The metabolic syndrome and mortality from cardiovascular disease and all-causes: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II Mortality Study

Kylin, 1923, Studien ueber das hypertonie-hyperglykämie-hyperurikämiesyndrom, Zentralblatt fuer Innere Medizin, 44, 105

Alberti, 1998, Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation, Diab. Med., 15, 539, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S

National Institutes of Health. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Executive Summary. NIH Publication No. 01-3670, 2001.

Ford, 2002, Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, JAMA, 287, 356, 10.1001/jama.287.3.356

Ford, 2003, A comparison of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome using two proposed definitions, Diab. Care, 26, 575, 10.2337/diacare.26.3.575

Klein, 2002, Components of the metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in beaver dam, Diab. Care, 25, 1790, 10.2337/diacare.25.10.1790

Hanson, 2002, Components of the “metabolic syndrome” and incidence of type 2 diabetes, Diabetes, 51, 3120, 10.2337/diabetes.51.10.3120

Laaksonen, 2002, Metabolic syndrome and development of diabetes mellitus: application and validation of recently suggested definitions of the metabolic syndrome in a prospective cohort study, Am. J. Epidemiol., 156, 1070, 10.1093/aje/kwf145

Resnick, 2003, Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular disease in nondiabetic American Indians: the strong heart study, Diab. Care, 26, 861, 10.2337/diacare.26.3.861

Trevisan, 1998, Syndrome X and mortality: a population-based study. Risk Factor and Life Expectancy Research Group, Am. J. Epidemiol., 148, 958, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009572

Wilson, 1999, Clustering of metabolic factors and coronary heart disease, Arch. Int. Med., 159, 1104, 10.1001/archinte.159.10.1104

Isomaa, 2001, Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome, Diab. Care, 24, 683, 10.2337/diacare.24.4.683

Onat, 2002, Metabolic syndrome: major impact on coronary risk in a population with low cholesterol levels—a prospective and cross-sectional evaluation, Atherosclerosis, 165, 285, 10.1016/S0021-9150(02)00236-8

Lakka, 2002, The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men, JAMA, 288, 2709, 10.1001/jama.288.21.2709

Ridker, 2003, C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14719 initially healthy American women, Circulation, 107, 391, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000055014.62083.05

National Center for Health Statistics. Plan and operation of the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1976–80. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 81-1317. Vital Health Stat 1981;1(15).

Centers for Disease Control. Laboratory procedures used by the Clinical Chemistry Division, Centers for Disease Control, for the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II), 1976–1980. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control, 1981.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Plan and operation of the NHANES II Mortality Study 1992. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 99-1314. Vital Health Stat 1999;1(38).

Zhu, 2002, Waist circumference and obesity-associated risk factors among whites in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: clinical action thresholds, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 76, 743, 10.1093/ajcn/76.4.743

Shah BV, Barnwell BG, Bieler GS. SUDAAN User’s Manual, Version 7.5. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute, 1997.

The Pooling Project Research Group. Relationship of blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habit, relative weight and ECG abnormalities to incidence of major coronary events: final report of the pooling project. J Chronic Dis 1978;31:201–306.

Gordon, 1989, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies, Circulation, 79, 8, 10.1161/01.CIR.79.1.8

Avins, 2000, Do triglycerides provide meaningful information about heart disease risk?, Arch. Int. Med., 160, 1937, 10.1001/archinte.160.13.1937

Coutinho, 1999, The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events. A metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years, Diab. Care, 22, 233, 10.2337/diacare.22.2.233

BMI in Diverse Populations Collaborative Group. Effect of smoking on the body mass index–mortality relation: empirical evidence from 15 studies. Am J Epidemiol 1999;150:1297–308.