The law of effect and CR contingent modification of the UCS
Tóm tắt
A persistent theoretical contention in the American conditioning literature is that Conditional Reflexes (CR) are reinforced through some hidden Thorndikian law of effect. In its most general form, law of effect theories hold that Conditional Reflex-Unconditional Stimulus (UCS) overlap modifies the sensory consequences of the UCS to provide the source of differential reinforcement of CRs. However, consideration of the historical development of law of effect theories reveals they have lacked testability due to the fact that the sources of reinforcement have been alleged to beintrinsically related to the occurrence and topography of CRs. Such a postulated intrinsic relationship has made it difficult to experimentally manipulate the amount of CR-correlated reinforcement, since the source of reinforcement is presumed to be under The Subject’s (S’s) control. Some experiments will be reported in which the relation between CRs and properties of the UCS are madeextrinsic and, accordingly, permit an experimental assessment of law of effect formulations.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Church, R. M.: Systematic effect of random error in the yoked control design.Psychol. Bull.,62:122–131, 1964.
Coleman, S. R.: Effects upon the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response of response-contingent changes in the intensity of the UCS. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa, 1972.
Gormezano, I.: Yoked comparisons of classical and instrumental conditioning of the eyelid response; and an addendum on “voluntary responders.”In W. F. Prokasy (Ed.), Classical Conditioning. New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1965.
Gormezano, I.: Classical conditioning.In J. B. Sidowski (Ed.), Experimental Methods and Instrumentation in Psychology. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1966.
Guthrie, E. R.: Association and the law of effect.Psychol. Rev.,47:127–148, 1940.
Hebb, D. O.: The distinction between “classical” and “instrumental.”Can. J. of Psychol.,10:165–166, 1956.
Hull, C. L.: A functional interpretation of the conditioned reflex.Psychol. Rev.,36:498–511, 1929.
Kimble, G. A.: Hilgard and Marquis’ Conditioning and Learning. (2nd Ed.) New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1961.
Kimble, G. A.: Categories of learning and the problem of definition: Comments on Professor Giant’s paper.In A. W. Melton (Ed.), Categories of Human Learning. New York, Academic Press, 1964.
Kimmel, H. D.: Instrumental inhibitory factors in classical conditioning.In W. F. Prokasy (Ed.), Classical Conditioning. New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1965.
Konorski, J.: Integrative Activity of the Brain: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1967.
Konorski, J., and Miller, S.: On two types of conditioned reflex.J. Gen. Psychol.,16:264–272, 1937.
Konorski, J., and Miller, S.: Further remarks on two types of conditioned reflex.J. Gen. Psychol.,17:405–407, 1937.
Maier, N. R. F., and Schneirla, T. C.: Mechanisms in conditioning.Psychol. Rev.,49:117–134, 1942.
Miller, S., and Konorski, J.: Sur une forme particuliere des reflexes conditionnels. Compte Rendue Hebdomadaire des Seances et Memoires de la Societe de Biologie,99:1155–1158, 1928.
Moore, J. W., and Gormezano, I.: Yoked comparisons of instrumental and classical eyelid conditioning.J. of Exp. Psychol.,62:552–559, 1961.
Pavlov, I. P.: Conditioned Reflexes. (Translated by G. V. Anrep) London, Oxford University Press, 1927.
Perkins, C. C., Jr.: The stimulus conditions which follow learned responses.Psychol. Rev.,62:341–348, 1955.
Perkins, C. C., Jr.: An analysis of the concept of reinforcement.Psychol. Rev.,75:155–172, 1968.
Prokasy, W. F.: Classical eyelid conditioning: Experimenter operations, task demands, and response shaping.In W. F. Prokasy (Ed.), Classical Conditioning. New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1965.
Runquist, W. N., Sidowski, J., and Gormezano, I.: Yoked comparisons of classical and avoidance conditioning in differential conditioning of the eyelid response.Psychol. Rep.,11:43–50, 1962.
Schlosberg, H.: The relationship between success and the laws of conditioning.Psychol. Rev.,44:379–394, 1937.
Skinner, B. F.: The concept of the reflex in the description of behavior.J. Gen. Psychol.,5:427–458, 1931.
Skinner, B. F.: Two types of conditioned reflex and a pseudo type.J. Gen. Psychol.,12:66–67, 1935.
Skinner, B. F.: Two types of conditioned reflex: A reply to Konorski and Miller.J. Gen. Psychol.,16:272–279, 1937.
Spence, K. W.: Behavior Theory and Conditioning. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1956.