Yevgeny Zamyatin,We: A Novel of the Future. Translated and edited by Mirra Ginsburg. New York: The Viking Press, 1972. p. 157.
Ivan Pavlov, “On Communist Dogmatism.”Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning and Policy. Vol. 24, No. 4 (Winter) 1991. pp. 466–475.
V.A. Giliarovskii,Psikhiatriia (Psychiatry) p. 390. Moscow: Medgiz Publishers, 1942. Quoted in Joseph Wortis,Soviet Psychiatry. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1950; especially p. 235.
Joseph Wortis,Soviet Psychiatry. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1950; especially pp. 27–41.
Harry K. Wells,Pavlov and Freud. New York: International Publishers, 1956. 256 pp.
Harvey Fireside,Soviet Psychoprisons. New York: Norton Publishers, 1979. 302 pp.
Peter J. Kuznik,Beyond the Laboratory: Scientists as Political Activists in 1930s America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. pp. 115–117.
Ivan P. Pavlov,Psychopathology and Psychiatry. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1961. 542 pp. It is not without interest to note that Pavlov’s essays comprise the first 412 pages; the rest is a set of exegetical articles providing an admixture of experimental and ideological supports for Pavlovianism as a quasi-Marxian world view.
Only recently, have systematic efforts to understand the place of science and the professions under the Soviet regime begun. Perhaps the most important effort to date in this regard is by David Joravsky,Russian Psychology: A Critical History. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989. 583 pp. This volume represents a major improvement over his earlier volume onSoviet Marxism and Natural Science, 1917–1932. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961. 433 pp.
Yi-Chuang Lu, “The Collective Approach to Psychiatric Practice in the People’s Republic of China,”Social Problems. Volume 28, Number 1 (October) 1978, pp. 2–14; and Paul Lowinger, “Psychiatry in China: A Revolutionary Optimism.”Medical Dimensions. Volume 5, Number 11, 1976. pp. 25–31. Despite repeated Human Rights reports concerning the abuse of prisoners, the Chinese government continues to deny any problems. Indeed, it issued aWhite Paper on Criminal Reform in China arguing that China “has a new kind of socialist prison”; one predicated on “dignity and respect.” In contrast to exprisoner reports on slave labor, torture and murder, the report declares that “90 per cent of the prison population participates in labor, while the rest are excused because they are old, disabled or otherwise unfit to work.” The report does note prison labor in 1990 produced 500 million dollars in value. It does not indicate that any of this money ever reached the prisoners.The New York Times, August 12th, 1992, p. A7.