The populist wave and global trade diplomacy besieged: a European approach to WTO reform
Tóm tắt
A transnational wave of popular anger over liberal trade and the diplomacy that facilitates it was evident in the Brexit and Trump elections of 2016. Drawing upon an understanding of how the diplomacy of international trade has undergone successive transformations over the past two centuries, this article seeks to understand how institutions that facilitate trade diplomacy, such as the World Trade Organizations, increasingly fail to meet the expectations of the global public. The article contends that excessive ‘judicialization’ of WTO trade diplomacy has marginalized the WTO’s all-important legislative and executive functions. WTO institutional reforms are proposed to make the WTO’s institutional structure more akin to that of the European Union, which has been relatively more successful at facilitating trade diplomacy with popular legitimacy.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Bernauer, Thomas, Manfred Elsig, and Joost Pauwelyn. 2012. Dispute Settlement Mechanism—Analysis and Problems. In The Oxford Handbook on the World Trade Organization, ed. Amrita Narlikar, Martin Daunton, and Robert M. Stern, 485–506. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bhagwati, Jagdish. 2008. Termites in the Trading System; How Preferential Agreements Undermine Free Trade. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cohen, Raymond, and Raymond Westbrook. 2000. Introduction: The Amarna System. In Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations, ed. Raymond Cohen and Raymond Westbrook, 1–12. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Commission, Warwick. 2007. The Multilateral Trade Regime: Which Way Forward?. Coventry: University of Warwick.
Conybeare, John A.C. 1987. Trade Wars; the Theory and Practice of International Commercial Rivalry. New York: Columbia University Press.
Crouzet, François. 2002. Mercantilism, War and the Rise of British Power. In Two Hegemonies; Britain 1846-1914 and the United States 1941-2001, ed. Patrick Karl O’Brien, and Armand Clesse, 67–85. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Crouzet, François. 2005. Wars, Blockade, and Economic Change in Europe, 1792-1815, Economic History, vol. 24, No. 4, December 1964, pp. 567–588, reprinted in Kevin H. O’Rourke, ed., The International Trading System, Globalization and History, Volume I. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 151–172.
Curzon, Gerard. 1965. Multilateral Commercial Diplomacy; The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and its Impact on National Commercial Policies and Techniques. London: Michael Joseph.
Destler, I.M. 2005. American Trade Politics, 4th edn. Washington: Institute for International Economics.
Dinan, Desmond. 2017. Crises in EU History. In The European Union in Crisis, ed. Desmond Dinan, Neill Nugent, and William A. Paterson, 16–32. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Dunham, A.L. 1930. The Anglo-French Treaty of Commerce of 1860 and the Progress of the Industrial Revolution in France. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Edsall, Nicholas. 1986. Richard Cobden, Independent Radical. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Elsig, Manfred, and Cédric Dupont. 2012. Persistent Deadlock in Multilateral Trade Negotiations: The Case of Doha. In The Oxford Handbook on the World Trade Organization, ed. Amrita Narlikar, Martin Daunton, and Robert M. Stern, 587–606. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Elsig, Manfred, Mark Pollack, and Gregory Shaffer. 2017. Trump is Fighting an Open War on Trade. His Stealth War on Trade may be Even More Important. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/. Accessed 27 Sept 2017.
Evans, David, and Gregory C. Shaffer. 2010. Introduction. In Dispute Settlement at the WTO; The Developing Country Experience, eds. Gregory C. Shaffer and Ricardo Melendez-Ortiz, 1–17. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hocking, Brian, and Michael Smith. 2011. An emerging diplomatic system for the EU? Frameworks and Issues. Cuadernos Europeos de Deusto 44: 19–42.
Hoekman, Bernard. 2012. Proposals for WTO Reform: A Synthesis and Assessment. In The Oxford Handbook on the World Trade Organization, ed. Amrita Narlikar, Martin Daunton, and Robert M. Stern, 775. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Iliasu, A.A. 1971. The Cobden-Chevalier Commercial Treaty of 1860. Historical Journal 14 (1): 67–98.
Jackson, John H. 1990. Restructuring the GATT. London: Pinter Publishers Ltd.
Kindleberger, Charles P. 1975. The Rise and Fall of Free Trade in Western Europe, 1820-1875. Journal of Economic History 35 (1): 20–55.
Liyu, Han, and Henry Gao. 2010. China’s Experience in Utilizing the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism. In Dispute Settlement at the WTO; The Developing Country Experience, eds. Gregory C. Shaffer and Ricardo Melendez-Ortiz, 137–171. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mallet, Bernard. 1905. Sir Louis Mallet. London: James Nisbet & Co., Ltd.
Matsushita, Mitsuko. 2012. The Dispute Settlement Mechanism at the WTO: The Appellate Body—Assessment and Problems. In The Oxford Handbook on the World Trade Organization, ed. Amrita Narlikar, Martin Daunton, and Robert M. Stern, 507–534. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Narlikar, Amrita, and Rorden Wilkinson. 2004. Collapse at the WTO: a Cancun post-mortem. Third World Quarterly 25 (3): 447–460.
Orbie, J. 2008. The European Union’s Role in World Trade: Harnessing Globalisation? In Europe’s Global Role; External Policies of the European Union, ed. Jan Orbie. Abingdon: Routledge.
Pigman, Geoffrey Allen. 1997. Hegemony and Trade Liberalization Policy: Britain and the Brussels Sugar Convention of 1902. Review of International Studies 23: 185–210.
Pigman, Geoffrey Allen. 2016. Trade Diplomacy Transformed: Why Trade Matters for Global Prosperity, 2nd edn. Raleigh: Lulu Press.
Polanyi, Karl. (2001 [1944]). The Great Transformation, 2nd edn., Boston: Beacon Press.
Pollard, Sidney. 1981. Peaceful Conquest. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Polo, Marco. 1958. The Travels of Marco Polo. (trans: Latham, R.E.) Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, Ltd.
Roser, Max. 2014. International Trade, Our World In Data, https:www.ourworldindata.org/data/global-interonnections/international-trade/. Accessed 4 Feb 2015.
Shaffer, Gregory C., Michelle Ratton Sanchez Badin, and Barbara Rosenberg. 2010. Winning at the WTO: The Development of a Trade Policy Community Within Brazil. In Dispute Settlement at the WTO; The Developing Country Experience, eds. Gregory C. Shaffer and Ricardo Melendez-Ortiz, 21–104. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sharp, Paul. 2009. Diplomatic Theory of International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sparks, Randy J. 2014. Where the Negroes Are Masters; An African Port in the Era of the Slave Trade. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Wilcox, Clair. 1949. A Charter for World Trade. New York: Macmillan.
Woolcock, Stephen. 2012. European Union Economic Diplomacy; The Role of the EU in External Economic Relations. Farnham: Ashgate.
Zaccagnini, Carlo. 2000. The Interdependence of the Great Powers. In Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations, eds. R. Cohen and R. Westbrook, 141–153. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Zhang Yiping. 2005. Story of the Silk Road. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press.