The participation of galanin in pain processing at the spinal level

Tatemoto, 1983, Galanin – a novel biologically active peptide from porcine intestine, FEBS Lett., 164, 124, 10.1016/0014-5793(83)80033-7 Ch'ng, 1985, Distribution of galanin immunoreactivity in the central nervous system and responses of galanin-containing neuronal pathways to injury, Neuroscience, 16, 343, 10.1016/0306-4522(85)90007-7 Skofitsch, 1985, Galanin-like immunoreactivity in capsaicin sensitive sensory neurons and ganglia, Brain Res. Bull., 15, 191, 10.1016/0361-9230(85)90135-2 Marti, 1987, Ontogeny of peptide- and amine-containing neurons in motor sensory, and autonomic regions of rat and human spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, and rat skin, J. Comp. Neurol., 266, 332, 10.1002/cne.902660304 Xu, 1996, Expression of galanin and a galanin receptor in several sensory systems and bone anlage of rat embryos, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 93, 14901, 10.1073/pnas.93.25.14901 Hökfelt, 1987, Increase of galanin-like immunoreactivity in rat dorsal root ganglion cells after peripheral axotomy, Neurosci. Lett., 83, 217, 10.1016/0304-3940(87)90088-7 Villar, 1989, Neuropeptide expression in rat dorsal root ganglion cells and spinal cord after peripheral nerve injury with special reference to galanin, Neuroscience, 33, 587, 10.1016/0306-4522(89)90411-9 Shehab, 1986, Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) increases in the spinal cord after peripheral axotomy of the sciatic nerve originate from primary afferent neurons, Brain Res., 372, 37, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)91456-3 Holmes, 2000, Targeted disruption of the galanin gene reduces the number of sensory neurons and their regenerative capacity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 97, 11563, 10.1073/pnas.210221897 Xu, 2000, Galanin and spinal nociceptive mechanisms: recent advances and therapeutic implications, Neuropeptides, 34, 137, 10.1054/npep.2000.0820 Wynick, 2001, The role of galanin as a multi-functional neuropeptide in the nervous system, Curr. Opin. Pharmacol., 1, 73, 10.1016/S1471-4892(01)00006-6 Klein, 1990, Percentages of dorsal root axons immunoreactive for galanin are higher than those immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide in the rat, Brain Res., 519, 97, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90065-J Zhang, 1993, Ultrastructural studies on peptides in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. I. Co-existence of galanin with other peptides in primary afferents in normal rats, Neuroscience, 57, 365, 10.1016/0306-4522(93)90069-R Zhang, 1995, Ultrastructural studies on peptides in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. III. Effects of peripheral axotomy with special reference to galanin, Neuroscience, 64, 893, 10.1016/0306-4522(94)00452-B Tuchscherer, 1989, A quantitative study of the coexistence of peptide in varicosities within the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord, J. Neurosci., 9, 195, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.09-01-00195.1989 Zhang, 1995, Ultrastructural studies on peptides in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord-II. Co-existence of galanin with other peptides in local neurons, Neuroscience, 64, 875, 10.1016/0306-4522(94)00451-A Simmons, 1995, Galanin is contained in GABAergic neurons in the rat spinal dorsal horn, Neurosci. Lett., 187, 119, 10.1016/0304-3940(95)11358-4 Iismaa, 1999, Galanin and galanin receptors, Results Probl. Cell Differ., 26, 257, 10.1007/978-3-540-49421-8_12 Branchek, 2000, Galanin receptor subtypes, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 21, 109, 10.1016/S0165-6147(00)01446-2 Habert-Ortoli, 1994, Molecular cloning of a functonal human galanin receptor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 91, 9780, 10.1073/pnas.91.21.9780 Waters, 2000, Distribution of galanin-1, -2 and -3 receptor messenger RNAs in central and peripheral rat tissues, Neuroscience, 95, 265, 10.1016/S0306-4522(99)00407-8 Xu, 1996, Evidence for galanin receptors in primary sensory neurones and effect of axotomy and inflammation, NeuroReport, 8, 237, 10.1097/00001756-199612200-00048 Shi, 1997, Expression and regulation of galanin-R2 receptors in rat primary sensory neurons: effect of axotomy and inflammation, Neurosci. Lett., 237, 57, 10.1016/S0304-3940(97)00805-7 O'Donnell, 1999, Expression of the novel galanin receptor subtype GALR2 in the adult rat CNS: distinct distribution from GALR1, J. Comp. Neurol., 409, 469, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990705)409:3<469::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-Q Parker, 1995, Cloning and characterization of the rat GALR1 galanin receptor from Rin 14B insulinoma cells, Mol. Brain Res., 34, 179, 10.1016/0169-328X(95)00159-P Wall, 1979, Autotomy following peripheral nerve lesions: experimental anaesthesia dolorosa, Pain, 7, 103, 10.1016/0304-3959(79)90002-2 Villar, 1991, Further studies on galanin-, substance