The narrative structure of risk accounts
Tóm tắt
In this article, the author considers such risk warning signs as ‘Stand behind the yellow line’ paradigmatic of risk accounts and approaches these signs in the light of narrative theory, more specifically structural and post-structural narratology. There are three related purposes for this approach. First, it is to demonstrate the relevance of narratology for risk research. Second, it is to provide a formal understanding of the narrative structure of risk accounts. Third, it is to use this understanding to show that risk accounts are not politically neutral but define inauspiciousness and attribute blame and responsibility. In this way, risk warning signs participate in the everyday governance of risk and contribute to the governmental rationality that characterizes risk. Concluding remarks discuss some implications of a narrative understanding of risk accounts for risk communication and management and underscore the need to take narrative ethics into account.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abraham, S. and Cox, P. (2007) Analysing the determinants of narrative risk information in UK FTSE 100 annual reports. The British Accounting Review 39 (3): 227–248.
Adams, M. (2002) The precautionary principle and the rhetoric behind it. Journal of Risk Research 5 (4): 301–316.
Adams, T.E. (2008) A review of narrative ethics. Qualitative Inquiry 14 (2): 175–194.
Alaszewski, A. (2006) Diaries as a source of suffering narratives: A critical commentary. Health, Risk & Society 8 (1): 43–59.
Antelme, R. (1996) L’espèce humaine: Récit. Paris, France: Gallimard.
Apter, E. (2006) On oneworldedness: Or paranoia as a world system. American Literary History 18 (2): 365–389.
Aradau, C. and van Munster, R. (2007) Governing terrorism through risk: Taking precautions, (un)knowing the future. European Journal of International Relations 13 (1): 89–115, 148.
Aristotle (2009) Poetics. In: D.C. Stevenson (ed.) The Internet Classics Archive, http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/poetics.html, accessed 22 January 2011.
Aven, T. (2010) Misconceptions of Risk. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Aven, T. and Renn, O. (2009) On risk defined as an event where the outcome is uncertain. Journal of Risk Research 12 (1): 1–12.
Bachtin, M. and Holquist, M. (1981) The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Baines, P. and Dixon, C. (2003) Signs: Lettering in the Environment. London: Laurence King.
Balfe, M. (2007) Alcohol, diabetes and the student body. Health, Risk & Society 9 (3): 241–257.
Barthes, R. (1966) Introduction à l’analyse structurale des récits. Communication 8: 7–33, In: Introduction to the Structural Analysis of Narratives, Translated by S. Heath, Image-Music-Text, 79–124. Fontana/Collins: London, p. 79.
Bell, C. (2006) Surveillance strategies and populations at risk: Biopolitical governance in Canada's national security policy. Security Dialogue 37 (2): 147–165.
Bendelow, G. (2006) Pain, suffering and risk. Health, Risk & Society 8 (1): 59–71.
Bernstein, P.L. (1996) Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk. New York: Wiley.
Boholm, Å. and Corvellec, H. (2011) A relational theory of risk. Journal of Risk Research 14 (2): 175–190.
Boholm, M. (2009) Risk and causality in newspaper reporting. Risk Analysis 29 (11): 1566–1577.
Boje, D.M. (2008) Storytelling Organizations. London: Sage.
Bruner, J.S. (1986) Actual Minds, Possible Worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Burchell, G., Gordon, C. and Miller, P. (1991) The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Chan, R.K.H. (2009) Risk discourse and politics: Restructuring welfare in Hong Kong. Critical Social Policy 29 (1): 24–53.
Chatman, S. (1978) Story and Discourse: Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Clandinin, D.J. (ed.) (2007) Handbook of Narrative Inquiry: Mapping a Methodology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Clarke, J. and Van Amerom, G. (2007) When bad things happen to good people: The portrayal of accidents in mass print magazines. Health, Risk & Society 9 (4): 425–439.
Corvellec, H. (1997) Stories of Achievements: Narrative Features of Organizational Performance. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Corvellec, H. (2009) The practice of risk management: Silence is not absence. Risk Management – An International Journal 11 (3–4): 285–304.
