The laryngeal mask airway: its features, effects and role
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
White DC. The laryngeal mask — a non-invasive airway. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1991; 4: 1–4.
Leech BC. The pharyngeal bulb gasway: a new aid in cy clopropane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1937; 16: 22–5.
Niemann JT, Rosborough JP, Myers R, Scarberry EN The pharyngo-tracheal lumen airway: preliminary investi gation of a new adjunct. Ann Emerg Med 1984; 13: 591–6.
Frass M, Frenzer R, Zdrahal F, Hoflehner G, Porges P, Lackner F The esophageal tracheal combitube: prelimi nary results with a new airway for CPR. Ann Emerg Med 1987; 16: 768–72.
Brain AJ. The development of the laryngeal mask — a brief history of the invention, early clinical studies and ex perimental work from which the laryngeal mask evolved. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1991; 4: 5–17.
Pennant JH, White PF. The laryngeal mask airway. Its uses in anesthesiology. Anesthesiology 1993; 79: 144–63.
Rowbottom SJ, Simpson DL, Grubb D. The laryngeal mask airway in children. A fibreoptic assessment of posi tioning. Anaesthesia 1991; 46: 489–91.
Brain AIJ The Intavent Laryngeal Mask. Instruction Manual 2nd ed. 1993.
McKeating K, Bali IM, Dundee JW. The effects of thiop entone and propofol on upper airway integrity. Anaesthesia 1988; 43: 638–40.
Barker P, Langton JA, Wilson IG, Smith G. Movements of the vocal cords on induction of anaesthesia with thiopen tone or propofol. Br J Anaesth 1992; 69: 23–5.
Brown GW, Patel N, Ellis FR. Comparison of propofol and thiopentone for laryngeal mask insertion. Anaesthesia 1991; 46: 771–2.
Blake DW, Dawson P, Donnan G, Bjorksten A. Propofol induction for laryngeal mask airway insertion: dose require ment and cardiorespiratory effects. Anaesth Intensive Care 1992; 20: 479–83.
Brimacombe J, Berry A. Neuromuscular block and insertion of the laryngeal mask airway (Letter). Br J Anaesth 1993; 71: 166–7.
Patel DK, Keeling PA, Newman GB, Radford P. Induction dose of propofol in children. Anaesthesia 1988; 43: 949–52.
Asai T, Latto IP, Vaughan RS. The distance between the grille of the laryngeal mask airway and the vocal cords. Is conventional intubation through the laryngeal mask safe? Anaesthesia 1993; 48: 667–9.
Chow BF, Lewis M, Jones SEF. Laryngeal mask airway in children: insertion technique (Letter). Anaesthesia 1991; 46: 590–1.
Southern DA, Lake APJ, Wadon AJ. The laryngeal mask — a modification in its use and design (Letter). Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 530.
Lee JJ. Laryngeal mask and trauma to uvula (Letter). Anaesthesia 1989; 44: 1014–5.
Brimacombe J, Berry A. Insertion of the laryngeal mask airway — a prospective study of four techniques. Anaesth Intensive Care 1993; 21: 89–92.
Asai T, Stacey M, Barclay K. Stylet for reinforced laryn geal mask airway (Letter). Anaesthesia 1993; 48: 636.
Philpott B, Renwick M. An introducer for the flexible la ryngeal mask airway (Letter). Anaesthesia 1993; 48: 174.
Khoo ST. The laryngeal mask airway — an unusual com plication (Letter). Anaesth Intensive Care 1993; 21: 249–50.
Wilkins CJ, Cramp PGW, Staples J, Stevens WC. Comparison of the anesthetic requirement for tolerance of laryngeal mask airway and endotracheal tube. Anesth Analg 1992; 75: 794–7.
Fawcett WJ, Ravilia A, Radford P. The laryngeal mask airway in children (Letter). Can J Anaesth 1991; 38: 685–6.
Brimacombe JR. Laryngeal mask anaesthesia and recur rent swallowing. Anaesth Intensive Care 1991; 19: 275–6.
Nanji GM, Maltby JR. Vomiting and aspiration pneumo nitis with the laryngeal mask airway. Can J Anaesth 1992; 39: 69–70.
Hatanaka T, Fukui M, Yamashita T, Mizobe T, Yoshioka M, Tanaka Y. Vomiting during the use of the laryngeal mask airway. Masui 1992; 6: 101–4.
Devitt JH, Wenstone R, Noel AG, O’Donnell MP. The la ryngeal mask airway and positive-pressure ventilation. Anesthesiology 1994; 80: 550–5.
