The ongoing work of kinship among donor half-siblings in The Netherlands

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 18 - Trang 156-173 - 2021
Sophie H. Bolt1, Catrien Notermans2, Annick C. van Brouwershaven1, A. Janneke B. M. Maas1, Astrid Indekeu1
1Fiom, ‘s Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
2Cultural Anthropology and Development Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Tóm tắt

This article explores how Dutch people conceived via sperm donation attempted to make or unmake kinship with donor half-siblings, ‘strangers’ who are recently found to be ‘relatives.’ Research participants tried to gain a sense of agency in their kinship situation through DNA testing, but were challenged by how many unforeseen kin could emerge in this process. We examined how genetic ties were turned into social kinship and how they were unmade. In this work of kinship we differentiate three different phases: (1) searching for kin, (2) meeting half-siblings, and (3) kinning, de-kinning and/or being de-kinned. Our analysis shows that, while kinning and de-kinning in phase 1 and 2 was at first mainly determined by physical resemblances, as the contact intensified in phase 3, shared values and social similarities became increasingly important. We discuss the female overrepresentation in the search for donor kinship, which indicates that kinwork is mostly women’s work.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Alber, E., C. Coe, and T. Thelen. 2013. The anthropology of sibling relations: Shared parentage, experience, and exchange. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. American Psychological Association. 2017. Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct [Online]. Available: https://www.apa.org/ethics/code [Accessed]. Baard, L. & van der Mee, T. 2017. Spermadokter Karbaat Verwekte 19 Donorkinderen. Algemeen Dagblad, May 24, 2017. Blyth, E. 2012. Discovering the ‘facts of life’ following anonymous donor insemination. International Journal of Law, Policy and Family 26: 143–161. Bolt, S., D. Postema, van der Heij, and A.J.B.M. Maas. 2019. Anonymous Dutch sperm donors releasing their identity. Human Fertility 24 (1): 24–30. Cahn, N. 2013. The new kinship: Constructing donor-conceived families. New York: New York University Press. Carsten, J., ed. 2000a. Cultures of relatedness: New approaches to the study of kinship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Carsten, J. 2000b. ‘Knowing where you’ve come from’: Ruptures and continuities of time and kinship in narratives of adoption reunions. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 6: 687–703. Carsten, J. 2004. After kinship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Coe, C. 2013. The scattered family: Parenting, African migrants, and global inequality. Chigaco: University of Chicago Press. di Leonardo, M. 1987. The female world of cards and holidays: Women, families, and the work of kinship signs. Signs 12: 440–453. Edwards, J. 2015. Donor conception and (dis)closure in the UK: Siblingship, friendship and kinship. Sociologus 65: 101–122. Fiom. 2020. Factsheet donorkinderen op zoek naar afstammingsinformatie. Factsheet donor-conceived people searching for knowledge about their ancestry. 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands: Fiom. Franklin, S., and S. Mckinnon, eds. 2001. Relative values: Reconfiguring kinship studies. Durham: Duke University Press. Glaser, B., and A. Strauss. 1967. The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press. Grotevant, H.D. 2009. Emotional distance regulation over the life course in adoptive kinship networks. In International advances in adoption research for practice, ed. G.M. Wrobel and E. Neil. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Hertz, R., and M.K. Nelson. 2019. Random families: Genetic strangers, sperm donor siblings, and the creation of new kin. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hertz, R., M.K. Nelson, and W. Kramer. 2017. Donor sibling networks as a vehicle for expanding kinship: A replication and extension. Journal of Family Issues 38: 248–284. Holy, L. 1996. Anthropological perspectives on kinship. London: Pluto Press. Howell, S. 2006. The kinning of foreigners: Transnational adoption in a global perspective. New York: Berghahn Books. Indekeu, A., S.H. Bolt, and A.J.B.M. Maas. 2021. Meeting multiple same-donor offspring: psychosocial challenges. Human Fertility. https://doi.org/10.1080/14647273.2021.1872804. Jadva, V., T. Freeman, W. Kramer, and S. Golombok. 