The interplay between innate lymphoid cells and T cells

Vivier, 2018, Innate lymphoid cells: 10 years on, Cell, 174, 1054, 10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.017 Weizman, 2017, ILC1 confer early host protection at initial sites of viral infection, Cell, 171, 795, 10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.052 Klose, 2014, Differentiation of type 1 ILCs from a common progenitor to all helper-like innate lymphoid cell lineages, Cell, 157, 340, 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.030 Tang, 2016, Differential phenotypic and functional properties of liver-resident NK cells and mucosal ILC1s, J. Autoimmun., 67, 29, 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.09.004 Artis, 2015, The biology of innate lymphoid cells, Nature, 517, 293, 10.1038/nature14189 Lane, 2009, Lymphoid tissue inducer cells: bridges between the ancient innate and the modern adaptive immune systems, Mucosal Immunol., 2, 472, 10.1038/mi.2009.111 Mjösberg, 2016, Human innate lymphoid cells, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 138, 1265, 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.09.009 Vély, 2016, Evidence of innate lymphoid cell redundancy in humans, Nat. Immunol., 17, 1291, 10.1038/ni.3553 Bernink, 2013, Human type 1 innate lymphoid cells accumulate in inflamed mucosal tissues, Nat. Immunol., 14, 221, 10.1038/ni.2534 Mjösberg, 2011, Human IL-25- and IL-33-responsive type 2 innate lymphoid cells are defined by expression of CRTH2 and CD161, Nat. Immunol., 12, 1055, 10.1038/ni.2104 Teunissen, 2014, Composition of innate lymphoid cell subsets in the human skin: enrichment of NCR+ ILC3 in lesional skin and blood of psoriasis patients, J. Investig. Dermatol., 134, 2351, 10.1038/jid.2014.146 Ebbo, 2017, Innate lymphoid cells: major players in inflammatory diseases, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 17, 665, 10.1038/nri.2017.86 Ishizuka, 2016, The innate lymphoid cell precursor, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 34, 299, 10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055549 Possot, 2011, Notch signaling is necessary for adult, but not fetal, development of RORγt+ innate lymphoid cells, Nat. Immunol., 12, 949, 10.1038/ni.2105 Cherrier, 2012, Notch, Id2, and RORγt sequentially orchestrate the fetal development of lymphoid tissue inducer cells, J. Exp. Med., 209, 729, 10.1084/jem.20111594 Harly, 2018, Development and differentiation of early innate lymphoid progenitors, J. Exp. Med., 215, 249, 10.1084/jem.20170832 Rothenberg, 2014, Transcriptional control of early T and B cell developmental choices, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 32, 283, 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032712-100024 Xu, 2019, An Id2(RFP)-reporter mouse redefines innate lymphoid cell precursor potentials, Immunity, 50, 1054, 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.02.022 Alhaj Hussen, 2017, Molecular and functional characterization of lymphoid progenitor subsets reveals a bipartite architecture of human lymphopoiesis, Immunity, 47, 680, 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.09.009 Freud, 2006, Evidence for discrete stages of human natural killer cell differentiation in vivo, J. Exp. Med., 203, 1033, 10.1084/jem.20052507 Scoville, 2016, A progenitor cell expressing transcription factor RORγt generates all human innate lymphoid cell subsets, Immunity, 44, 1140, 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.04.007 Scoville, 2019, Cellular pathways in the development of human and murine innate lymphoid cells, Curr. Opin. Immunol., 56, 100, 10.1016/j.coi.2018.11.003 Chea, 2016, Single-cell gene expression analyses reveal heterogeneous responsiveness of fetal innate lymphoid progenitors to notch signaling, Cell Rep., 14, 1500, 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.015 Koga, 2018, Peripheral PDGFRα+gp38+ mesenchymal cells support the differentiation of fetal liver–derived ILC2, J. Exp. Med., 215, 1609, 10.1084/jem.20172310 Gentek, 2013, Modulation of signal strength switches notch from an inducer of T cells to an inducer of ILC2, Front. Immunol., 4, 334, 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00334 Lee, 2011, AHR drives the development