Maltby JR, Loken RG, Watson NC. The laryngeal mask airway: clinical appraisal in 250 patients. Can J Anaesth 1990; 37: 509–13.
Stacey MR, Shambrook A. Laryngeal mask airway and low flow anaesthesia (Letter). Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 1108.
John RE, Hill S, Hughes TJ. Airway protection by the la ryngeal mask. A barrier to dye placed in the pharynx. Anaesthesia 1991; 46: 366–7.
Cork RC, Kaul B, Frink EJ Jr, Standen JR. Comparison of laryngeal mask with endotracheal tube for airway con trol. Anesthesiology 1991; 75: A1112.
Broadway PJ, Royle P. Supplementary oxygen and the la ryngeal mask airway (Letter). Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 792–3.
Kennedy R, Meyer M, Joyce C. Supplemental oxygen using an LMA. Anaesth Intensive Care 1992; 20: 118.
Kramer-Kilper OT. Removal of laryngeal mask airway during light anaesthesia (Letter). Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 816.
Warner MA, Warner ME, Weber JG. Clinical significance of pulmonary aspiration during the perioperative period. Anesthesiology 1993; 78: 56–62.
Brain AIJ. Studies on the laryngeal mask: first, learn the art (Letter). Anaesthesia 1991; 46: 417–8.
Brain AI. Laryngeal mask misplacement — causes, conse quences and solutions (Letter). Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 531–2.
Williams PJ, Bailey PM. Comparison of the reinforced la ryngeal mask airway and tracheal intubation for adenoton sillectomy. Br J Anaesth 1993; 70: 30–3.
Goudsouzian NG, Denman W, Cleveland R, Shorten G. Radiologic localization of the laryngeal mask airway in children. Anesthesiology 1992; 77: 1085–9.
Nandi PR, Nunn JF, Charlesworth CH, Taylor SJ. Radiological study of the laryngeal mask. Eur J Anaesthe siol 1991; 4: 33–9.
Mizushima A, Wardall GJ, Simpson DL. The laryngeal mask airway in infants. Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 849–51.
Marjot R. Pressure exerted by the laryngeal mask airway cuff upon the pharyngeal mucosa. Br J Anaesth 1993; 70: 25–9.
Lumb AB, Wrigley MW. The effect of nitrous oxide on la ryngeal mask cuff pressure.In vitro andin vivo studies. Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 320–3.
Wright ES, Filshie J, Dark CH. Laryngeal mask cuff pres sure and nitrous oxide (Letter). Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 713–4.
Gal TJ, Suratt PM. Resistance to breathing in healthy subjects following endotracheal intubation under topical anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1980; 59: 270–4.
Asai T, Fujise K, Uchida M. Use of the laryngeal mask in a child with tracheal stenosis. Anesthesiology 1991: 75: 903–4.
Bhatt SB, Kendall AP, Lin ES, Oh TE. Resistance and additional inspiratory work imposed by the laryngeal mask airway. A comparison with treacheal tubes. Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 343–7.
Ferguson C, Herdman M, Evans K, Hayes M, Cole PV. Flow resistance of the laryngeal mask in awake subjects. Br J Anaesth 1991; 66: 400P.
Al-Hasani A. Resistance to constant air flow imposed by the standard laryngeal mask, the reinforced laryngeal mask and RAE tracheal tubes. Br J Anaesth 1993; 71: 594–6.
Braude N, Clements EAF, Hodges UM, Andrews BP. The pressor response and laryngeal mask insertion. A compari son with tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 1989; 44: 551–4.
Wilson IG, Fell D, Robinson SL, Smith G. Cardiovascular responses to insertion of the laryngeal mask. Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 300–2.
Lamb K, James MFM, Janicki PK. The laryngeal mask airway for intraocular surgery: effects on intraocular pres sure and stress responses. Br J Anaesth 1992; 69: 143–7.
Hickey S, Cameron AE, Asbury AJ. Cardiovascular re sponse to insertion of Brain’s laryngeal mask. Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 629–33.
Smith I, White PF. Use of the laryngeal mask airway as an alternative to a face mask during outpatient arthroscopy. Anesthesiology 1992; 77: 850–5.
Holden R, Morsman CDG, Butler J, Clark GS, Hughes DS, Bacon PJ. Intra-ocular pressure changes using the la ryngeal mask airway and tracheal tube. Anaesthesia 1991; 46: 922–4.
Watcha MF, White PF, Tychsen L, Stevens JL. Comparative effects of laryngeal mask airway and endotra cheal tube insertion on intraocular pressure in children. Anesth Analg 1992; 75: 355–60.
