The phenotype of recovery IV: Delay discounting predicts perceived stress and a chance locus of control in individuals in recovery from substance use disorders

Abuse, S. (2018). Mental Health Services Administration. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. SMA 18-5068, NSDUH Series H-53). Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Amlung, 2019, Delay Discounting as a Transdiagnostic Process in Psychiatric Disorders: A Meta-analysis, JAMA Psychiatry, 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2102 Amlung, 2017, Steep delay discounting and addictive behavior: A meta-analysis of continuous associations, Addiction, 112, 51, 10.1111/add.13535 Ashford, 2019, Defining and operationalizing the phenomena of recovery: a working definition from the recovery science research collaborative, Addiction Research & Theory, 27, 179, 10.1080/16066359.2018.1515352 Athamneh, 2019, The phenotype of recovery III: Delay discounting predicts abstinence self-efficacy among individuals in recovery from substance use disorders, Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 33, 310, 10.1037/adb0000460 Athamneh, 2017, The association between parental history and delay discounting among individuals in recovery from addiction, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 179, 153, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.037 Baron, 1986, The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173, 10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 Bearinger, L. H., & Blum, R. W. (1997). The utility of locus of control for predicting adolescent substance use. In Research in Nursing & Health (Vol. 20, Issue 3, pp. 229–245). https://doi.org/3.0.co;2-k“>10.1002/(sici)1098-240x(199706)20:3<229::aid-nur6>3.0.co;2-k. Berg, 2010, Predictors of smoking reduction among Blacks, Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 12, 423, 10.1093/ntr/ntq019 2007, What is recovery? A working definition from the Betty Ford Institute, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 33, 221, 10.1016/j.jsat.2007.06.001 Bickel, 2014, The behavioral economics of substance use disorders: Reinforcement pathologies and their repair, Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 641, 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153724 Coffey, 2003, Impulsivity and rapid discounting of delayed hypothetical rewards in cocaine-dependent individuals, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11, 18, 10.1037/1064-1297.11.1.18 Cohen, S. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1988-98838-002. Cohen, 2007, Psychological stress and disease, JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 298, 1685, 10.1001/jama.298.14.1685 Cohen, 1983, A global measure of perceived stress, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385, 10.2307/2136404 Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., Mermelstein, R., & Others. (1994). Perceived stress scale. Measuring Stress: A Guide for Health and Social Scientists, 10. https://www.northottawawellnessfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/PerceivedStressScale.pdf. Cohen, S., Kessler, R. C., Gordon, L. U., & Others. (1995). Strategies for measuring stress in studies of psychiatric and physical disorders. Measuring Stress: A Guide for Health and Social Scientists, 3–26. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=2S3RCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=cohen+kessler+gordon&ots=o-0CoJ0oah&sig=HevAiYFZ-0XbHv-M-EdKu17hltM. Cohen, 1990, Perceived stress, quitting smoking, and smoking relapse, Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 9, 466, 10.1037/0278-6133.9.4.466 Costello, E. J. (1982). Locus of control and depression in students and psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38(2), 340–343. https://doi.org/3.0.co;2-d“>10.1002/1097-4679(198204)38:2<340::aid-jclp2270380220>3.0.co;2-d. Dawson, 2006, Maturing out of alcohol dependence: The impact of transitional life events, Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 67, 195, 10.15288/jsa.2006.67.195 Du, 2002, Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Discounting Delayed and Probabilistic Rewards, The Psychological Record, 52, 479, 10.1007/BF03395199 Ersche, 2012, Who Do You Think Is in Control in Addiction? A Pilot Study on Drug-related Locus of Control Beliefs, Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment, 11, 173, 10.1097/ADT.0b013e31823da151 Fields, 2014, The relationship between stress and delay discounting: A meta-analytic review, Behavioural Pharmacology, 25, 434, 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000044 Frazier, 2011, Perceived past, present, and future control and adjustment to stressful life events, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (Vol., 100, 749, 10.1037/a0022405 Ghorbani, 2008, Relationship of perceived stress with depression: Complete mediation by perceived control and anxiety in Iran and the United States, International Journal of Psychology: Journal International de Psychologie, 43, 958, 10.1080/00207590701295264 Göllner, 2017, Delay of Gratification, Delay Discounting and their Associations with Age, Episodic Future Thinking, and Future Time Perspective, Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2304, 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02304 Green, 1994, Discounting of Delayed Rewards: A Life-Span Comparison, Psychological Science, 5, 33, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00610.x Gregor, 2008, Anxiety sensitivity and perceived control over anxiety-related events: Associations with smoking outcome expectancies and perceived cessation barriers among daily smokers, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 10, 627, 10.1080/14622200801978706 Harrison, 2002, Estimating individual discount rates in Denmark: A field experiment, The American Economic Review, 92, 1606, 10.1257/000282802762024674 Herbert, 1997, Fortnightly review: Stress, the brain, and mental illness, BMJ, 315, 530, 10.1136/bmj.315.7107.530 Herman, 2012, Introduction: Stress and neurological disease, Experimental Neurology, 233, 1, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.12.041 Jochman, K. A., & Fromme, K. (2010). Maturing out of substance use: The other side of etiology. In L. Scheier (Ed.), Handbook of drug use etiology: Theory, methods, and empirical findings , (pp (Vol. 689, pp. 