). Hot spots policing and crime prevention: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1, 317–342.

Braga, A. A., & Bond, B. J. (2008). Policing crime and disorder hot spots: A randomized controlled trial. Criminology, 46, 577–607.

Braga, A. A., & Bond, B. J. (2009). Community perception of police crime prevention efforts: Using interviews in small areas to evaluate crime reduction strategies. In J. Knutsson & N. Tilley (Eds.), Crime Prevention Studies (Vol. 24, pp. 87–119). Monsey: Criminal Justice Press.

Braga, A. A., & Weisburd, D. (2010). Policing Problem Places: Crime Hot Spots and Effective Crime Prevention. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Braga, A. A., Weisburd, D., Waring, E. J., Green Mazerolle, L., Spelman, W., & Gajewski, F. (1999). Problem-oriented policing in violent crime places: A randomized controlled experiment. Criminology, 37, 541–580.

Chermak, S., McGarrell, E. F., & Weiss, A. (2001). Citizen perceptions of aggressive traffic enforcement strategies. Justice Quarterly, 18, 365–391.

Clarke, R. V., & Weisburd, D. (1994). Diffusion of crime control benefits: Observations on the reverse of displacement. In R. V. Clarke (Ed.), Crime Prevention Studies (pp. 165–184). Monsey: Criminal Justice Press.

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Ferguson, K. M., & Midel, C. H. (2007). Modeling fear of crime in Dallas neighborhoods: A test of social capital theory. Crime & Delinquency, 53, 322–350.

Ferraro, K. F. (1995). Fear of crime: Interpreting victimization risk. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Green, L. (1995). Cleaning up drug hot spots in Oakland, California: The displacement and diffusion effects. Justice Quarterly, 12, 737–754.

Green, L. (1996). Policing places with drug problems. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Greene, J. A. (1999). Zero tolerance: A case study of police policies and practices in New York City. Crime & Delinquency, 45, 171–187.

Greenwood, P. & Petersilia, J. (1975). The criminal investigation process: Summary and policy implications. R-1776-DOJ, the RAND Corporation

Harcourt, B. E. (2001). The illusion of order: The false promise of broken windows policing. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Hinkle, J. C., & Weisburd, D. (2008). The irony of broken windows policing: A micro-place study of the relationship between disorder, focused police crackdowns and fear of crime. Journal of Criminal Justice, 36, 503–512.

Hinkle, J. C., & Yang, S. (2008). What shapes peoples’ perceptions of disorder? An exploratory study of fear, victimization and demographics. St. Louis: Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology.

Hunter, A. (1978). Symbols of incivility: Social disorder and fear of crime in urban neighborhoods. Dallas: Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology.

Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Vintage Books.

Kelling, G. L., & Coles, C. (1996). Fixing broken windows: Restoring order and reducing crime in American cities. New York: Free Press.

Kelling, G. L., Pate, T., Dieckman, D., & Brown, C. E. (1974). The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment. Washington: The Police Foundation.

Kochel, T. R. (2011). Constructing hot spots policing: Unexamined consequences for disadvantaged populations and for police legitimacy. Criminal Justice Policy Review (in press)

Levine, J. P. (1975). The ineffectiveness of adding police to prevent crime. Public Policy, 23, 523–545.

Mastrofski, S., Snipes, J., & Supina, A. (1996). Compliance on demand: The public’s response to specific police requests. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 33, 269–305.

Mastrofski, S., Snipes, J. B., Parks, R. B., & Maxwell, C. D. (2000). The helping hand of the law: Police control of citizens on request. Criminology, 38, 307–342.

McCluskey, J., Mastrofski, S., & Parks, R. (1999). To acquiesce or rebel: Predicting citizen compliance with police requests. Police Quarterly, 2(4), 389–416.

McGarrell, E. F., Chermak, S., & Weiss, A. (1999). Reducing firearms violence through directed police patrol: Final report on the evaluation of the Indianapolis Police Department’s directed patrol project. Washington: National Institute of Justice.

National Research Council (2004). Fairness and effectiveness in policing: The evidence, Committee to Review Research on Police Policy and Practices. In W. Skogan & K. Frydl (Eds.), Committee on Law and Justice, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington: The National Academies Press.

Pierce, G., Spaar, S., & Briggs, L. R. (1986). The character of police work: strategic and tactical implications. Center for Applied Social Research. Boston: Northeastern University.

Rader, N. E., May, D. C., & Goodrum, S. (2007). An empirical assessment of the “threat of victimization:” Considering fear of crime, perceived risk, avoidance, and defensive behaviors. Sociological Spectrum, 27, 475–505.

Rosenbaum, D. P. (2006). The limits of hot spots policing. In D. Weisburd & A. A. Braga (Eds.), Police innovation: Contrasting perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sampson, R. J. (2004). Neighborhood and community: Collective efficacy and community safety. New Economy, 11, 106–113.