Mirakhur RK, Shepherd WFI. Intraocular pressure changes with propofol (‘Diprivan’): comparison with thiop entone. Postgrad Med J 1985; 61 (Supplement 3): 41–4.
Mirakhur RK, Elliot P, Shepherd WFI, Archer DB. Intra ocular pressure changes during induction of anaesthesia and tracheal intubation. A comparison of thiopentone and propofol followed by vecuronium. Anaesthesia 1988; 43 (Supplement): 54–7.
Guedes Y, Rakotoseheno JC, Levesque M, Mimouni F, Egreteau JR Changes in intra-ocular pressure in the eld erly during anaesthesia with propofol. Anaesthesia 1988; 43: 58–60.
Akhtar TM, McMurray P, Ken WJ, Kenny GNC. A com parison of laryngeal mask airway with tracheal tube for intra-ocular ophthalmic surgery. Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 668–71.
Barclay K, Wall T, Wareham K, Asai T. Intra-ocular pres sure changes in patients with glaucoma: comparison be tween the laryngeal mask airway and tracheal tube. Anaes thesia 1994; 49: 159–62.
Brimacombe J, Berry A. Laryngeal mask airway insertion. A comparison of the standard versus neutral position in normal healthy patients with a view to its use in cervical spine instability. Anaesthesia 1993; 48: 670–1.
Pennant JH, Pace NA, Gajraj NM. Role of the laryngeal mask airway in the immobile cervical spine. J Clin Anesth 1993; 5: A1063.
van Heerden PV, Kirrage D. Large tonsils and the laryn geal mask airway (Letter). Anaesthesia 1989; 44: 703.
Payne J. The use of the fibreoptic laryngoscope to confirm the position of the laryngeal mask (Letter). Anaesthesia 1989; 44: 865.
Asai T. Difficulty in assessing the correct position of the laryngeal mask airway (Letter). Br J Anaesth 1994; 72: 366.
Wilson IG. The laryngeal mask airway in paediatric prac tice (Editorial). Br J Anaesth 1993; 70: 124–5.
Asai T, Barclay K, Power I, Vaughan RS. Cricoid pres sure impedes placement of the laryngeal mask airway and subsequent tracheal intubation through the mask. Br J Anaesth 1994; 72: 47–51.
Rabey PG, Murphy PJ, Langton JA, Barker P, Rowbotham DJ. Effect of the laryngeal mask airway on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure in patients during general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1992; 69: 346–8.
Vanner RG. Gastro-oesophageal reflux and regurgitation during general anaesthesia for termination of pregnancy. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 1992; 1: 123–8.
Vanner RG, Pryle BJ, O’Dwyer JP, Reynolds F. Upper oesophageal sphincter pressure during inhalational anaes thesia. Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 950–4.
Barker P, Langton JA, Murphy PJ, Rowbotham DJ. Regurgitation of gastric contents during general anaesthe sia using the laryngeal mask airway. Br J Anaesth 1992; 69: 314–5.
El Mikatti N, Luthra AD, Healy TEJ, Mortimer AJ. Gastric regurgitation during general anaesthesia in the su pine position with the laryngeal and face mask airways. Br J Anaesth 1992; 69: 529–30P.
Brimacombe J, Berry A. Regurgitation and the laryngeal mask airway (Letter). Br J Anaesth 1993; 70: 381.
Channer KS, Virjee J. Effect of posture and drink vol ume on the swallowing of capsules. BMJ 1982; 285: 1702.
Blitt CD, Gutman HL, Cohen DD, Weisman H, Dillon JB. “Silent” regurgitation and aspiration during general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1970; 49: 707–13.
Akhtar TM. Oesophageal vent-laryngeal mask to prevent aspiration of gastric contents. Br J Anaesth 1994; 72: 52–4.
Griffin RM, Hatcher IS. Aspiration pneumonia and the laryngeal mask airway. Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 1039–40.
Brimacombe J, Berry A. Aspiration and the laryngeal mask airway — a survey of Australian intensive care units (Letter). Anaesth Intensive Care 1992; 20: 534–5.
Alexander R, Arrowsmith JE, Frossard RJ. The laryn geal mask airway: safe in the X ray department? (Letter). Anaesthesia 1993; 48: 734.
Maroof M, Khan RM, Siddique MS. Intraoperative as piration pneumonia’s and the laryngeal mask airway (Let ter). Anesth Analg 1993; 77: 409–10.
Verghese C, Smith TGC, Young E. Prospective survey of the use of the laryngeal mask airway in 2359 patients. Anaesthesia 1993; 48: 58–60.
