The mycorrhizal status of Phragmites australis in several polluted soils and sediments of an industrialised region of Northern Portugal

Roots of Phragmites australis from three polluted soils and sediments (a periodically flooded stream bank containing organic pollutants, a high-pH drying sedimentation pond and an acidic, periodically flooded sand polluted by industrial effluents) were sampled over a 1-year cycle of plant growth to assess the degree of colonisation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). At the dry sedimentation pond, root samples of Juncus effusus and Salix atrocinerea were also taken to assess the presence of AMF throughout the year. Root colonisation was low (<5% root length colonised) but arbuscule presence peaked in P. australis during the spring and autumn prior to flowering. These changes in arbuscule abundance were also seen in a parallel greenhouse trial using seed taken from one of the sites. Roots of J. effusus contained mainly vesicular colonisation but arbuscule activity peaked during the winter months (December–March). S. atrocinerea roots were found to be ectomycorrhizal throughout the year but the fine feeder roots were colonised by AMF. The results confirm that semi-aquatics, like P. australis, can become arbuscular mycorrhizal but that this status changes during the year depending on soil moisture content and plant phenology. The influence of AMF in these polluted soils is uncertain but the potential exists to establish a more diverse plant ecosystem during the landscaping of these areas (phytostabilisation) by management of adapted plant and AMF ecotypes.