Sampson, R. J., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1999). Systematic social observation of public spaces: A new look at disorder in urban neighborhoods. The American Journal of Sociology, 105, 603–651.

Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918–924.

Shaw, J. W. (1995). Community policing against guns: Public opinion of the Kansas City Gun Experiment. Justice Quarterly, 12, 695–710.

Sherman, L. W., & Rogan, D. P. (1995). Effects of gun seizures on gun violence: “Hot spots” patrol in Kansas City. Justice Quarterly, 12, 673–693.

Sherman, L. W., & Weisburd, D. (1995). General deterrent effects of police patrol in crime “hot-spots”: A randomized controlled trial. Justice Quarterly, 12, 755–782.

Sherman, L. W., Gartin, P. R., & Buerger, M. E. (1989). Hot spots of predatory crime: Routine activities and the criminology of place. Criminology, 27, 27–56.

Silver, E. (2000). Extending social disorganization theory: A multilevel approach to the study of violence among persons with mental illnesses. Criminology, 39, 1043–1074.

Skogan, W. G. (1990). Disorder and decline: Crime and the spiral of decline in American neighborhoods. New York: Free Press.

Smith, W., Frazee, S., & Davidson, E. (2000). Furthering the integration of routine activity and social disorganization theories: Small units of analysis and the study of street robbery as a diffusion process. Criminology, 38, 489–524.

Spelman, W., & Brown, D. (1984). Calling the Police: Citizen reporting of serious crime. Washington: Government Printing Office.

St. Jean, P. K. B. (2007). Pockets of crime: Broken windows, collective efficacy, and the criminal point of view. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Taylor, R. B. (1997). Social order and disorder of street blocks and neighborhoods: Ecology, microecology, and the systemic model of social disorganization. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34, 113–155.

Tyler, T. R. (1990). Why people obey the law. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Tyler, T. R. (2004). Enhancing police legitimacy. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 593, 84–99.

U.S. Census Bureau (2000). United States Census 2000. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html

Weisburd, D. (2004). The emergence of crime place in crime prevention. In G. Bruinsma, H. Elffers, & J. Keijser (Eds.), Punishment, places and perpetrators: Developments in criminological and criminal justice research (pp. 155–168). Cullompton: Willan.

Weisburd, D., & Braga, A. A. (2003). Hot spots policing. In H. Kury & J. Obergfell-Fuchs (Eds.), Crime prevention: New approaches (pp. 337–354). Mainz: Weisser Ring.

Weisburd, D., & Eck, J. E. (2004). What can police do to reduce crime, disorder and fear. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 593, 42–65.

Weisburd, D., & Green, L. (1995). Policing drug hotspots: The Jersey City drug market analysis experiment. Justice Quarterly, 12, 711–735.

Weisburd, D., & Lum, C. (2005). The diffusion of computerized crime mapping in policing: Linking research and practice. Police Practice and Research, 6, 419–434.

Weisburd, D., Petrosino, A., & Mason, G. (1993). Design sensitivity in criminal justice experiments. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research (Vol. 17). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Weisburd, D., Bushway, S., Lum, C., & Yang, S. (2004). Trajectories of crime and places: A longitudinal study of street segments in the city of Seattle. Criminology, 42, 283–321.

Weisburd, D., Wyckoff, L. A., Ready, J., Eck, J. E., Hinkle, J. C., & Gajewski, F. (2004). Does crime just move around the corner? A study of displacement and diffusion in Jersey City, NJ. Washington: National Institute of Justice.

Weisburd, D., Wyckoff, L. A., Ready, J., Eck, J. E., Hinkle, J. C., & Gajewski, F. (2006). Does crime just move around the corner? A controlled study of spatial displacement and diffusion of crime control benefits. Criminology, 44, 549–592.

Weisburd, D., Groff, E. R., & Yang, S. (Forthcoming). The Criminology of Place: Street Segments and Our Understanding of the Crime Problem. Oxford: Oxford University Press (in press)

Weisburd, D., Hinkle, J. C., Famega, C., & Ready, J. (2011). Legitimacy, fear and collective efficacy in crime hot spots: assessing the impacts of broken windows policing strategies on citizen attitudes. Final Report. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice (in press)

Wilson, J. Q., & Kelling, G. L. (1982). Broken windows: The police and neighborhood safety. Atlantic Monthly, 211, 29–38.

Wyant, B. R. (2008). Multilevel impacts of perceived incivilities and perceptions of crime risk on fear of crime: Isolating endogenous impacts. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 45, 29–64.

Xu, Y., Fiedler, M. L., & Flaming, K. H. (2005). Discovering the impact of community policing: The broken windows thesis, collective efficacy and citizens’ judgment. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 42, 147–186.