Tiret L, Desmonts JM, Hatton F, Vourc’h G. Complications associated with anaesthesia — a prospective survey in France. Can Anaesth Soc J 1986; 33: 336–44.
Cohen MM, Duncan PG, Pope WDB, Wolkenstein C. A survey of 112,000 anaesthetics at one teaching hospital (1975–83). Can Anaesth Soc J 1986; 33: 22–31.
Olsson GL, Hallen B, Hambraeus-Jonzon K. Aspiration during anaesthesia: a computer-aided study of 185,358 an aesthetics. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1986; 30: 84–92.
Wittmann PH, Wittmann FW. Laryngeal mask and gas tric dilatation (Letter). Anaesthesia 1991; 46: 1083.
Brodrick PM, Webster NR, Nunn JF. The laryngeal mask airway. A study of 100 patients during spontaneous breathing. Anaesthesia 1989; 44: 238–41.
Graziotti PJ. Intermittent positive pressure ventilation through a laryngeal mask airway. Is a nasogastric tube useful? Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 1088–9.
Brain AI. Three cases of difficult intubation overcome by the laryngeal mask airway. Anaesthesia 1985; 40: 353–5.
Sarma VJ. The use of a laryngeal mask airway in spon taneously breathing patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1990; 34: 669–72.
McCrirrick A, Ramage DT, Pracilio JA, Hickman JA. Experience with the laryngeal mask airway in two hun dred patients. Anaesth Intensive Care 1991; 19: 256–60.
Dubreuil M, Lqffon M, Plaud B, Penon C, Ecoffey C. Complications and fiberoptic assessment of size 1 laryn geal mask airway. Anesth Analg 1993; 76: 527–9.
Laffon M, Plaud B, Ben Hajhmida R, Dubousset A-M, Ecoffey C. Removal of laryngeal mask: airway complica tions in children, anesthetized versus awake. Anesthesiol ogy 1992; 77: A1176.
Alexander CA, Leach AB. Incidence of sore throats with the laryngeal mask (Letter). Anaesthesia 1989; 44: 791.
Swann DG, Spens H, Edwards SA, Chestnut RJ. Anaesthesia for gynaecological laparoscopy — a compari son between the laryngeal mask airway and tracheal intu bation. Anaesthesia 1993; 48: 431–4.
Brain AIJ, McGhee TD, McAteer EJ, Thomas A, Abu-Saad MAW, Bushman JA. The laryngeal mask airway. Development and prelimimary trials of a new type of air way. Anaesthesia 1985; 40: 356–61.
Johnston DF, Wrigley SR, Robb PJ, Jones HE. The la ryngeal mask airway in paediatric anaesthesia. Anaesthe sia 1990; 45: 924–7.
Marjot R. Trauma to the posterior pharyngeal wall caused by a laryngeal mask airway (Letter). Anaesthesia 1991; 46: 589–90.
Stone JM, Karalliedde LD, Carter ML, Cumerland NS. Bacteraemia and insertion of laryngeal mask airways (Letter). Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 77.
Ripart J, Cohendy R, Eledjam J-J. The laryngeal mask and intraocular surgery (Letter). Br J Anaesth 1993; 70: 704.
Wilson IG, Eastley R. A modification of the laryngeal mask airway (Letter). Anesthesiology 1991; 74: 1157.
Goldberg PL, Evans PF, Filshie J. Kinking of the laryn geal mask airway in two children (Letter). Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 487–8.
Newnam PTF. Discarding used laryngeal mask airways — can there still be life after 40? (Letter). Anaesthesia 1994; 49: 81.
Davies PRF, Tighe SQM, Greenslade GL, Evans GH. Laryngeal mask airway and tracheal tube insertion by un skilled personnel. Lancet 1990; 336: 977–9.
Pennant JH, Walker MB. Comparison of the endotra cheal tube and laryngeal mask in airway management by paramedical personnel. Anesth Analg 1992; 74: 531–4.
Harris TM, Johnston DF, Collins SRC, Heath ML. A new general anaesthetic technique for use in singers: the Brain laryngeal mask airway versus endotracheal intuba tion. Journal of Voice 1990; 4: 81–5.
Lee SK, Hong KH, Choe H, Song HS. Comparison of the effects of the laryngeal mask airway and endotracheal intubation on vocal function. Br J Anaesth 1993; 71: 648–50.
Sarma VJ, Lemon J. Laryngeal mask and anaesthetic waste gas concentrations (Letter). Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 791–2.
Lambert-Jensen P, Christensen NE, Brynnum J. Laryngeal mask and anaesthetic waste gas exposure. Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 697–700.
Russell R, Judkins KC. The laryngeal mask airway and facial burns (Letter). Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 894.
