The polyphyly of Plasmodium : comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of the malaria parasites (order Haemosporida) reveal widespread taxonomic conflict

Royal Society Open Science - Tập 5 Số 5 - Trang 171780 - 2018
Spencer C. Galen1,2, Janus Borner3, Ellen S. Martinsen4, Juliane Schaer5, Christopher C. Austin6, Christopher J. West7, Susan L. Perkins2
1Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, NY 10024, USA
2Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, NY 10024, USA
3Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Grindel, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
4Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, PO Box 37012, MRC5503, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
5Department of Biology, Humboldt University, 10115 Berlin, Germany
6Department of Biological Sciences, Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
7Wildlife Program, Yurok Tribe, Klamath, CA 95548, USA

Tóm tắt

The evolutionary relationships among the apicomplexan blood pathogens known as the malaria parasites (order Haemosporida), some of which infect nearly 200 million humans each year, has remained a vexing phylogenetic problem due to limitations in taxon sampling, character sampling and the extreme nucleotide base composition biases that are characteristic of this clade. Previous phylogenetic work on the malaria parasites has often lacked sufficient representation of the broad taxonomic diversity within the Haemosporida or the multi-locus sequence data needed to resolve deep evolutionary relationships, rendering our understanding of haemosporidian life-history evolution and the origin of the human malaria parasites incomplete. Here we present the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the malaria parasites conducted to date, using samples from a broad diversity of vertebrate hosts that includes numerous enigmatic and poorly known haemosporidian lineages in addition to genome-wide multi-locus sequence data. We find that if base composition differences were corrected for during phylogenetic analysis, we recovered a well-supported topology indicating that the evolutionary history of the malaria parasites was characterized by a complex series of transitions in life-history strategies and host usage. Notably we find that Plasmodium , the malaria parasite genus that includes the species of human medical concern, is polyphyletic with the life-history traits characteristic of this genus having evolved in a dynamic manner across the phylogeny. We find support for multiple instances of gain and loss of asexual proliferation in host blood cells and production of haemozoin pigment, two traits that have been used for taxonomic classification as well as considered to be important factors for parasite virulence and used as drug targets. Lastly, our analysis illustrates the need for a widespread reassessment of malaria parasite taxonomy.

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Royal Society Open Science

Tập 5 Số 5

171780

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