2010. Experiences of offspring searching for and contacting their donor siblings and donor. Reproductive Biomedicine Online 20: 523–532. Janssens, P., A. Simons, R. van Kooij, E. Blokzijl, and G. Dunselman. 2005. A new dutch law regulating provision of identifying information of donors to offspring: Background, content and impact. Human Reproduction 21: 852–856. Janssens, P.M., P. Thorn, J.A. Castilla, L. Frith, M. Crawshaw, M. Mochtar, L. Bjorndahl, U. Kvist, and J.C. Kirkman-Brown. 2015. Evolving minimum standards in responsible international sperm donor offspring quota. Reproductive Biomedicine Online 30: 568–580. Kremer, J., and H.J.J. Leenen. 1991. De Anonimiteit van de Donor bij Kunstmatige Inseminatie met Donorsperma in Historisch Perspectief. Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde 135: 33–34. Kreulen, E. 2017. Ook een Centraal Register van Zaaddonoren Kan Misstanden Niet Uitsluiten. Trouw, August 22. Milevsky, A. 2016. Sibling issues in therapy: Research and practice with children, adolescents and adults. New York: Springer. Ministry of Justice 2018. Uitvoeringswet Algemene Verordening Gegevensbescherming. Ministry of Justice. 2003. Dutch Law “Wet Donorgegevens Kunstmatige Inseminatie.” In Staatsblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, ed. M.O. Justice. The Hague: Sdu Publishers. Morgan, D. 2011. Rethinking family practices. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Nagtegaal, B. 2016. Inspectie: Registratie Zaaddonoren Moet Beter. NRC, September, 27, 2016. Nelson, M.K., R. Hertz, and W. Kramer. 2013. Making sense of donors and donor siblings: A comparison of the perceptions of donor-conceived offspring in lesbian-parent and heterosexual-parent families. In Visions of the 21st century family: Transforming structures and identities, ed. P.N. Claster and S.L. Blair. Emerald Group Publishing Limited: Bingley. Nordqvist, P. 2017. Genetic thinking and everyday living: On family practices and family imaginaries. The Sociological Review 65: 865–881. Nordqvist, P., and C. Smart. 2014. Relative strangers: Family life, genes and donor conception. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Notermans, C., M. Turolla, and W. Jansen. 2016. Caring and connecting: Reworking religion, gender, and families in post-migration life. In: Contemporary encounters in gender and religion: European perspectives, ed. L. Gemzöe, M.-L. Keinänen, and A. Maddrell. Palgrave Mc Millan: Cham. Novaes, S.B. 1998. The medical management of donor insemination. In Donor insemination: International social science perspectives, ed. K. Daniels and E. Haimes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. NVOG/KLEM 2018. Landelijk standpunt spermadonatie. Specifieke eisen voor spermadonoren. Utrecht: NVOG/KLEM. Sahlins, M. 2013. What kinship is-and is not. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Scheib, J.E., E. Mccormick, J. Benward, and A. Ruby. 2020. Finding people like me: Contact among young adults who share an open-identity sperm donor. Human Reproduction Open 2020 (4): hoaa57. Scheib, J.E., and A. Ruby. 2009. Beyond consanguinity risk: Developing donor birth limits that consider psychosocial risk factors. Fertility and Sterility. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.071. Schneider, D.M. 1984. A critique of the study of kinship. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. Schweitzer, P.P., ed. 2000. Dividends of kinship: Meanings and uses of social relatedness. London: Routledge. Simpson, B. 1994. Bringing the “unclear” family into focus: Divorce and re-marriage in contemporary Britain. Man 29: 831–851. Stone, L., ed. 2001. New directions in anthropological kinship. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Strathern, A., and P.J. Stewart. 2015. Kinship in action: Self and group. London: Routledge. Strathern, M. 1992. Reproducing the future: Essays on anthropology, kinship and the new reproductive technologies. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Weston, K. 1997. Families we choose: Lesbians, gays, kinship. New York: Columbia University Press. Winter, H. B., Dondorp, W. J., Ploem, M. C., Woestenburg, N. O. M., Akerboom, C. P. M., Legemaate, J. & de Wert, G. M. W. R. 2012. Evaluatie Embryowet en Wet Donorgegevens Kunstmatige Bevruchting, Den Haag, ZonMw.