Bone ME, Galler D, Flynn PJ. Arterial oxygen satura tion during general anaesthesia for paediatric dental ex tractions. Anaesthesia 1987; 42: 879–82.
Allen NA, Rowbotham DJ, Nimmo WS. Hypoxaemia during outpatient dental anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1989; 44: 509–11.
Bailie R, Barnett MB, Eraser JF The Brain laryngeal mask. A comparative study with the nasal mask in paedi atric dental outpatient anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1991; 46: 358–60.
Young TM. The laryngeal mask in dental anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1991; 4: 53–9.
Alexander CA. A modified Intavent laryngeal mask for ENT and dental anaesthesia (Letter). Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 892–3.
Allen JG, Flower EA. The Brain laryngeal mask. An al ternative to difficult intubation. Br Dent J 1990; 168: 202–4.
Brimacombe J, Sher M, Berry A. The reinforced laryn geal mask airway for laser pharyngoplasty. Anaesthesia 1994; 48: 1105.
Lynch S, Wolf GL, Berlin I. General anesthesia for cata ract surgery: a comparative review of 2217 consecutive cases. Anesth Analg 1974; 53: 909–13.
Vernon SA, Cheng H. Comparison between the compli cations of cataract surgery following local anaesthesia with short stay and general anaesthesia with five-day hospitali sation. Br J Ophthalmol 1985; 69: 360–3.
Grebenik CR, Ferguson C, White A. The laryngeal mask airway in pediatric radiotherapy. Anesthesiology 1990; 72: 474–7.
Ngan Kee WD. Laryngeal mask airway for radiotherapy in the prone position (Letter). Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 446–7.
Rqfferty C, Burke AM, Cossar DF, Farting PA. Laryngeal mask and magnetic resonance imaging (Letter). Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 590–1.
Fairfield JE. Laryngeal mask and magnetic resonance — a caution (Letter). Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 995.
Goodwin APL, Rowe WL, Ogg TW. Day case laparos copy. A comparison of two anaesthetic techniques using the laryngeal mask during spontaneous breathing. Anaes thesia 1992; 47: 892–5.
Asai T, Fujise K, Uchida M. Laryngeal mask and tra cheal stenosis (Letter). Anaesthesia 1993; 48: 81.
Asai T, Morris S. The laryngeal mask and patients with ‘collapsible’ airways (Letter). Anaesthesia 1994; 49: 169–70.
Vaughan RW, Bauer S, Wise L. Volume and pH of gas tric juice in obese patients. Anesthesiology 1975; 43: 686–9.
Fisher A, Waterhouse TD, Adams AP. Obesity: its rela tion to anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1975; 30: 633–47.
Bricker SRW, McLuckie A, Nightingale DA. Gastric as pirates after trauma in children. Anaesthesia 1989; 44: 721–4.
Simpson KH, Stakes AF. Effect of anxiety on gastric emptying in preoperative patients. Br J Anaesth 1987; 59: 540–4.
Zaricznyj B, Rockwood CA Jr, O’Donoghue DH, Ridings GR. Relationship between trauma to the extremities and stomach motility. J Trauma 1977; 17: 920–30.
Thompson DG, Richelson E, Malagelada J-R. Perturbation of upper gastrointestinal function by cold stress. Gut 1983; 24: 277–83.
Nimmo WS, Heading RC, Wilson J, Tothill P, Prescott LF. Inhibition of gastric emptying and drug absorption by narcotic analgesics. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1975; 2: 509–13.
Turndorf H, Rodis ID, Clark TS. “Silent” regurgitation during general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1974; 53: 700–3.
Hester JB, Heath ML. Pulmonary acid aspiration syn drome: should prophylaxis be routine? Br J Anaesth 1977; 49: 595–9.
Pearce AW, Heath ML. Aspiration pneumonia and the laryngeal mask airway (Letter). Anaesthesia 1991; 46: 592.
Brimacombe J, Shorney N. The laryngeal mask airway and prolonged balanced regional anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth 1993; 40: 360–4.
Phillips S, Hutchinson S, Davidson T. Preoperative drinking does not affect gastric contents. Br J Anaesth 1993; 70: 6–9.
Hughes JA, Gataure PS. Pattern of use of the laryngeal mask airway (Letter). Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 354.
Smith TGC, Whittet H, Heyworth T. Laryngomalacia — a specific indication for the laryngeal mask? (Letter). Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 910.
Lawson R, Lloyd-Thomas AR. Three diagnostic conun drums solved using the laryngeal mask airway. Anaesthe sia 1993; 48: 790–1.
