The motor organization of cerebral cortex and the role of the mirror neuron system. Clinical impact for rehabilitation

Sanes, 2001, Orderly somatotopy in primary motor cortex: does it exist?, Neuroimage, 13, 968, 10.1006/nimg.2000.0733 Capaday, 2004, The integrated nature of motor cortical function, Neuroscientist, 10, 207, 10.1177/107385403262109 Rizzolatti, 2006 Schott, 1993, Penfield's homunculus: a note on cerebral cartography, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 56, 329, 10.1136/jnnp.56.4.329 Sanes, 1995, Shared neural substrates controlling hand movements in human motor cortex, Science, 268, 1775, 10.1126/science.7792606 Gould, 1986, The relationship of corpus callosum connections to electrical stimulation maps of motor, supplementary motor, and the frontal eye fields in owl monkeys, J Comp Neurol, 247, 297, 10.1002/cne.902470303 Indovina, 2001, On somatotopic representation centers for finger movements in human primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area, Neuroimage, 13, 1027, 10.1006/nimg.2001.0776 Small, 2012, The mirror neuron system and treatment of stroke, Dev Psychobiol, 54, 293, 10.1002/dev.20504 Schieber, 2001, Constraints on somatotopic organization in the primary motor cortex, J Neurophysiol, 86, 2125, 10.1152/jn.2001.86.5.2125 Plow, 2010, Within-limb somatotopy in primary motor cortex – revealed using fMRI, Cortex, 46, 310, 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.02.024 Lotze, 2000, fMRI evaluation of somatotopic representation in human primary motor cortex, Neuroimage, 11, 473, 10.1006/nimg.2000.0556 Beisteiner, 2004, Magnetoencephalography indicates finger motor somatotopy, Eur J Neurosci, 19, 465, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03115.x Aflalo, 2006, Possible origins of the complex topographic organization of motor cortex: reduction of a multidimensional space onto a two-dimensional array, J Neurosci, 26, 6288, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0768-06.2006 Graziano, 2007, Mapping behavioral repertoire onto the cortex, Neuron, 56, 239, 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.013 Capaday, 2013, On the functional organization and operational principles of the motor cortex, Front Neural Circuits, 7, 66, 10.3389/fncir.2013.00066 Strick, 1982, Two representations of the hand in area 4 of a primate. I. Motor output organization, J Neurophysiol, 48, 139, 10.1152/jn.1982.48.1.139 Strick, 1982, Two representations of the hand in area 4 of a primate. II. Somatosensory input organization, J Neurophysiol, 48, 150, 10.1152/jn.1982.48.1.150 Matelli, 2001, Parietofrontal circuits for action and space perception in the macaque monkey, Neuroimage, 14, S27, 10.1006/nimg.2001.0835 Bodegard, 2001, Hierarchical processing of tactile shape in the human brain, Neuron, 31, 317, 10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00362-2 Stoesz, 2003, Neural networks active during tactile form perception: common and differential activity during macrospatial and microspatial tasks, Int J Psychophysiol, 50, 41, 10.1016/S0167-8760(03)00123-5 Rothwell, 2012, Overview of neurophysiology of movement control, Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 114, 432, 10.1016/j.clineuro.2011.12.053 Moya-Albiol, 2010, Bases neuronales de la empatía, Rev Neurol, 50, 89 Garrison, 2010, The mirror neuron system: a neural substrate for methods in stroke rehabilitation, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 24, 404, 10.1177/1545968309354536 Rizzolatti, 2008, The mirror system and its role in social cognition, Curr Opin Neurobiol, 18, 179, 10.1016/j.conb.2008.08.001 Cattaneo, 2009, The mirror neuron system, Arch Neurol, 66, 557, 10.1001/archneurol.2009.41 Rizzolatti, 2010, The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit: interpretations and misinterpretations, Nat Rev, 11, 264, 10.1038/nrn2805 Iacoboni, 2005, Grasping the intentions of others with one's own mirror neuron system, PLoS Biol, 3, e79, 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030079 Ertelt, 2012, Observation and execution of upper-limb movements as a tool for rehabilitation of motor deficits in paretic stroke patients: protocol of a randomized clinical trial, BMC Neurol, 12, 42, 10.1186/1471-2377-12-42 Coricelli, 2005, Two-levels of mental states attribution: from automaticity to voluntariness, Neuropsychologia, 43, 294, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.11.015 Cirstea, 2007, Improvement of arm movement patterns and endpoint control depends on type of feedback during practice in stroke survivors, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 21, 398, 10.1177/1545968306298414 Sharma, 2009, Motor imagery after stroke: relating outcome to motor network connectivity, Ann Neurol, 66, 604, 10.1002/ana.21810 Levin, 2009, What do motor “recovery” and “compensation” mean in patients following stroke?, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 23, 313, 10.1177/1545968308328727 Nudo, 2006, Plasticity, NeuroRx, 3, 420, 10.1016/j.nurx.2006.07.006 Bengoetxea, 2012, Enriched and deprived sensory experience induces structural changes and rewires connectivity during the postnatal development of the brain, Neural Plast, 2012, 305693, 10.1155/2012/305693 Warraich, 2010, Neural plasticity: the biological substrate for neurorehabilitation, PM&R, 2, S208, 10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.10.016 Lafuente, 2012, Vascular endothelial growth factor and other angioglioneurins: key molecules in brain development and restoration, Int Rev Neurobiol, 102, 317, 10.1016/B978-0-12-386986-9.00012-0 Langer, 2012, Effects of limb immobilization on brain plasticity, Neurology, 78, 182, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31823fcd9c Pomeroy, 2002, Neurological rehabilitation: a science struggling to come of age, Physiother Res Int, 7, 76, 10.1002/pri.244 Argandoña, 2009, Physical exercise is required for environmental enrichment to offset the quantitative effects of dark-rearing on the S-100beta astrocytic density in the rat visual cortex, J Anat, 215, 132, 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01103.x Liu, 2004, Mental imagery for promoting relearning for people after stroke: a randomized controlled trial, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 85, 1403, 10.1016/j.apmr.2003.12.035 Page, 2007, Mental practice in chronic stroke: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, Stroke, 38, 1293, 10.1161/01.STR.0000260205.67348.2b Franceschini, 2012, Clinical relevance of action observation in upper-limb stroke rehabilitation: a possible role in recovery of functional dexterity. A randomized clinical trial, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 26, 456, 10.1177/1545968311427406