P-, and CGRP-like immunoreactivities in primary sensory neurons and spinal cord: effects of dorsal rhizotomies and sciatic nerve lesions, Exp. Neurol., 112, 29, 10.1016/0014-4886(91)90111-O Nahin, 1994, Primary sensory neurons exhibit altered gene expression in a rat model of neuropathic pain, Pain, 58, 95, 10.1016/0304-3959(94)90189-9 Ma, 1997, Differential expression of galanin immunoreactivities in the primary sensory neurons following partial and complete sciatic nerve injuries, Neuroscience, 79, 1183, 10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00088-2 Shi, 1999, Regulation of galanin and neuropeptide Y in dorsal root ganglia and dorsal horn in rat mononeuropathic models: possible relation to tactile hypersensitivity, Neuroscience, 93, 741, 10.1016/S0306-4522(99)00105-0 Fukuoka, 1998, Change in mRNAs for neuropeptides and the GABAA receptor in dorsal root ganglion neurons in a rat experimental neuropathic pain model, Pain, 78, 13, 10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00111-0 Hao, 1999, Intrathecal galanin alleviates allodynia-like behavior in rats after partial peripheral nerve injury, Eur. J. Neurosci., 11, 427, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00447.x Winter, 1962, Carrageenan-induced oedema in the hind paw of the rat as an assay for anti-inflammatory drugs, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 111, 544, 10.3181/00379727-111-27849 Colpaert, 1987, Evidence that adjuvant arthritis in the rat is associated with chronic pain, Pain, 28, 201, 10.1016/0304-3959(87)90117-5 Butler, 1992, A limited arthritic model for chronic pain studies in the rat, Pain, 48, 73, 10.1016/0304-3959(92)90133-V Ji, 1995, Central and peripheral expression of galanin in response to inflammation, Neuroscience, 68, 563, 10.1016/0306-4522(95)94333-T Calzà, 1998, Peptide plasticity in primary sensory neurons and spinal cord during adjuvant-induced arthritis in the rat: an immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization study, Neuroscience, 82, 575, 10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00272-8 Dubner, 1992, Activity-dependent neuronal plasticity following tissue injury and inflammation, Trends Neurosci., 15, 96, 10.1016/0166-2236(92)90019-5 Hope, 1994, Release of immunoreactive galanin in the spinal cord of rats with ankle inflammation: studies with antibody microprobes, Neuroscience, 60, 801, 10.1016/0306-4522(94)90505-3 Bartfai, 1992, Galanin and galanin antagonists: molecular and biochemical perspectives, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 13, 312, 10.1016/0165-6147(92)90098-Q Wiesenfeld-Hallin, 1992, Galanin-mediated control of pain: enhanced role after nerve injury, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 89, 3334, 10.1073/pnas.89.8.3334 Kerr, 2000, Galanin knockout mice reveal nociceptive deficits following peripheral nerve injury, Eur. J. Neurosci., 12, 793, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00967.x Colvin, 1997, The effect of a peripheral mononeuropathy on immunoreactive (ir)-galanin release in the spinal cord of the rat, Brain Res., 766, 259, 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00700-2 Reeve, 2000, Excitatory effects of galanin in the spinal cord of intact, anaesthetized rats, Neurosci. Lett., 295, 25, 10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01576-7 Liu, 2000, Effect of intrathecal galanin and its putative antagonist M35 on pain behavior in a neuropathic pain model, Brain Res., 886, 67, 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02791-8 Verge, 1993, Evidence for an endogenous inhibitory control on autotomy, a behavioral sign of neuropathic pain, by galanin in the rat after sciatic nerve section: demonstrated by chronic intrathecal infusion of M-35, a newly developed high affinity galanin receptor antagonist, Neurosci. Lett., 149, 193, 10.1016/0304-3940(93)90769-H Ji, 1994, Galanin antisense oligonucleotides reduce galanin levels in dorsal root ganglia and induce autotomy in rats after axotomy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 91, 12540, 10.1073/pnas.91.26.12540 Kurashi, 1991, Involvement of substance P in hyperalgesia induced by intrathecal galanin, Neurosci. Res., 11, 276, 10.1016/0168-0102(91)90010-V Xu, 1998, On the role of galanin in mediating spinal flexor reflex excitability in inflammation, Neuroscience, 85, 827, 10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00676-3 Yanagisawa, 1986, Inhibitory effects of galanin on the isolated spinal cord of the newborn rat, Neurosci. Lett., 70, 278, 10.1016/0304-3940(86)90477-5 Randic, 1987, Inhibitory actions of galanin and somatostatin 28 on rat spinal dorsal horn neurons, Soc. Neurosci., 13, 1308 Nussbaumer, 1989, Pharmacological properties of a C-fibre response evoked by saphenous nerve stimulation in an isolated spinal cord-nerve preparation of the newborn rat, Br. J. Pharmacol., 98, 373, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1989.tb12607.x Xu, 2000, Effects of galanin wide-dynamic range neuron activity