Tanigawa K, Inoue Y, Iwata S. Protection of recurrent la ryngeal nerve during neck surgery: a new combination of neutracer, laryngeal mask airway, and fiberoptic broncho scope (Letter). Anesthesiology 1991; 74: 966–7.
Greatorex RA, Denny NM. Application of the laryngeal mask airway to thyroid surgery and the preservation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Ann R Coll Surg Eng 1991; 63 3–47.
Wade JSH. Respiratory obstruction in thyroid surgery. Ann R Coll Surg Eng 1980; 62: 15–24.
Charters P, Cave-Bigley D, Roysam CS. Should a laryn geal mask be routinely used in patients undergoing thy roid surgery? (Letter). Anesthesiology 1991; 75: 918–9.
Michel MZ, Stubbing JF. Laryngeal mask airway and laryngeal spasm (Letter). Anaesthesia 1991; 46: 71.
Benumof JL. Management of the difficult adult airway with special emphasis on awake tracheal intubation. Anes thesiology 1991; 75: 1087–110.
Fisher JA, Ananthanarayan C, Edelist G. Role of the la ryngeal mask in airway management (Editorial). Can J Anaesth 1992; 39: 1–3.
McClune S, Regan M, Moore J. Laryngeal mask airway for Caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 227–8.
Storey J. The laryngeal mask for failed intubation at Cae sarean section (Letter). Anaesth Intensive Care 1992; 20: 118–19.
Heath ML, Allagain J. Cricoid pressure and the la ryngeal mask airway (Letter). Br J Anaesth 1993; 70: 596.
Brimacombe J, White A, Berry A. Effect of cricoid pres sure on ease of insertion of the laryngeal mask airway. Br J Anaesth 1993; 71: 800–2.
Ansermino JM, Blogg CE. Cricoid pressure may prevent insertion of the laryngeal mask airway. Br J Anaesth 1992; 69: 465–7.
Howells TH, Chamney AR, Wraight WJ, Simons RS. The application of cricoid pressure. An assessment and a survey of its practice. Anaesthesia 1983; 38: 457–60.
Strong TI. Does the laryngeal mask airway compromise cricoid pressure? Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 829–31.
Asai T. Use of the laryngeal mask for tracheal intubation in patients at increased risk of aspiration of gastric con tents. Anesthesiology 1992; 77: 1029–30.
Heath ML, Allagain J. Intubation through the laryngeal mask. A technique for unexpected difficult intubation. Anaesthesia 1991; 46: 545–8.
Calder I, Ordman AJ, Jackowski A, Crockard HA. The Brain laryngeal mask airway. An alternative to emergency tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 137–9.
Asai T. Fibreoptic intubation through the laryngeal mask in an awake patient with cervical spine injury (Letter). Anesth Analg 1993; 77: 404.
Chadd GD, Ackers JWL, Bailey PM. Difficult intubation aided by. the laryngeal mask airway (Letter). Anaesthesia 1989; 44: 1015.
Thomson KD, Ordman AJ, Parkhouse N, Morgan BDG. Use of the Brain laryngeal mask airway in anticipation of difficult tracheal intubation. Br J Plast Surg 1989; 42: 478–80.
Cork R, Monk JE. Management of a suspected and un suspected difficult laryngoscopy with the laryngeal mask airway. J Clin Anesth 1992; 4: 230–4.
Alexander CA, Leach AB, Thompson AR, Lister JB. Use your Brain (Letter). Anaesthesia 1988; 43: 893–4.
Silk JM, Hill HM, Calder I. Difficult intubation and the laryngeal mask. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1991; 4: 47–51.
Denny NM, Desilva KD, Webber PA. Laryngeal mask airway for emergency tracheostomy in a neonate (Letter). Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 895.
Chadd GD, Crane DL, Phillips RM, Tunell WP. Extu bation and reintubation guided by the laryngeal mask air way in a child with the Pierre-Robin syndrome. Anesthesi ology 1992; 76: 640–1.
Markakis DA, Sayson SC, Schreiner MS. Insertion of the laryngeal mask airway in awake infants with the Robin sequence. Anesth Analg 1992; 75: 822–4.
Ebata T, Nishiki S, Masuda A, Amaha K. Anaesthesia for Treacher Collins syndrome using a laryngeal mask air way. Can J Anaesth 1991; 38: 1043–5.
Goldie AS, Hudson I. Fibreoptic tracheal intubation through a modified laryngeal mask (Letter). Paediatric Anaesthesia 1992; 2: 343–4.
Smith BL. Brain airway in anaesthesia for patients with juvenile chronic arthritis [Letter]. Anaesthesia 1988; 43: 421–2.
