The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing-2 ligand muramyl dipeptide enhances phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Escherichia coli K1 by Toll-like receptor agonists in microglial cells

Akira, 2006, Pathogen recognition and innate immunity, Cell, 12, 783, 10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.015 Aloisi, 2001, Immune function of microglia, Glia, 36, 165, 10.1002/glia.1106 Bsibsi, 2002, Broad expression of Toll-like receptors in the human central nervous system, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 61, 1013, 10.1093/jnen/61.11.1013 Cabellos, 2009, Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in elderly patients: experience over 30years, Medicine (Baltimore), 88, 115, 10.1097/MD.0b013e31819d50ef Chauhan, 2009, NOD2 plays an important role in the inflammatory responses of microglia and astrocytes to bacterial CNS pathogens, Glia, 57, 414, 10.1002/glia.20770 Cooney, 2010, NOD2 stimulation induces autophagy in dendritic cells influencing bacterial handling and antigen presentation, Nat. Med., 16, 90, 10.1038/nm.2069 Cummings, 1980, Activation of macrophages for enhanced release of superoxide anion and greater killing of Candida albicans by injection of muramyl dipeptide, J. Exp. Med., 152, 1659, 10.1084/jem.152.6.1659 Cunningham, 2009, Systemic inflammation induces acute behavioral and cognitive changes and accelerates neurodegenerative disease, Biol. Psychiatry, 65, 304, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.07.024 Dawson, 1999, Fifteen years of experience with bacterial meningitis, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 18, 816, 10.1097/00006454-199909000-00014 Ebert, 2005, Dose-dependent activation of microglial cells by Toll-like receptor agonists alone and in combination, J. Neuroimmunol., 159, 87, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.10.005 Girardin, 2003, Nod2 is a general sensor of peptidoglycan through muramyl dipeptide (MDP) detection, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 8869, 10.1074/jbc.C200651200 Girvan, 2011, MIS416, a non-toxic microparticle adjuvant derived from Propionibacterium acnes comprising immunostimulatory muramyl dipeptide and bacterial DNA promotes cross-priming and Th1 immunity, Vaccine, 29, 545, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.040 Gordon, 2005, Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 5, 953, 10.1038/nri1733 Guo, 2006, Combinations of TLR and NOD2 ligands stimulate rat microglial P2X4R expression, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 349, 1156, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.146 Hanisch, 2002, Microglia as a source and target of cytokines, Glia, 40, 140, 10.1002/glia.10161 Hanisch, 2007, Microglia: active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain, Nat. Neurosci., 10, 1387, 10.1038/nn1997 Hugot, 2001, Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease, Nature, 411, 599, 10.1038/35079107 Iliev, 2004, Neuronal injury mediated via stimulation of microglial toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9), FASEB J., 18, 412, 10.1096/fj.03-0670fje Kettenmann, 2011, Physiology of microglia, Physiol. Rev., 91, 461, 10.1152/physrev.00011.2010 Kielian, 2006, Toll-like receptors in central nervous system glial inflammation and homeostasis, J. Neurosci. Res., 83, 711, 10.1002/jnr.20767 Kim, 2002, Strategy of Escherichia coli for crossing the blood–brain barrier, J. Infect. Dis., 186, 220, 10.1086/344284 Kramer, 2006, Impaired dendritic cell function in Crohn's disease patients with NOD2 3020insC mutation, J. Leukoc. Biol., 79, 860, 10.1189/jlb.0805484 Mariani, 2009, Microglia in infectious diseases of the central nervous system, J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol., 4, 448, 10.1007/s11481-009-9170-6 Mašek, 2011, Metallochelating liposomes with associated lipophilised norAbuMDP as biocompatible platform for construction of vaccines with recombinant His-tagged antigens: preparation, structural study and immune response towards rHsp90, J. Control. Release, 151, 193, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.01.016 Mittal, 2011, Deciphering the roles of outer membrane protein A extracellular loops in the pathogenesis of Escherichia coli K1 meningitis, J. Biol. Chem., 286, 2183, 10.1074/jbc.M110.178236 Netea, 2005, Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 modulates specific TLR pathways for the induction of cytokine release, J. Immunol., 174, 6518, 10.4049/jimmunol.174.10.6518 Olson, 2004, Microglia initiate central nervous system innate and adaptive immune responses through multiple TLRs, J. Immunol., 173, 3916, 10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3916 Pauleau, 2003, Role of NOD2 in the response of macrophages to toll-like receptor agonists, Mol. Cell. Biol., 23, 7531, 10.1128/MCB.23.21.7531-7539.2003 Perry, 2007, Systemic infections and inflammation affect chronic neurodegeneration, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 7, 161, 10.1038/nri2015 Regen, 2011, CD14 and TRIF govern distinct responsiveness and responses in mouse microglial TLR4 challenges by structural variants of LPS, Brain Behav. Immun., 25, 957, 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.10.009 Ribes, 2009, Toll-like receptor prestimulation increases phagocytosis of Escherichia coli DH5alpha and Escherichia coli K1 strains by murine microglial cells, Infect. Immun., 77, 557, 10.1128/IAI.00903-08 Ribes, 2010, The viral TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) stimulates phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Escherichia coli by microglial cells, Neurosci. Lett., 482, 17, 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.06.078 Roos, 2009, Nonviral infectious diseases of the nervous system, 433 Sivagnanam, 2010, Dominance of E. coli phagocytosis over LPS in the inflammatory response of microglia, J. Neuroimmunol., 227, 111, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.06.021 Smith, 1998, Macrophage and microglial responses to cytokines in vitro: phagocytic activity, proteolytic enzyme release, and free radical production, J. Neurosci. Res., 54, 68, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19981001)54:1<68::AID-JNR8>3.0.CO;2-F Sterka, 2006, Characterization of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) protein expression in primary murine microglia, J. Neuroimmunol., 179, 65, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.06.009 Strober, 2006, Signalling pathways and molecular interactions of NOD1 and NOD2, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 6, 9, 10.1038/nri1747 Takada, 1995, Muramyl dipeptide and derivatives, 171 Ting, 2005, CATERPILLER: a novel gene family important in immunity, cell death, and diseases, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 23, 387, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115616 Ting, 2008, The NLR gene family: a standard nomenclature, Immunity, 28, 285, 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.02.005 Travassos, 2010, Nod1 and Nod2 direct autophagy by recruiting ATG16L1 to the plasma membrane at the site of bacterial entry, Nat. Immunol., 11, 55, 10.1038/ni.1823 Van Rossum, 2008, Myelin-phagocytosing macrophages in isolated sciatic and optic nerves reveal a unique reactive phenotype, Glia, 56, 271, 10.1002/glia.20611 Zola, 2008, Mucosal clearance of capsule-expressing bacteria requires both TLR and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 signaling, J. Immunol., 181, 7909, 10.4049/jimmunol.181.11.7909