Corvellec, H. (2010) Organisational risk as it derives from what managers value: A practice-based approach to risk assessment. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 18 (3): 145–154.
Crawford, P., Brown, B., Nerlich, B. and Koteyko, N. (2008) The ‘moral careers’ of microbes and the rise of the matrons: An analysis of UK national press coverage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) 1995–2006. Health, Risk & Society 10 (4): 331–347.
Currie, G., Humpreys, M. and Waring, J. (2009) Narratives of professional regulation and patient safety: The case of medical devices in anaesthetics. Health, Risk & Society 11 (2): 117–136.
Currie, M. (1998) Postmodern Narrative Theory. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan.
Czarniawska, B. (2004) Narratives in Social Science Research. London: SAGE.
Davis, E.M. (2008) Risky business: Medical discourse, breast cancer, and narrative. Qualitative Health Research 18 (1): 65–77.
Dean, M. (2010) Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Defoe, D. (1998) A Journal of the Plague Year: Being Observations or Memorials of the Most Remarkable Occurrences as well Publick as Private, which Happened in London During the Last Great Visitation in 1665, Written by a citizen who continued all the while in London, L. Louis (ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Deumes, R. (2008) Corporate risk reporting: A content analysis of narrative risk disclosures in prospectuses. The Journal of Business Communication 45 (2): 120–157.
Dieckmann, N.F., Mauro, R. and Slovic, P. (2010) The effects of presenting imprecise probabilities in intelligence forecasts. Risk Analysis 30 (6): 987–1001.
Dieckmann, N.F., Slovic, P. and Peters Ellen, M. (2009) The use of narrative evidence and explicit likelihood by decisionmakers varying in numeracy. Risk Analysis 29 (10): 1473–1488.
Douglas, M. (1992) Risk and Blame: Essays in Cultural Theory. London: Routledge.
Drew, C.H., Nyerges, T.L. and Leschine, T.M. (2004) Promoting transparency of long-term environmental decisions: The hanford decision mapping system pilot project. Risk Analysis 24 (6): 1641–1664.
Eriksson, T., Nilstun, T. and Edwards, A. (2007) The ethics of risk communication in lifestyle interventions: Consequences of patient centredness. Health, Risk & Society 9 (1): 19–37.
Eshleman, A. (2008) Moral responsibility. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2004 Edition), Retrieved 5 February, http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2004/entries/moral-responsibility/, accessed 22 January 2011.
Ewald, F. (1991) Insurance and risk. In: G. Burchell, C. Gordon and P. Miller (eds.) The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 197–210.
Ferreira, C. (2004) Risk, transparency and cover up: Media narratives and cultural resonance. Journal of Risk Research 7 (2): 199–211.
Fillmore, C.J. and Atkins, B.T. (1992) Toward a frame-based lexicon: The semantics of risk and its neighbors. In: A. Lehrer and E. Feder Kittay (eds.) Frames, Fields, and Contrasts: New Essays in Semantic and Lexical Organization. Hillsdale, NJ and London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 75–102.
Finucane, M.L. and Satterfield, T.A. (2005) Risk as narrative value: A theoretical framework for facilitating the biotechnology debate. International Journal of Biotechnology 7 (1/2/3): 128–146.
Foucault, M. (1991) Governmentality. In: G. Burchell, C. Gordon and P. Miller (eds.) The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 87–104.
Gabriel, Y. (2000) Storytelling in Organizations: Facts, Fictions, and Fantasies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Gardner, D. (2008) Risk: The Science and Politics of Fear. London: Virgin.
Genette, G. (1980) Narrative Discourse. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Golding, D., Krimsky, S. and Plough, A. (1992) Evaluating risk communication: Narrative vs. technical presentations of information about radon. Risk Analysis 12 (1): 27–35.
Green, E., Thompson, D. and Griffiths, F. (2002) Narratives of risk: Women at midlife, medical ‘experts’ and health technologies. Health, Risk & Society 4 (3): 273–286.