Loken RG, Moir CL. The laryngeal mask airway as an aid to blind orotracheal intubation (Letter). Can J Anaesth 1992; 39: 518.
Chadwick LS, Vohra A. Anaesthesia for emergency Cae sarean section using the Brain laryngeal airway (Letter). Anaesthesia 1989; 261–2.
de Mello WF, Kocan M. The laryngeal mask in failed intubation [Letter]. Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 689–90.
Lee JJ, Yau K, Barcroft J. LMA and respiratory arrest after anterior cervical fusion (Letter). Can J Anaesth 1993; 40: 395–6.
Maltby JR, Neil SG. Laryngeal mask airway and diffi cult intubation (Letter). Anesthesiology 1993; 78: 994.
Reynolds F. Tracheostomy in obstetric practice — how about the laryngeal mask airway? (Letter). Anaesthesia 1989; 44: 870.
Priscu V, Priscu L, Soroker D. Laryngeal mask for failed intubation in emergency Caesarean section (Letter). Can J Anaesth 1992; 39: 893.
Brimacombe J, Berry A, White A. An algorithm for use of the laryngeal mask airway during failed intubation in the patient with a full stomach (Letter). Anesth Analg 1993; 77: 398–9.
Asai T, Morris S. Elective use of the laryngeal mask in patients with difficult airways (Letter). Can J Anaesth 1993; 40: 1221–2.
Nandi PR, Charlesworth CH, Taylor SJ, Nunn JF, Dore CJ. Effect of general anaesthesia on the pharynx. Br J Anaesth 1991; 66: 157–62.
Tuck M, Phillips R, Corbett J. LMA for fibreoptic bron choscopy (Letter). Anaesth Intensive Care 1991; 19: 472–3.
McNamee CJ, Meyns B, Pagliero KM. Flexible bron choscopy via the laryngeal mask: a new technique. Thorax 1991; 46: 141–2.
Dich-Nielsen JO, Nagel P. Flexible fibreoptic bronchos copy via the laryngeal mask. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1993; 37: 17–9.
Walker RWM, Murrell D. Yet another use for the laryn geal mask airway (Letter). Anaesthesia 1991; 46: 591.
Maekawa H, Mikawa K, Tanaka O, Goto R, Obara H. The laryngeal mask may be a useful device for fiberoptic airway endoscopy in pediatric anesthesia (Letter). Anes thesiology 1991; 75: 169–70.
Crichlow A, Locken R, Todesco J. The laryngeal mask airway and fibreoptic laryngoscopy (Letter). Can J Anaesth 1992; 39: 742–3.
Patil V, Stehling LC, Zauder HL, Koch JP. Mechanical aids for fiberoptic endoscopy (Letter). Anesthesiology 1982; 57: 69–70.
Maroof M, Siddique M, Khan RM. Post-thyroidec tomy vocal cord examination by fibreoscopy aided by the laryngeal mask airway (Letter). Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 445.
Tatsumi K, Furuya H, Nagahata T, et al. Removal of a bronchial foreign body in a child using the laryngeal mask. Masui 1993; 42: 441–3.
Slinger P, Robinson R, Shennib H, Benumof JL, Eisenkraji JB. Case 6 — 1992. Alternative technique for laser re section of a carinal obstruction. J Cardiothorac Vase Anaesth 1992; 6: 749–55.
Benumof JL. The rigid bronchoscope: gold standard technique for laser resection of a carinal obstruction. J Cardiothoracic Vase Anaesth 1992; 6: 753.
Sellers WFS, Edwards RJ. Awake intubation with Brain laryngeal airway (Letter). Anaesth Intensive Care 1991; 19: 473.
Brimacombe J. The laryngeal mask airway — use in the management of stridor [Letter]. Anaesth Intensive Care 1992; 20: 117–8.
Brimacombe J, Newell S, Swainston R, Thompson J. A potential new technique for awake fibreoptic bronchoscopy — use of the laryngeal mask airway. Med J Aust 1992; 156: 876–7.
Asai T. Use of the laryngeal mask for fibrescope-aided tracheal intubation in an awake patient with a deviated larynx. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1994 (in press).
Hasham F, Kumar CM, Lawler PGP. The use of the la ryngeal mask airway to assist fibreoptic orotracheal intu bation (Letter). Anaesthesia 1991; 46: 891.
White AP, Billingham IM. Laryngeal mask guided tra cheal intubation in paediatric anaesthesia (Letter). Paedi atric Anaesthesia 1992; 2: 265.
