The labor supply effects of child care costs and wages in the presence of subsidies and the earned income tax credit
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Anderson, P., & Levine, P. (2000). Child care and mothers’ employment decisions. In R. M. Blank & D. Card (Eds.), Finding jobs: Work and welfare reform. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
Averett, S., Peters, E., & Waldman, D. (1997). Tax credits, labor supply, and child care. Review of Economics and Statistics, 79, 125–135.
Baker, M., Gruber, J., & Milligan, K. (2008). Universal childcare, maternal labor supply, and family well-being. Journal of Political Economy, 116, 709–745.
Baum, C., I. I. (2002). A dynamic analysis of the effect of child care costs on the work decisions of low-income mothers with infants. Demography, 39, 139–164.
Berger, M., & Black, D. (1992). Child care subsidies, quality of care, and the labor supply of low-income, single mothers. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 74, 635–642.
Besharov, D., & Higney, C. (2006). Federal and state child care expenditures (1997-2003): Rapid growth followed by steady spending. Report prepared for administration on children, youth, and families; administration for children and families; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. College Park, MD: Welfare Reform Academy, University of Maryland School of Public Policy.
Besharov, D., Morrow, J., & Shi, A. (2006). Child care data in the survey of income and program participation: Inaccuracies and corrections. College Park, MD: Welfare Reform Academy, University of Maryland School of Public Policy.
Blau, D. (2000). Child care subsidy programs. Working Paper 7806. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Blau, D. (2002). The effect of input regulations in input use, price, and quality: The case of child care. Working Paper. Chapel Hill, NC: Department of Economics, University of North Carolina.
Blau, D. (2003). Do child care regulations affect the child care and labor markets? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 22, 443–465.
Blau, D., & Robins, P. (1991). Child care and the labor supply of young mothers over time. Demography, 28, 333–351.
Blau, D., & Tekin, E. (2007). The determinants and consequences of child care subsidies for single mothers in the USA. Journal of Population Economics, 20, 719–741.
Burnam, L., Maag, E., & Rohaly, J. (2005). Tax credits to help low-income families pay for child care. Brief #14. Washington, DC: Urban Institute and Brookings Institution.
Cancian, M., & Levinson, A. (2006). Labor supply effects of the earned income tax credit: Evidence from Wisconsin supplemental benefit for families with three children. National Tax Journal, 59, 781–800.
Cappellari, L., & Jenkins, S. (2003). Multivariate probit regression using simulated maximum likelihood. The Stata Journal, 3, 278–294.
Child Care Bureau. (2005). 2005 CCDF State Expenditure Data. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Child Care Bureau. Accessed from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ccb/data/index.htm on March 1, 2008.
Connelly, R. (1992). The effect of child care costs on married women’s labor force participation. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 74, 83–90.
Connelly, R., & Kimmel, J. (2003a). The effect of child care costs on the employment and welfare recipiency of single mothers. Southern Economic Journal, 69, 498–519.
Connelly, R., & Kimmel, J. (2003b). Marital status and full-time/part-time work status in child care choices. Applied Economics, 35, 761–777.
Dickert-Conlin, S., Houser, S., & Scholz, J. (1995). The earned income tax credit and transfer programs: A study of labor market and program participation. In J. Poterba (Ed.), Tax policy and the economy (Vol. 9). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Eissa, N., & Hoynes, H. (2004). Taxes and labor market participation of married couples: The earned income tax credit. Journal of Public Economics, 88, 1931–1958.
Eissa, N., & Liebman, J. (1996). Labor supply to the earned income tax credit. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 111, 605–637.
Ellwood, D. (2000). The impact of the earned income tax credit and social policy reforms on work, marriage, and living arrangements. National Tax Journal, 53(4), 1063–1105.
Fang, H., & Keane, M. (2004). Assessing the impact of welfare reform on single mothers. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2004, 1–116.
Gelbach, J. (2002). Public schooling for young children and labor supply. American Economic Review, 92, 307–322.
Grogger, J. (2003). The effects of time limits, the EITC, and other policy changes on welfare use, work, and income among female-headed families. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85, 394–408.
Grogger, J., & Karoly, L. (2005). Welfare reform: Effects of a decade of change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Grogger, J., & Michalopoulos, C. (2003). Welfare dynamic under time limits. Journal of Political Economy, 111, 530–554.
Han, W., & Waldfogel, J. (2001). Child care and women’s employment. A comparison of single and married mothers with pre-school age children. Social Science Quarterly, 82, 552–568.
Heeb, R., & Kilburn, R. (2004). The effects of state regulations on childcare prices and choices. Working Paper. Labor and Population Program. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
Helburn, S. (1995). Cost, quality, and child outcomes in child care centers: Technical report. Denver, CO: Department of Economics, University of Colorado.
Herbst, C. (2008a). Do social policy reforms have different impacts on employment and welfare use as economic conditions change? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 27, 867–894.