Green, J., Draper, A. and Dowler, E. (2003) Short cuts to safety: Risk and ‘rules of thumb’ in accounts of food choice. Health, Risk & Society 5 (1): 33–52.
Gregory, R.S. and Satterfield, T.A. (2002) Beyond perception: The experience of risk and stigma in community contexts. Risk Analysis 22 (2): 347–358.
Gross, S.E. (2010) ‘The alien baby’: Risk, blame and prenatal indeterminacy. Health, Risk & Society 12 (1): 21–32.
Guggenheim, D. (dir.) (2006) An Inconvenient Truth, Lawrence Bender Productions (Producer) (Film).
Hamilton, C., Adolphs, S. and Nerlich, B. (2007) The meanings of ‘risk’: A view from corpus linguistics. Discourse & Society 18 (2): 163–181.
Hamilton, J.D. (2003) Exploring technical and cultural appeals in strategic risk communication: The fernald radium case. Risk Analysis 23 (2): 291–302.
Hawkes, G., Houghton, J. and Rowe, G. (2009) Risk and worry in everyday life: Comparing diaries and interviews as tools in risk perception research. Health, Risk & Society 11 (3): 209–230.
Hilgartner, S. (1992) The social construction of risk objects: Or, how to pry open networks of risk. In: J.F. Short and L. Clarke (eds.) Organizations, Uncertainties, and Risk. Boulder, CA: Westview Press, pp. 39–53.
Hoffmann, M., Linell, P., Lindh-Astrand, L. and Kjellgren, K. (2003) Risk talk: Rhetorical strategies in consultations on hormone replacement therapy. Health, Risk & Society 5 (2): 139–154.
Holy Bible (King James Version). (2002) Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.
Jauss, H.R. (1982) Toward an Aesthetic of Reception. Brighton, UK: Harvester.
Joffe, H. (1999) Risk and ‘The Other’. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Johnson, B.B. (2004) Varying risk comparison elements: Effects on public reactions. Risk Analysis 24 (1): 103–114.
Keady, J. et al (2009) Alcohol-related brain damage: Narrative storylines and risk constructions. Health, Risk & Society 11 (4): 321–340.
Keen, S. (2003) Narrative Form. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kendra, J. (2007) The reconstitution of risk objects. Journal of Risk Research 10 (1): 29–49.
Kewell, B. and Beck, M. (2008) The shifting sands of uncertainty: Risk construction and BSE/vCJD. Health, Risk & Society 10 (2): 133–148.
Körner, H., Hendry, O. and Kippax, S. (2005) Negotiating risk and social relations in the context of post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV: Narratives of gay men. Health, Risk & Society 7 (4): 349–361.
Leontini, R. (2010) Genetic risk and reproductive decisions: Meta and counter narratives. Health, Risk & Society 12 (1): 7–21.
Levi, P. (1959) If this is a Man. New York: Orion Press.
Lévinas, E. (1969) Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press.
Lindbladh, E. and Lyttkens, C.H. (2003) Polarization in the reaction to health-risk information: A question of social position? Risk Analysis 23 (4): 841–855.
Lipschutz, R.D. (1999) Terror in the suites: Narratives of fear and the political economy of danger. Global Society: Journal of Interdisciplinary International Relations 13 (4): 411–440.
Löfstedt, R. (2005) Risk Management in Post-trust Societies. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Lucas, G. (dir.) (1977) Star Wars, Gary Kurtz Productions (Producer) (Film).
Luhmann, N. (1993) Risk: A Sociological Theory. New York: de Gruyter.
Lyons, N. (2007) Narrative enquiry: What possible future influence on policy or practice? In: D.J. Clandinin (ed.) Handbook of Narrative Inquiry: Mapping a Methodology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 600–631.
Lyotard, J.-F. (1979) La condition postmoderne: Rapport sur le savoir. Paris, France: Éditions de minuit.
Mairal, G. (2003) A risk shadow in Spain. Ethnos: Journal of Anthropology 68 (2): 179–191.