Heath ML. Endotracheal intubation through the laryn geal mask — helpful when laryngoscopy is difficult or dan gerous. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1991; 4: 41–5.
Allison A, McCrory J. Tracheal placement of a gum elas tic bougie using the laryngeal mask airways (Letter). Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 419–20.
White A, Sinclair M, Pillai R. Laryngeal mask airway for coronary artery bypass grafting (Letter). Anaesthesia 1991; 46: 234.
Smith JE, Sherwood NA. Combined use of laryngeal mask airway and fibreoptic laryngoscope in difficult intu bation (Letter). Anaesth Intensive Care 1991; 19: 471–2.
Mehta S. Transtracheal illumination for optimal tracheal tube placement. A clinical study. Anaesthesia 1989; 44: 970–2.
Schwartz D, Johnson C, Roberts J. A maneuver to facili tate flexible fibreoptic intubation (Letter). Anesthesiology 1989; 71: 470–1.
Chadd GD, Ackers JWL, Bailey PM. Difficult intubation aided by the laryngeal mask airway (Letter). Anaesthesia 1989; 44: 1015.
Chadd GD, Walford AJ, Crane DL. The 3.5/4.5 modifi cation for fibrescope-guided tracheal intubation using the laryngeal mask airway (Letter). Anesth Analg 1992; 75: 307–8.
Silk JM, Hill HM, Calder I. The distance between the grille of the laryngeal mask airway and the vocal cords (Letter). Anaesthesia 1994; 49: 170.
Asai T, Latto IP, Vaughan RS. The distance between the grille of the laryngeal mask airway and the vocal cords (Letter). Anaesthesia 1994; 49: 170–1.
Dalrymple G, Lloyd E. Laryngeal mask: a more secure airway than intubation? (Letter). Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 712–3.
Dexter TJ The laryngeal mask airway: a method to im prove visualisation of the trachea and larynx during fi breoptic assisted percutaneous tracheostomy. Anaesth In tensive Care 1994; 22: 35–9.
Harrison RR, Maull KI, Keenan RI, Boyan CP. Mouth to-mask ventilation: a superior method of rescue breath ing. Ann Emerg Med 1982; 11: 74–6.
Elling R, Politis J. An evaluation of emergency medical technicians’ ability to use manual ventilation devices. Ann Emerg Med 1983; 12: 765–8.
Bass RR, Allison EJ, Hunt RC. The esophageal obtura tor airway: a reassessment of use of paramedics. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 11: 358–60.
Bigenzahn W, Pesau B, Frass M. Emergency ventilation using the Combitube in cases of difficult intubation. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1991; 248: 129–31.
Birmingham PK, Cheyney FW, Ward RJ. Esophageal in tubation: a review of detection techniques. Anesth Analg 1986; 65: 886–91.
Hunt RC, Sheets CA, Whitley TW. Pharyngeal tracheal lumen airway training: failure to discriminate between esophageal and endotracheal modes and failure to confirm ventilation. Ann Emerg Med 1989; 18: 947–52.
Melker RJ, Banner MJ. Ventilation during CPR: two-rescuer standards reappraised. Ann Emerg Med 1985; 14: 397–402.
Lawes EG, Baskett PJF. Pulmonary aspiration during unsuccessful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Intensive Care Med 1987; 13: 379–82.
Martin PD, Cyna AM, Hunter WA, Henry J, Ramayya GP. Training nursing staff in airway management for re suscitation. A clinical comparison of the facemask and la ryngeal mask. Anaesthesia 1993; 48: 33–7.
Alexander R, Hodgson P, Lomax D, Bullen C. A com parison of the laryngeal mask airway and Guedel airway, bag and facemask for manual ventilation following formal training. Anaesthesia 1993; 48: 231–4.
Tolley PM, Watts ADJ, Hickman JA. Comparison of the use of the laryngeal mask and face mask by inexperienced personnel. Br J Anaesth 1992; 69: 320–1.
The use of the laryngeal mask by nurses during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Results of a multicentre trial. Anaesthesia 1994; 49: 3–7.
Paterson SJ, Byrne PJ, Molesky MG, Seal RF, Finucane BT. Neonatal resuscitation using the laryngeal mask air way. Anesthesiology 1994; 80: 1248–53.
Melker RJ. Recommendations for ventilation during car diopulmonary resuscitation: time for change? Crit Care Med 1985; 13: 882–3.
Greene MK, Roden R, Hinchley G. The laryngeal mask airway. Two cases of prehospital trauma care. Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 688–9.
Pennant JH, Gajraj NM, Pace NA. Laryngeal mask air way in cervical spine injuries (Letter). Anesth Analg 1992; 75: 1074.