in the spinal dorsal horn of rats with sciatic nerve ligation, Regul. Pept., 95, 19, 10.1016/S0167-0115(00)00127-0 Post, 1988, Intrathecal galanin increases the latency in the tail flick and hot plate tests in mouse, Acta Physiol. Scand., 132, 583, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1988.tb08369.x Cridland, 1988, Effects of intrathecal administration of neuropeptides on a spinal nociceptive reflex in the rat: VIP, galanin, CGRP, TRH, somatostatin and angiotensin II, Neuropeptides, 11, 23, 10.1016/0143-4179(88)90024-8 Kuraishi, 1991, Intrathecal injections of galanin and its antiserum affect nociceptive response of rat to mechanical, but not thermal, stimuli, Pain, 44, 321, 10.1016/0304-3959(91)90103-5 Liu, 2001, Receptor subtype-specific pronociceptive and analgesic actions of galanin in spinal cord: Selective actions via GAlR1 and GalR2 receptors, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 98, 9960, 10.1073/pnas.161293598 Wiesenfeld-Hallin, 1988, Intrathecal galanin at low doses increases spinal reflex excitability in rats more to thermal than mechanical stimuli, Exp. Brain Res., 71, 663, 10.1007/BF00248760 Wiesenfeld-Hallin, 1989, The effects of intrathecal galanin and C-fiber stimulation on the flexor reflex in the rat, Brain Res., 486, 205, 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90506-4 Xu, 1989, Intrathecal galanin antagonizes the facilitatory effect of SP on the nociceptive flexor reflex, Acta Physiol. Scand., 137, 463, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1989.tb08780.x Xu, 1991, Intrathecal galanin blocks the prolonged increase in spinal cord flexor reflex excitability induced by conditioning stimulation of unmyelinated muscle afferents in the rat, Brain Res., 541, 350, 10.1016/0006-8993(91)91037-2 Wiesenfeld-Hallin, 1990, Intrathecal galanin potentiates the spinal analgesic effect of morphine: electrophysiological and behavioural studies, Neurosci. Lett., 109, 217, 10.1016/0304-3940(90)90566-R Wiesenfeld-Hallin, 1990, PD134308, a selective antagonist of cholecystokinin type B receptor, enhances the analgesic effect of morphine and synergistically interacts with intrathecal galanin to depress spinal nociceptive reflexes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 87, 7105, 10.1073/pnas.87.18.7105 Wiesenfeld-Hallin, 1989, The effect of intrathecal galanin on the flexor reflex in rat: increased depression after sciatic nerve section, Neurosci. Lett., 105, 149, 10.1016/0304-3940(89)90027-X Yu, 1999, Effects of intrathecal galanin on nociceptive responses in rats with mononeuropathy, Life Sci., 64, 1145, 10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00043-0 Yu, 2001, The effect of galanin on wide-dynamic range neuron activity in the spinal dorsal horn of rats, Regul. Pept., 101, 179, 10.1016/S0167-0115(01)00287-7 Puttick, 1994, Galanin-induced membrane depolarization of neonatal rat cultured dorsal root ganglion cells, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 254, 303, 10.1016/0014-2999(94)90471-5 Xu, 1997, Electrophysiological studies on rat dorsal root ganglion neurons after peripheral axotomy: changes in responses to neuropeptides, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 94, 13262, 10.1073/pnas.94.24.13262 Pooga, 1998, Cell penetrating PNA constructs regulate galanin receptor levels and modify pain transmission in vivo, Nat. Biotechnol., 16, 857, 10.1038/nbt0998-857 Dray, 1999, Alternatives to mu-opioid analgesics: delta-opioid- and galanin-receptor-selective compounds, 14, 269 Nielsch, 1987, Effect of cutting or crushing the rat sciatic nerve on synthesis of substance P by isolated L5 dorsal root ganglia, Neuropeptides, 10, 137, 10.1016/0143-4179(87)90015-1 Noguchi, 1990, α-CGRP and β-CGRP are differentially regulated in the rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion, Mol. Brain Res., 7, 299, 10.1016/0169-328X(90)90080-W Dumoulin, 1991, Differential regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in regenerating rat facial nucleus and dorsal root ganglion, Eur. J. Neurosci., 3, 338, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1991.tb00820.x Weihe, 1994, Expression of neuropeptides, neuropeptide receptors and neuropeptide processing enzymes in spinal neurons and peripheral non-neural cells and plasticity in models of inflammatory pain, 43 Carpenter, 2001, Amino acids are still as exciting as ever, Curr. Opin. Pharmacol., 1, 57, 10.1016/S1471-4892(01)00009-1 Hökfelt, 1997, Cellular and synaptic mechanisms in transition of pain from acute to chronic, 8, 133 Zhang, 1993, Effect of peripheral nerve cut on neuropeptides in dorsal root ganglia and the spinal cord of monkey with special reference to galanin, J. Neurocytol., 22, 342, 10.1007/BF01195558 Zhang, 1998, Regulation of expression of galanin and galanin receptors in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord after axotomy and inflammation, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 863, 402, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10710.x