Mairal, G. (2008) Narratives of risk. Journal of Risk Research 11 (1–2): 41–54.
Margolin, U. (2005) Character. In: D. Herman, M. Jahn and M.-L. Ryan (eds.) Routledge Encyclopedia of Narrative Theory. London and New York: Routledge.
Martin, W. (1986) Recent Theories of Narrative. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Muir, E. (1967 [1928]) The Structure of the Novel. New York: A Harbinger book.
Myers, G. (2007) Commonplaces in risk talk: Face threats and forms of interaction. Journal of Risk Research 10 (3): 285–306.
Page, R.E. (2006) Literary and Linguistic Approaches to Feminist Narratology. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Palenchar, M.J. and Heath, R.L. (2007) Strategic risk communication: Adding value to society. Public Relations Review 33 (2): 120–129.
Pidgeon, N.F., Kasperson, R.E. and Slovic, P. (2003) The Social Amplification of Risk. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Power, M. (2004) The Risk Management of Everything: Rethinking the Politics of Uncertainty. London: Demos.
Power, M. (2007) Organized Uncertainty: Designing a World of Risk Management. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Power, M. (2009) The risk management of nothing. Accounting, Organizations & Society 34 (6/7): 849–855.
Power, M. (2011) Preparing for financial surprise. Journal of Contingencies & Crisis Management 19 (1): 28–31.
Prince, G. (1982) Narratology: The Form and Functioning of Narrative. Berlin, Germany: Mouton.
Prince, G. (2008) On postcolonial narratology. In: J. Phelan and P.J. Rabinowitz (eds.) A Companion to Narrative Theory. Malden, MA and Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 372–381.
Propp, V.J. (1968) Morphology of the Folktale. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, (Originally published, 1928).
Ravetz, J.R. (1997) The science of ‘what-if?’ Futures 29 (6): 533–539.
Ricœur, P. (1990) Soi-même comme un autre. Paris, France: Le Seuil.
Robin, C. (2004) Fear: The History of a Political Idea. New York: Oxford University Press.
Rosa, E. (1998) Metatheoretical foundations for post-normal risk. Journal of Risk Research 1 (1): 15–44.
Rothstein, H., Huber, M. and Gaskell, G. (2006) A theory of risk colonization: The spiralling regulatory logics of societal and institutional risk. Economy and Society 35 (1): 91–112.
Ryan, M.-L. (2004) Narrative Across Media: The Languages of Storytelling. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Sanne, J.M. (2008) Incident reporting or storytelling? Competing schemes in a safety-critical and hazardous work setting. Safety Science 46 (8): 1205–1222.
Sauer, B.J. (2003) The Rhetoric of Risk: Technical Documentation in Hazardous Environments. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Schehr, R.C. (2005) Conventional risk discourse and the proliferation of fear. Criminal Justice Policy Review 16 (1): 38–59.
Slavin, S., Richters, J. and Kippax, S. (2004) Understandings of risk among HIV seroconverters in Sydney. Health, Risk & Society 6 (1): 39–52.
Smircich, L. and Morgan, G. (1982) Leadership: The management of meaning. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 18 (3): 257–273.
Sommer, R. (2007) ‘Contextualism’ revisited: A survey (and defence) of postcolonial and intercultural narratologies. Journal of Literary Theory 1 (1): 61–79.
Todorov, T. (1971) Poétique de la prose. Paris, France: Le Seuil.
Toolan, M.J. (2001) Narrative: A Critical Linguistic Introduction. London: Routledge.
Weaver, N.F., Murtagh, M.J. and Thomson, R.G. (2006) How do newly diagnosed hypertensives understand ‘risk’? Narratives used in coping with risk. Family Practice 23 (6): 637–643.
Weed, D.L. (2005) Weight of evidence: A review of concept and methods. Risk Analysis 25 (6): 1545–1557.
White, H.V. (1973) Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Zinn, J.O. (2005) The biographical approach: A better way to understand behaviour in health and illness. Health, Risk & Society 7 (1): 1–10.