Herbst, C. (2008b). Who are the eligible non-recipients of child care subsidies? Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 1037–1054.
Hoffman, S., & Seidman, L. (1990). The earned income tax credit: Antipoverty effectiveness and labor market effects. Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.
Hotz, J., & Kilburn, R. (1995). Regulating child care: The effects of state regulations on child care demand and its cost. Working Paper No. 93-03. Labor and Population Program. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
Hotz, J., Mullin, C., & Scholz, J. (2005). The earned income tax credit and labor market participation of families on welfare. Working Paper. Joint Center for Poverty Research. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University.
Hotz, J., & Scholz, J. (2001). The earned income tax credit. Working Paper 8078. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Hotz, J., & Xiao, M. (2005). The impact of minimum quality standards on firm entry, exit, and product quality: The case of the child care market. Working Paper 11873. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Keane, M. (1995). A new idea for welfare reform. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review, 19, 2–28.
Keane, M., & Moffit, R. (1998). A structural model of multiple welfare program participation and labor supply. International Economic Review, 39, 553–589.
Kimmel, J. (1995). The effectiveness of child-care subsidies in encouraging the welfare-to-work transition of low-income single mothers. American Economic Review, 85, 271–275.
Kimmel, J., & Connelly, R. (2007). Mothers’ time choices: Caregiving, leisure, home production, and paid work. Journal of Human Resources, 42, 643–681.
Liebman, J. (1999). Who are the ineligible EITC recipients? Working Paper. J.F.K. School of Government. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
Looney, A. (2005). The effects of welfare reform and related policies on single mothers’ welfare use and employment in the 1990s. Finance and Economics Discussion Series. Washington, DC: Division of Research, Statistics, and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve Board.
Meyer, B., & Rosenbaum, D. (1999). Welfare, the earned income tax credit, and the labor supply of single mothers. Working Paper 7363. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Meyer, B., & Rosenbaum, D. (2000). Making single mothers work: recent tax and welfare policy and its effects. National Tax Journal, 53, 1027–1061.
Meyer, B., & Rosenbaum, D. (2001). Welfare, the earned income tax credit, and the labor supply of single mothers. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116, 1063–1114.
Meyers, M., Heintz, T., & Wolf, D. (2002). Child care subsidies and the employment of welfare recipients. Demography, 39, 165–179.
Michalopoulos, C., Robins, R., & Garfinkel, I. (1992). A structural model of labor supply and child care demand. The Journal of Human Resources, 27, 166–203.
Nagle, A., & Johnson, N. (2006). A hand up: How state earned income tax credits help working families escape poverty in 2006. Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.
Neumark, D., & Wascher, W. (2000). Using the EITC to help poor families: New evidence and a comparison with the minimum wage. Working Paper 7599. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Ribar, D. (1992). Child care and the labor supply of married women: Reduced form evidence. The Journal of Human Resources, 27, 134–165.
Rusev, E. (2006). The relative effectiveness of welfare programs, earnings subsidies, and child care subsidies as work incentives for single mothers. Working Paper. Department of Economics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Scholz, J. (1994). The earned income tax credit: Participation, compliance, and anti-poverty effectiveness. National Tax Journal, 47, 63–87.
Tax Policy Center. (2008). Spending on the EITC, child tax credit, and AFDC/TANF, 1976–2010. Washington, DC: Urban Institute and Brookings Institution. Accessed from http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxfacts/displayafact.cfm?Docid=266 on September 1, 2008.
Tekin, E. (2005). Child care subsidy receipt, employment, and child care choices of single mothers. Economic Letters, 89, 1–6.
Tekin, E. (2007a). Child care subsidies, wages, and the employment of single mothers. Journal of Human Resources, 42, 453–487.
Tekin, E. (2007b). Single mothers working at night: Standard work, child care subsidies, and implications for welfare reform. Economic Inquiry, 45, 233–250.
Tunali, I. (1986). A general structure for models of double-selection and an application to a joint migration/earnings process with remigration. Research in Labour Economics, 8, 235–282.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U.S. DHHS). (2006). U.S. welfare caseloads information: Total number of families and recipients. Retrieved September 1, 2006, from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/news/stats/newstat2.shtml .
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. (1999). Access to child care for low-income working families. Retrieved September 2003, from: www.acf.dhhs.gov/programs/ccb/research/ccreport/ccreport .
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. (2005). Child care and development fund: Report of state plans, FY2004-2005. Retrieved January 2005, from: http://www.nccic.org/pubs/stateplan/ .
U.S. General Accounting Office. (1994). Child care: Child care subsidies increase likelihood that low-income mothers will work. (Report No. HEHS-95-20). Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office.
U.S. General Accounting Office. (1999). Education and care: Early childhood programs and services for low-income families. Report No. HEHS-00-11. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office.
U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means. (2004). Green book, background on material and data on programs within the jurisdiction of the committee on ways and means. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.