of gut ILC22 cells and postnatal lymphoid tissues via pathways dependent on and independent of Notch, Nat. Immunol., 13, 144, 10.1038/ni.2187 Rankin, 2013, The transcription factor T-bet is essential for the development of NKp46+ innate lymphocytes via the Notch pathway, Nat. Immunol., 14, 389, 10.1038/ni.2545 Viant, 2016, Transforming growth factor–β and Notch ligands act as opposing environmental cues in regulating the plasticity of type 3 innate lymphoid cells, Sci. Signal., 9, ra46, 10.1126/scisignal.aaf2176 Chea, 2016, Notch signaling in group 3 innate lymphoid cells modulates their plasticity, Sci. Signal., 9, ra45, 10.1126/scisignal.aaf2223 Yang, 2015, TCF-1 upregulation identifies early innate lymphoid progenitors in the bone marrow, Nat. Immunol., 16, 1044, 10.1038/ni.3248 Harly, C. et al. The transcription factor TCF-1 enforces commitment to the innate lymphoid cell lineage. Nat. Immunol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-019-0445-7 (2019). Tindemans, 2014, GATA-3 function in innate and adaptive immunity, Immunity, 41, 191, 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.006 Ting, 1996, Transcription factor GATA-3 is required for development of the T-cell lineage, Nature, 384, 474, 10.1038/384474a0 Rahimpour, 2015, Identification of phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous mouse mucosal-associated invariant T cells using MR1 tetramers, J. Exp. Med., 212, 1095, 10.1084/jem.20142110 Constantinides, 2014, A committed precursor to innate lymphoid cells, Nature, 508, 397, 10.1038/nature13047 Walker, 2019, Polychromic reporter mice reveal unappreciated innate lymphoid cell progenitor heterogeneity and elusive ILC3 progenitors in bone marrow, Immunity, 51, 104, 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.05.002 Califano, 2015, Transcription factor Bcl11b controls identity and function of mature type 2 innate lymphoid cells, Immunity, 43, 354, 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.07.005 Walker, 2015, Bcl11b is essential for group 2 innate lymphoid cell development, J. Exp. Med., 212, 875, 10.1084/jem.20142224 Yu, 2015, The transcription factor Bcl11b is specifically expressed in group 2 innate lymphoid cells and is essential for their development, J. Exp. Med., 212, 865, 10.1084/jem.20142318 Robinette, 2016, Immune modules shared by innate lymphoid cells and T cells, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 138, 1243, 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.09.006 Szabo, 2000, A novel transcription factor, T-bet, directs Th1 lineage commitment, Cell, 100, 655, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80702-3 Djuretic, 2007, Transcription factors T-bet and Runx3 cooperate to activate Ifng and silence Il4 in T helper type 1 cells, Nat. Immunol., 8, 145, 10.1038/ni1424 Zhu, 2006, GATA-3 promotes Th2 responses through three different mechanisms: induction of Th2 cytokine production, selective growth of Th2 cells and inhibition of Th1 cell-specific factors, Cell Res., 16, 3, 10.1038/sj.cr.7310002 Ebihara, 2015, Runx3 specifies lineage commitment of innate lymphoid cells, Nat. Immunol., 16, 1124, 10.1038/ni.3272 Agarwal, 1998, Modulation of chromatin structure regulates cytokine gene expression during T cell differentiation, Immunity, 9, 765, 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80642-1 Ansel, 2004, Deletion of a conserved Il4 silencer impairs T helper type 1–mediated immunity, Nat. Immunol., 5, 1251, 10.1038/ni1135 Neill, 2010, Nuocytes represent a new innate effector leukocyte that mediates type-2 immunity, Nature, 464, 1367, 10.1038/nature08900 Moro, 2010, Innate production of TH2 cytokines by adipose tissue-associated c-Kit+Sca-1+ lymphoid cells, Nature, 463, 540, 10.1038/nature08636 Zhu, 2015, T helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation, type 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) development and regulation of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 production, Cytokine, 75, 14, 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.010 Liang, 2012, Divergent expression patterns of IL-4 and IL-13 define unique functions in allergic immunity, Nat. Immunol., 13, 58, 10.1038/ni.2182 Ye, 2001, Requirement of interleukin 