The maximum temperature of buoyancy-driven smoke flow beneath the ceiling in tunnel fires

A. Dix, Tunnel fire safety in Australasia, in: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, Frankfurt, Germany, March 17–19, 2010, pp. 69–79.

ISO834-1. Fire-resistance tests—Elements of building construction—Part 1: general requirements, International Organization for Standardization, 1999.

EN1363-2. Fire resistance tests—Part 2: alternative and additional procedures, European Committee for Standardization, 1999.

Beproeving van het gedrag bij verhitting van twee isolatiematerialen ter bescherming van tunnels bij brand, Instituut TNO voor Bouwmaterialen en Bouwconstructies, B-79-391, Delft, The Netherlands, 1979.

Hu, 2006, On the maximum smoke temperature under the ceiling in tunnel fires, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 21, 650, 10.1016/j.tust.2005.10.003

Kurioka, 2003, Fire properties in near field of square fire source with longitudinal ventilation in tunnels, Fire Safety Journal, 38, 319, 10.1016/S0379-7112(02)00089-9

G. Heskestad, Fire plumes, in: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 1995.

E.E. Zukoski, Smoke movement and mixing in two-layer fire models, in: Proceedings of the 8th UJNR Joint Panel Meeting on Fire Research and Safety, Tsukuba, 1985.

Karlsson, 2000

Quintiere, 1981, The effect of room openings on fire plume entrainment, Combustion Science and Technology, 26, 193, 10.1080/00102208108946960

P.P.K. Raj, A.N. Moussa, K. Aravamudau, Experiments involving pool and vapor fires from spills of liquidified natural gas on water, Prepared for US Department of Transportation, US Coast Guard, Report No. CG-D-55-79.

B.J. McCaffrey, Purely buoyant diffusion fames: some experimental results, National Bureau of Standards, NBSIR 79-1910, 1979.

Wu, 2000, Control of smoke flow in tunnel fires using longitudinal ventilation systems—a study of the critical velocity, Fire Safety Journal, 35, 363, 10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00031-X

Lönnermark, 2005, Gas temperatures in heavy goods vehicle fires in tunnels, Fire Safety Journal, 40, 506, 10.1016/j.firesaf.2005.05.003

Memorial Tunnel Fire Ventilation Test Program-Test Report, Massachusetts Highway Department and Federal Highway Administration, 1995.

Quintiere, 1989, Scaling application in fire research, Fire Safety Journal., 15, 3, 10.1016/0379-7112(89)90045-3

Ingason, 2007, Model scale railcar fire tests, Fire Safety Journal, 42, 271, 10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.11.004

H. Ingason, P. Werling, Experimental study of smoke evacuation in a model tunnel, FOA Defence Research Establishment, FOA-R—99-01267-311—SE, Tumba, Sweden, 1999.

A. Lemaire, V.A.N. De Leur, P.H.E. Kenyon, Y.M. Safety, Proef: TNO Metingen Beneluxtunnel—Meetrapport, TNO, TNO-Rapport 2002-CVB-R05572, 2002.

Ingason, 2006, Fire testing in road and railway tunnels