The lesser Himalayan Duplex in Sikkim: Implications for variations in Himalayan shortening

Acharyya, S.K. (1971) Structure and stratigraphy of the Darjeeling Frontal zone, eastern Himalaya. In: Recent geological studies in the Himalaya. Geol. Surv. India Misc. Publ., v.24, pp.71–90.

Bhattacharyya, K. and Mitra, G. (2009) A new kinematic evolutionary model for the growth of a duplex — an example from the Rangit duplex, Sikkim Himalaya, India. Gondwana Res., v.16, pp.697–715.

Boyer, S.E. (1978) Structure and origin of Grandfather Mountain window, North Carolina. Unpub. Ph.D. thesis, Johns Hopkins University.

Boyer, S.E. and Elliott, D. (1982) Thrust systems. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull., v.66, pp.1196–1230.

Boyer, S.E. and Mitra, G. (1988) Relations between deformation of crystalline basement and sedimentary cover at the basement/cover transition zone of the Appalachian Blue Ridge Province. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Paper, v.222, pp.119–136.

Casey, M. and Dietrich, D. (1997) Overthrust shear in mountain building. In: S. Sengupta (Ed.), Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro- to Macro-scales. Chapman and Hall, London, pp.119–142.

Dahlstrom, C.D.A. (1970) Structural geology of the eastern margin of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Bull. Canad. Petrol. Geol., v.18, pp.331–406.

Decelles, P.G. and Mitra, G. (1995) History of the Sevier orogenic wedge in terms of critical taper models, northeast Utah and southwest Wyoming. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., v.107, pp.454–462.

Decelles, P.G., Gehrels, G.E., Quade, J., Ojha, T.P., Kapp, P.A. and Upreti, B. N. (1998) Neogene foreland basin deposits, erosional unroofing, and the kinematic history of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt, western Nepal. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., v.110, pp.2–21.

Decelles, P.G., Robinson, D.M. and Zandt, G. (2002) Implications for shortening in the Himalayan fold-thrust belt for uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonics, v.21, 1062, doi: 10.1029/2001TC001322.

Decelles, P.G., Gehrels, G.E., Najman, Y, Martin, A.J., Carter, A. and Garzanti, E. (2004) Detrital geochronology and geochemistry of Cretaceous-early Miocene strata of Nepal: implications for timing and diachroneity of initial Himalayan orogenesis. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 227, pp.313–330.

Diegel, F. A. (1986) Topologic constraints from imbricate thrust networks — examples from the Mountain City window, Tennessee. Jour. Struct. Geol., v.8, pp.269–279.

Elliott, D. (1976) The energy balance and deformation mechanisms of thrust sheets. Philosophical Trans. Royal Soc., A283, pp.289–312.

Elliott, D. and Johnson, M.R.W. (1980) Structural evolution in the northern part of the Moine thrust belt, NW Scotland. Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, v.71, pp.69–96.

Gansser, A. (1964) Geology of the Himalayas. Interscience, Wiley, New York, pp.1–289.

Groshong, R.H., Pfiffner, O.A. and Pringle, L.R. (1984) Strain partitioning in the Helvetic thrust belt of eastern Switzerland from the leading edge to the internal zone. Jour. Struct. Geol., v.6, pp.5–18.

Klootwijk, C.T., Gee, J.S., Pierce, J.W., Smith, G.M. and Mcfadden, P.L. (1992) An early India-Asia contact: paleomagnetic constraints from Ninety East Ridge: Ocean Drilling Program: Leg 121. Geology, v.20, pp.395–398.

Mcnaught, M.A. and Mitra, G. (1996) The use of finite strain data in constructing a retrodeformable cross-section of the Meade thrust sheet, southeastern Idaho. Jour. Struct. Geol., v.18, pp.573–583.

Mcquarrie, N., Robinson, D., Long, S., Tobgay, T., Grujic, D., Gehrels, G. and Ducea, M. (2008) Preliminary Stratigraphy and Structural architecture of Bhutan: Implications for the along strike architecture of the Himalayan system. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v.272, pp.105–117.