17 receptor signaling for lung Cxc chemokine and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor expression, neutrophil recruitment, and host defense, J. Exp. Med., 194, 519, 10.1084/jem.194.4.519 Sonnenberg, 2011, Border patrol: regulation of immunity, inflammation and tissue homeostasis at barrier surfaces by IL-22, Nat. Immunol., 12, 383, 10.1038/ni.2025 Mortha, 2014, Microbiota-dependent crosstalk between macrophages and ILC3 promotes intestinal homeostasis, Science, 343, 1249288, 10.1126/science.1249288 Takatori, 2008, Lymphoid tissue inducer–like cells are an innate source of IL-17 and IL-22, J. Exp. Med., 206, 35, 10.1084/jem.20072713 Song, 2015, Unique and redundant functions of NKp46+ ILC3s in models of intestinal inflammation, J. Exp. Med., 212, 1869, 10.1084/jem.20151403 Rankin, 2015, Complementarity and redundancy of IL-22-producing innate lymphoid cells, Nat. Immunol., 17, 179, 10.1038/ni.3332 Sonnenberg, 2011, CD4+ lymphoid tissue-inducer cells promote innate immunity in the gut, Immunity, 34, 122, 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.12.009 Guo, 2015, Innate lymphoid cells control early colonization resistance against intestinal pathogens through ID2-dependent regulation of the microbiota, Immunity, 42, 731, 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.03.012 Wang, 2017, Regulatory innate lymphoid cells control innate intestinal inflammation, Cell, 171, 201, 10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.027 Seehus, 2017, Alternative activation generates IL-10 producing type 2 innate lymphoid cells, Nat. Commun., 8, 1900, 10.1038/s41467-017-02023-z Bando, 2019, ILC2s are the predominant source of intestinal ILC-derived IL-10, J. Exp. Med, 217, e20191520, 10.1084/jem.20191520 Hanash, 2012, Interleukin-22 protects intestinal stem cells from immune-mediated tissue damage and regulates sensitivity to graft versus host disease, Immunity, 37, 339, 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.05.028 Lindemans, 2015, Interleukin-22 promotes intestinal-stem-cell-mediated epithelial regeneration, Nature, 528, 560, 10.1038/nature16460 Bruce, 2017, Type 2 innate lymphoid cells treat and prevent acute gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease, J. Clin. Investig., 127, 1813, 10.1172/JCI91816 Kim, 2011, Seeing is believing: illuminating the source of in vivo interleukin-7, Immune Netw., 11, 1, 10.4110/in.2011.11.1.1 Martin, 2017, Interleukin-7 availability is maintained by a hematopoietic cytokine sink comprising innate lymphoid cells and T cells, Immunity, 47, 171, 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.07.005 Vonarbourg, 2010, Regulated expression of nuclear receptor RORγt confers distinct functional fates to nk cell receptor-expressing RORγt+ innate lymphocytes, Immunity, 33, 736, 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.10.017 Moro, 2009, Innate production of TH2 cytokines by adipose tissue-associated c-Kit+Sca-1+ lymphoid cells, Nature, 463, 540, 10.1038/nature08636 Satoh-Takayama, 2010, IL-7 and IL-15 independently program the differentiation of intestinal CD3−NKp46+ cell subsets from Id2-dependent precursors, J. Exp. Med., 207, 273, 10.1084/jem.20092029 Kennedy, 2000, Reversible defects in natural killer and memory Cd8 T cell lineages in interleukin 15–deficient mice, J. Exp. Med., 191, 771, 10.1084/jem.191.5.771 Adachi, 2015, Hair follicle-derived IL-7 and IL-15 mediate skin-resident memory T cell homeostasis and lymphoma, Nat. Med., 21, 1272, 10.1038/nm.3962 Yeon, 2017, IL-7 plays a critical role for the homeostasis of allergen-specific memory CD4 T cells in the lung and airways, Sci. Rep., 7, 11155, 10.1038/s41598-017-11492-7 Robinette, 2017, IL-15 sustains IL-7R-independent ILC2 and ILC3 development, Nat. Commun., 8, 10.1038/ncomms14601 Zhou, 2019, Innate lymphoid cells support regulatory T cells in the intestine through interleukin-2, Nature, 568, 405, 10.1038/s41586-019-1082-x Oliphant, 2014, MHCII-mediated dialog between Group 2 innate lymphoid cells and CD4+ T cells potentiates Type 2 immunity and promotes parasitic helminth expulsion, Immunity, 41, 283, 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.016 Gasteiger, 2013, IL-2–dependent adaptive control of NK cell