565–578). American Psychological Association, xxvi. https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2009-19890-030.pdf. Kassel, 2003, Smoking, stress, and negative affect: Correlation, causation, and context across stages of smoking, Psychological Bulletin, 129, 270, 10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.270 Kelly, 2013, Integrated treatment of substance use and psychiatric disorders, Social Work in Public Health, 28, 388, 10.1080/19371918.2013.774673 Kelly, 2015, A biaxial formulation of the recovery construct, Addiction Research & Theory, 23, 5, 10.3109/16066359.2014.930132 Kirby, 2004, Heroin and cocaine abusers have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than alcoholics or non-drug-using controls, Addiction, 99, 461, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2003.00669.x Kirby, 1999, Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls, Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 128, 78, 10.1037/0096-3445.128.1.78 Labouvie, 1996, Maturing out of Substance Use: Selection and Self-Correction, Journal of Drug Issues, 26, 457, 10.1177/002204269602600208 Laudet, 2008, The road to recovery: Where are we going and how do we get there? Empirically driven conclusions and future directions for service development and research, Substance Use & Misuse, 43, 2001, 10.1080/10826080802293459 Levenson, 1973, Multidimensional locus of control in psychiatric patients, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 41, 397, 10.1037/h0035357 Levenson, H. (1981). DIFFERENTIATING AMONG INTERNALITY, POWERFUL OTHERS, AND CHANCE. In Research with the Locus of Control Construct (pp. 15–63). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-443201-7.50006-3. Lijffijt, 2014, Stress modulates illness-course of substance use disorders: A translational review, Frontiers in Psychiatry / Frontiers Research Foundation, 5, 83 MacKillop, 2011, Delayed reward discounting and addictive behavior: A meta-analysis, Psychopharmacology, 216, 305, 10.1007/s00213-011-2229-0 MacKinnon, 2007, Mediation analysis, Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 593, 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542 Madden, 2010, Impulsivity: The behavioral and neurological science of discounting, American Psychological Association. Madden, 1999, Discounting of delayed rewards in opioid-dependent outpatients: Exponential or hyperbolic discounting functions?, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 7, 284, 10.1037/1064-1297.7.3.284 Malesza, 2019, Stress and delay discounting: The mediating role of difficulties in emotion regulation, Personality and Individual Differences, 144, 56, 10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.035 Mazur, J. E. (1987). An adjusting procedure for studying delayed reinforcement. Commons, ML. ; Mazur, JE. ; Nevin, JA, 55–73. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=1q5mAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA55&dq=mazur+1987+adjusting&ots=eNqCSNtc8y&sig=aRZsB5M48ERog6_iJl4sPYBlVak. McKenna, 1997, Factors influencing smoking cessation in patients with coronary artery disease, Patient Education and Counseling, 32, 197, 10.1016/S0738-3991(97)00042-6 National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). Common Comorbidities with Substance Use Disorders. Retrieved from: https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/common-comorbidities-substance-use-disorders/part-1-connection-between-substance-use-disorders-mental-illness. Petry, 2001, Delay discounting of money and alcohol in actively using alcoholics, currently abstinent alcoholics, and controls, Psychopharmacology, 154, 243, 10.1007/s002130000638 Rabani Bavojdan, 2011, The Relationship between Mental Health and General Self-Efficacy Beliefs, Coping Strategies and Locus of Control in Male Drug Abusers, Addiction & Health, 3, 111 Read, 2004, Time discounting over the lifespan, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 94, 22, 10.1016/j.obhdp.2004.01.002 Rosenbaum, M., & Argon, S. (1979). Locus of control and success in self-initiated attempts to stop smoking. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35(4), 870–872. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1097-4679(197910)35:4%3C870::AID-JCLP2270350437%3E3.0.CO;2-D?casa_token=KIjXQ-js5scAAAAA:RkbR9WEy2Nf5Gt6yKXq-or8aC1cSCfwVlQ6a8rgopjazZsSUo5c3ZYrJiGwkAg7AWel3DzgojZWCNA. R Core Team, 2020 Ross, 2012, Co-occurring psychotic and addictive disorders: Neurobiology and diagnosis, Clinical Neuropharmacology, 35, 235, 10.1097/WNF.0b013e318261e193 Rosseel, 2012, lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling, Journal of Statistical Software, 48, 1, 10.18637/jss.v048.i02 Savulich, 2017, Effects of naltrexone are influenced by childhood adversity during negative emotional processing in addiction recovery, Translational Psychiatry, 7, 10.1038/tp.2017.34 Sheffer, 2014, Delay discounting rates: A strong prognostic indicator of smoking relapse, Addictive Behaviors, 39, 1682, 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.04.019 Sheffer, C., MacKillop, J., McGeary, J., Landes, R., Carter, L., Yi, R., Jones, B., Christensen, D., Stitzer, M., Jackson, L., & Others. (2012). Delay discounting, locus of control, and cognitive impulsiveness independently predict tobacco dependence treatment outcomes in a highly dependent, lower socioeconomic group of smokers. The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions, 21(3), 221–232. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2012.00224.x. Stanger, 2012, Delay discounting predicts adolescent substance abuse treatment outcome, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20, 205, 10.1037/a0026543 Steinberg, 2009, Age differences in future orientation and delay discounting, Child Development, 80, 28, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01244.x Vergés, 2013, Refining the notion of maturing out: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions, American Journal of Public Health, 103, e67, 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301358 Waldorf, 1983, Natural Recovery from Addiction: Some Social-Psychological Processes of Untreated Recovery, Journal of Drug Issues, 13, 237, 10.1177/002204268301300205 Waldorf, 1981, The Natural Recovery from Opiate Addiction: Some Preliminary Findings, Journal of Drug Issues, 11, 61, 10.1177/002204268101100104