Medlicott, H.B. (1864) On the geological structure and relations of the southern portion of the Himalayan ranges between the Rivers Ganges and the Ravee. Mem. Geol. Surv. India, v.3, 102p.

Mitra, G. (1994) Strain variations in thrust sheets across the Sevier fold-and-thrust belt (Idaho-Utah-Wyoming): Implications for section restoration and wedge taper evolution. Jour. Struct. Geol., v.16, pp.585–602.

Mitra, G. and Elliott, D. (1980) Deformation of basement in the Blue Ridge and the development of the South Mountain cleavage. In: Proceedings Caledonides in the USA: I.G.C.P. Project 27. Caledonide Orogen Va. Polytech. Institute and State Univ. Mem. 2, pp.307–312.

Mitra, G. and Yonkee, W.A. (1985) Relationships of spaced cleavage to folds and thrusts in the Idaho-Utah-Wyoming thrust belt. Jour. Struct. Geol., v.7, pp.361–373.

Mitra, G. and Boyer, S.E. (1986) Energy balance and deformation mechanisms of duplexes. Jour. Struct. Geol., v.8, pp.291–304.

Mitra, G. and Sussman A.J. (1997) Structural evolution of connecting splay duplexes and their implications for critical taper: an example based on geometry and kinematics of the Canyon Range culmination, Sevier Belt, central Utah. Jour. Struct. Geol., v.19, pp.503–521.

Mitra, S. (1986) Duplex structures and imbricate thrust systems: Geometry, structural position and hydrocarbon potential. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull., v.70, pp.1087–1112.

Mukul, M. (2000) The geometry and kinematics of the Main Boundary Thrust and related neotectonics in the Darjiling Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt, West Bengal, India. Jour. Struct. Geol., v.22, pp.1261–1283.

Pearson, O.N. and Decelles, P.G. (2005) Structural geology and regional tectonic significance of the Ramgarh thrust, Himalayan fold-thrust belt of Nepal. Tectonics, v.24, TC4008.

Raina, V.K. (1976) “The Rangit TectonicWindow”-stratigraphy, structure and tectonic interpretation and its bearing on the regional stratigraphy. Proc. Himalayan Geology Seminar, New Delhi, pp.36–43.

Ramsay, J.G. (1967) Folding and Fracturing of Rocks. McGraw-Hill Company, New York, pp.1–568.

Ramsay, J.G., Casey, M. and Kligfield, R. (1983) Role of shear in development of the Helvetic fold-thrust belt in Switzerland. Geology, v.11, pp.439–442.

Robinson, D.M., Decelles, P.G. and Copeland, P. (2006) Tectonic evolution of the Himalayan thrust belt in western Nepal: Implications for Channel flow models. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., v.118, pp.865–885.

Rowley, D.B. (1996) Age of initial collision between India and Asia: A review of stratigraphic data. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v.145, pp.1–13.

Schelling, D. and Arita, K. (1991) Thrust tectonics, crustal shortening, and the structure of the far-eastern Nepal Himalaya. Tectonics, v.10, pp.851–862.

Schwan, W. (1980) Shortening Structures in Eastern and Northwestern Himalayan Rocks. In: P.S. Saklani, (Ed.). Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, pp.1–62.

Shackleton, R.M. (1958) Downwards-facing structures of the Highland border. Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour., v.113, pp.361–392.

Sorkhabi, R.B. and Macfarlane, A. (1999) Himalaya and Tibet: Mountain roots to mountain top. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Paper, v.328, pp.1–7.

Srivastava, P. and Mitra, G. (1994) Thrust geometries and deep structure of the Outer and Lesser Himalaya, Kumaon and Garhwal (India): Implications for evolution of the Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt. Tectonics, v.13, pp.89–109.

Valdiya, K.S. (1980) Geology of the Kumaun Lesser Himalaya. The Himachal Press, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehra Dun, pp.1–219.