homeostasis, J. Exp. Med., 210, 1179, 10.1084/jem.20122571 Gasteiger, 2015, Tissue residency of innate lymphoid cells in lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs, Science, 350, 981, 10.1126/science.aac9593 Jenkins, 2010, On the composition of the preimmune repertoire of T cells specific for peptide–major histocompatibility complex ligands, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 28, 275, 10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101253 Huang, 2018, S1P-dependent interorgan trafficking of group 2 innate lymphoid cells supports host defense, Science, 359, 114, 10.1126/science.aam5809 Ricardo-Gonzalez, 2020, Tissue-specific pathways extrude activated ILC2s to disseminate type 2 immunity, J. Exp. Med, 217, e20191172, 10.1084/jem.20191172 Lim, 2017, Systemic human ILC precursors provide a substrate for tissue ILC differentiation, Cell, 168, 1086, 10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.021 Bar-Ephraim, Y. E. et al. CD62L Is a functional and phenotypic marker for circulating innate lymphoid cell precursors. J. Immunol. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1701153 (2018). Dutton, 2019, Peripheral lymph nodes contain migratory and resident innate lymphoid cell populations, Sci. Immunol., 4, eaau8082, 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau8082 Mackley, 2015, CCR7-dependent trafficking of RORγ+ ILCs creates a unique microenvironment within mucosal draining lymph nodes, Nat. Commun., 6, 5862, 10.1038/ncomms6862 Kim, 2015, Retinoic acid differentially regulates the migration of innate lymphoid cell subsets to the gut, Immunity, 43, 107, 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.009 Stier, 2018, IL-33 promotes the egress of group 2 innate lymphoid cells from the bone marrow, J. Exp. Med., 215, 263, 10.1084/jem.20170449 Pearson, 2016, ILC3 GM-CSF production and mobilisation orchestrate acute intestinal inflammation, eLife, 5, e10066, 10.7554/eLife.10066 Schenkel, 2014, Resident memory CD8 T cells trigger protective innate and adaptive immune responses, Science, 346, 98, 10.1126/science.1254536 Bando, 2014, Identification and distribution of developing innate lymphoid cells in the fetal mouse intestine, Nat. Immunol., 16, 153, 10.1038/ni.3057 Ishizuka, 2016, Single-cell analysis defines the divergence between the innate lymphoid cell lineage and lymphoid tissue–inducer cell lineage, Nat. Immunol., 17, 269, 10.1038/ni.3344 Sawa, 2011, RORγt+ innate lymphoid cells regulate intestinal homeostasis by integrating negative signals from the symbiotic microbiota, Nat. Immunol., 12, 320, 10.1038/ni.2002 Gury-BenAri, 2016, The spectrum and regulatory landscape of intestinal innate lymphoid cells are shaped by the microbiome, Cell, 166, 1231, 10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.043 Nagasawa, 2019, KLRG1 and NKp46 discriminate subpopulations of human CD117+CRTH2− ILCs biased toward ILC2 or ILC3, J. Exp. Med., 216, 1762, 10.1084/jem.20190490 Montaldo, 2014, Human RORγt+CD34+ cells are lineage-specified progenitors of Group 3 RORγt+ innate lymphoid cells, Immunity, 41, 988, 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.11.010 Li, 2018, Mass cytometry reveals innate lymphoid cell differentiation pathways in the human fetal intestine, J. Exp. Med., 215, 1383, 10.1084/jem.20171934 Sawa, 2010, Lineage relationship analysis of RORγt+ innate lymphoid cells, Science, 330, 665, 10.1126/science.1194597 Bank, 2016, Cutting edge: innate lymphoid cells suppress homeostatic T cell expansion in neonatal mice, J. Immunol., 196, 3532, 10.4049/jimmunol.1501643 Schneider, 2019, Tissue-resident Group 2 innate lymphoid cells differentiate by layered ontogeny and in situ perinatal priming, Immunity, 50, 1425, 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.04.019 de Kleer, 2016, Perinatal activation of the interleukin-33 pathway promotes Type 2 immunity in the developing lung, Immunity, 45, 1285, 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.10.031 Saluzzo, 2017, First-breath-induced Type 2 pathways shape the lung immune environment, Cell Rep., 18, 1893, 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.071 Youngblood, 2013, T-cell memory differentiation: insights from transcriptional signatures and epigenetics, Immunology, 139, 277, 10.1111/imm.12074 Sun, 2009, Adaptive immune features of natural killer cells, Nature, 457, 557, 10.1038/nature07665 Nabekura, 2014, Antigen-specific expansion and differentiation of natural killer cells by alloantigen stimulation, J. Exp. Med., 211, 2455, 10.1084/jem.20140798 Lee, 2015, Epigenetic modification and antibody-dependent expansion of memory-like NK cells in human cytomegalovirus-infected individuals, Immunity, 42, 431, 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.02.013 Rapp, 2018, Memory responses of innate lymphocytes and parallels with T cells, Semin. Immunopathol., 40, 343, 10.1007/s00281-018-0686-9 Lau, 2018, Epigenetic control of innate and adaptive immune memory, Nat. Immunol., 19, 963, 10.1038/s41590-018-0176-1 Wang, X., Tian, Z. & Peng, H. Tissue-resident memory-like ILCs: innate counterparts of TRM cells. Protein Cellhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s13238-019-0647-7 (2019). Weizman, 2019, Mouse cytomegalovirus-experienced ILC1s acquire a memory response dependent on the viral glycoprotein m12, Nat. Immunol., 20, 1004, 10.1038/s41590-019-0430-1 Martinez-Gonzalez, 2016, Allergen-experienced Group 2 innate lymphoid cells acquire memory-like properties and enhance allergic lung inflammation, Immunity, 45, 198, 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.06.017 Withers, 2016, Innate lymphoid cell regulation of adaptive immunity, Immunology, 149, 123, 10.1111/imm.12639 Sonnenberg, 2019, Functional interactions between innate lymphoid cells and adaptive immunity, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 19, 599, 10.1038/s41577-019-0194-8 Hepworth, 2013, Innate lymphoid cells regulate CD4+ T-cell responses to intestinal commensal bacteria, Nature, 498, 113, 10.1038/nature12240 Hepworth, 2015, Immune tolerance. Group 3 innate lymphoid cells mediate intestinal selection of commensal bacteria-specific CD4+ T cells, Science, 348, 1031, 10.1126/science.aaa4812 Melo-Gonzalez, 2019, Antigen-presenting ILC3 regulate T cell–dependent IgA responses to colonic mucosal bacteria, J. Exp. Med., 216, 728, 10.1084/jem.20180871 Goto, 2014, Segmented filamentous bacteria antigens presented by intestinal dendritic cells drive mucosal Th17 cell differentiation, Immunity, 40, 594, 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.03.005 von Burg, 2014, Activated group 3 innate lymphoid cells promote T-cell-mediated immune responses, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 12835, 10.1073/pnas.1406908111 Lehmann, 2020, Microbiota-induced tissue signals regulate ILC3-mediated antigen presentation, Nat. Commun., 11, 10.1038/s41467-020-15612-2 Saez de Guinoa, 2017, CD1d-mediated activation of group 3 innate lymphoid cells drives IL-22 production, EMBO Rep., 18, 39, 10.15252/embr.201642412 Mirchandani, 2014, Type 2 innate lymphoid cells drive CD4+ Th2 cell responses, J. Immunol., 192, 2442, 10.4049/jimmunol.1300974 Hardman, 2017, CD1a presentation of endogenous antigens by group 2 innate lymphoid cells, Sci. Immunol., 2, eaan5918, 10.1126/sciimmunol.aan5918 Kim, 2005, OX40 ligand and CD30 ligand are expressed on adult but not neonatal CD4+CD3− inducer cells: evidence that IL-7 signals regulate CD30 ligand but Not OX40 ligand expression, J. Immunol., 174, 6686, 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.6686 Kim, 2003, CD4+CD3− accessory cells costimulate primed CD4 T cells through OX40 and CD30 at sites where T cells collaborate with B cells, Immunity, 18, 643, 10.1016/S1074-7613(03)00110-9 Withers, 2012, Cutting edge: lymphoid tissue inducer cells maintain memory CD4 T cells within secondary lymphoid tissue, J. Immunol., 189, 2094, 10.4049/jimmunol.1201639 Castellanos, 2018, Microbiota-induced TNF-like ligand 1A drives Group 3 innate lymphoid cell-mediated barrier protection and intestinal T cell activation during colitis, Immunity, 49, 1077, 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.10.014 Halim, 2018, Tissue-restricted adaptive Type 2 immunity is orchestrated by expression of the costimulatory molecule OX40L on Group 2 innate lymphoid cells, Immunity, 48, 1195, 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.05.003 Fuchs, 2013, Intraepithelial type 1 innate lymphoid cells are a unique subset of IL-12- and IL-15-responsive IFN-γ-producing cells, Immunity, 38, 769, 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.02.010 Kwong, 2017, T-bet-dependent NKp46+ innate lymphoid cells regulate the onset of TH17-induced neuroinflammation, Nat. Immunol., 18, 1117, 10.1038/ni.3816 Halim, 2014, Group 2 innate lymphoid cells are critical for the initiation of adaptive T helper 2 cell-mediated allergic lung inflammation, Immunity, 40, 425, 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.01.011 Barlow, 2012, Innate IL-13–producing nuocytes arise during allergic lung inflammation and contribute to airways hyperreactivity, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 129, 191, 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.09.041 Halim, 2016, Group 2 innate lymphoid cells license dendritic cells to potentiate memory TH2 cell responses, Nat. Immunol., 17, 57, 10.1038/ni.3294 Nagashima, 2018, GITR cosignal in ILC2s controls allergic lung inflammation, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 141, 1939, 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.01.028 Sano, 2015, An IL-23R/IL-22 circuit regulates epithelial serum amyloid A to promote local effector Th17 responses, Cell, 163, 381, 10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.061 van de Pavert, 2010, New insights into the development of lymphoid tissues, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 10, 664, 10.1038/nri2832 Tsuji, 2008, Requirement for lymphoid tissue-inducer cells in isolated follicle formation and T cell-independent immunoglobulin A generation in the gut, Immunity, 29, 261, 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.05.014 Kim, 2006, Function of CD4+CD3− cells in relation to B- and T-zone stroma in spleen, Blood, 109, 1602, 10.1182/blood-2006-04-018465 Scandella, 2008, Restoration of lymphoid organ integrity through the interaction of lymphoid tissue–inducer cells with stroma of the T cell zone, Nat. Immunol., 9, 667, 10.1038/ni.1605 Rigas, 2017, Type 2 innate lymphoid cell suppression by regulatory T cells attenuates airway hyperreactivity and requires inducible T-cell costimulator-inducible T-cell costimulator ligand interaction, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 139, 1468, 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.08.034 Korn, 2014, Conventional CD4+ T cells regulate IL-22-producing intestinal innate lymphoid cells, Mucosal Immunol., 7, 1045, 10.1038/mi.2013.121 Mao, 2018, Innate and adaptive lymphocytes sequentially shape the gut microbiota and lipid metabolism, Nature, 554, 255, 10.1038/nature25437 Maazi, 2015, ICOS:ICOS-ligand interaction is required for type 2 innate lymphoid cell function, homeostasis, and induction of airway hyperreactivity, Immunity, 42, 538, 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.02.007 Paclik, 2015, ICOS regulates the pool of group 2 innate lymphoid cells under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions in mice, Eur. J. Immunol., 45, 2766, 10.1002/eji.201545635 Steinmann, 2020, Hepatic ILC2 activity is regulated by liver inflammation-induced cytokines and effector CD4+ T cells, Sci. Rep., 10, 10.1038/s41598-020-57985-w Tomura, 2008, Monitoring cellular movement in vivo with photoconvertible fluorescence protein ‘Kaede’ transgenic mice, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci., 105, 10871, 10.1073/pnas.0802278105 Puttur, 2019, Pulmonary environmental cues drive group 2 innate lymphoid cell dynamics in mice and humans, Sci. Immunol., 4, eaav7638, 10.1126/sciimmunol.aav7638 Dahlgren, 2019, Adventitial stromal cells define Group 2 innate lymphoid cell tissue niches, Immunity, 50, 707, 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.02.002 Yudanin, 2019, Spatial and temporal mapping of human innate lymphoid cells reveals elements of tissue specificity, Immunity, 50, 505, 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.01.012 Ståhl, 2016, Visualization and analysis of gene expression in tissue sections by spatial transcriptomics, Science, 353, 78, 10.1126/science.aaf2403 Drake, 2014, Group 2 innate lymphoid cells and CD4+ T cells cooperate to mediate type 2 immune response in mice, Allergy, 69, 1300, 10.1111/all.12446