The influence of sleep patterns and screen time on the sleep needs of infants and toddlers: A cross-sectional study

Altınkılıç, 2014, Determination of mothers’ attitudes and behaviors about the effects of TV-watching upon the health of children aged 1-6 years, İzmir Dr Behçet Uz Çocuk Hastalıkları Dergisi, 4, 186 American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Communications and Media (AAP), 2016, Policy statement: Median and young minds, Pediatrics, 138 Bellagamba, 2021, How infant and toddlers’ media use is related to sleeping habits in everyday life in Italy, Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.589664 Cassanello, 2021, How do infants and toddlers sleep in Spain? A cross-sectional study, European Journal of Pediatrics, 180, 775, 10.1007/s00431-020-03786-2 Chandra, 2016, Screen time of infants in Sydney, Australia: A birth cohort study, BMJ Open, 6, 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012342 Chen, 2021, The prevalence of sleep problems among children in mainland China: A meta-analysis and systemic-analysis, Sleep Medicine, 83, 248, 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.04.014 Cheung, 2017, Daily touchscreen use in infants and toddlers is associated with reduced sleep and delayed sleep onset, Scientific Reports, 7, 46104, 10.1038/srep46104 Conway, 2017, Testing reciprocal links between trouble getting to sleep and internalizing behavior problems, and bedtime resistance and externalizing behavior problems in toddlers, Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 48, 678, 10.1007/s10578-016-0692-x Daşdemir, 2018, Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of “brief infant sleep questionnaire and daily sleep log”, International Journal of Caring Sciences, 11, 1822 Emond, 2021, Associations between daily screen time and sleep in a racially and socioeconomically diverse sample of US infants: A prospective cohort study, BMJ Open, 11, 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044525 Faul, 2009, Statistical power analyses using G* power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses, Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149, 10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149 Fauzi, 2021, The models of early childhood parenting in families whose mothers are factory workers in Indonesia, Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 11, 102 George, 2010 Gupta, 2022, Indian academy of pediatrics guidelines on screen time and digital wellness in infants, children and adolescents, Indian Pediatrics, 59, 235, 10.1007/s13312-022-2477-6 Hirshkowitz, 2015, National sleep foundation’s updated sleep duration recommendations: Final report, Sleep Health, 1, 233, 10.1016/j.sleh.2015.10.004 Hish, 2021, Infant television watching predicts toddler television watching in a low-income population, Academic Pediatrics, 21, 988, 10.1016/j.acap.2020.11.002 Howard, 2022, Variations in safe sleep practices and beliefs: Knowledge is not enough, Maternal and Child Health Journal, 26, 1059, 10.1007/s10995-021-03341-x Hu, 2018, Screen time relationship of Chinese parents and their children, Children and Youth Services Review, 94, 659, 10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.09.008 Jago, 2012, Parent and child screen-viewing time and home media environment, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 43, 150, 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.04.012 Jeon, 2021, A systematic review on cross-cultural comparative studies of sleep in young populations: The roles of cultural factors, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 1, 10.3390/ijerph18042005 Kahn, 2021, Sleep and screen exposure across the beginning of life: Deciphering the links using big-data analytics, Sleep, 44, 1, 10.1093/sleep/zsaa158 Krogh, 2021, A longitudinal examination of daily amounts of screen time and technoference in infants aged 2–11 months and associations with maternal sociodemographic factors, Infant Behavior and Development, 63, 10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101543 Li, 2021, Grandparental care and sleep disturbances in preschool children: A population-based prospective cohort study, Sleep Medicine, 82, 165, 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.03.033 Lissak, 2018, Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: Literature review and case study, Enviromental Research, 164, 149, 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.015 Liu, 2021, Early childhood screen time as a predictor of emotional and behavioral problems in children at 4 years: A birth cohort study in China, Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 26, 1 Mallawaarachchi, 2022, Associations of smartphone and tablet use in early childhood with psychosocial, cognitive and sleep factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 60, 13, 10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.12.008 Matricciani, 2019, Children’s sleep and health: A meta-review, Sleep Medicine Reviews, 46, 136, 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.04.011 Mindell, 2010, Cross-cultural differences in infant and toddler sleep, Sleep Medicine, 11, 274, 10.1016/j.sleep.2009.04.012 Morales-Muñoz, 2021, Sleep during infancy, inhibitory control and working memory in toddlers: Findings from the FinnBrain cohort study, Sleep Science and Practice, 5, 1 Nathanson, 2021, Sleep and technology in early childhood, Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 30, 15, 10.1016/j.chc.2020.08.008 Nishioka, 2022, Effects of screen viewing time on sleep duration and bedtime in children aged 1 and 3 years: Japan environment and children’s study, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, 3914, 10.3390/ijerph19073914 Paruthi, 2016, Recommended amount of sleep for pediatric populations: A consensus statement of the American Academy of sleep medicine, Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12, 785, 10.5664/jcsm.5866 Rideout, 2020 Sadeh, 2004, A brief screening questionnaire for infant sleep problems: Validation and findings for an internet sample, Pediatrics, 113, e570, 10.1542/peds.113.6.e570 Sadeh, 2009, Sleep and sleep ecology in the first 3 years: A web-based study, Journal of Sleep Research, 18, 60, 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00699.x Sadeh, 2010, Parenting and infant sleep, Sleep Medicine Reviews, 14, 89, 10.1016/j.smrv.2009.05.003 Schlarb, 2015, Sleep duration and sleep problems in a representative sample of German children and adolescents, Health, 7, 1397, 10.4236/health.2015.711154 Schlieber, 2021, The role of sleep in young children’s development: A review, The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 182, 205, 10.1080/00221325.2021.1908218 Sheldon, 2014 Stiglic, 2019, Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: A systematic review of reviews, BMJ Open, 9, 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023191 Teng, 2012, Infant and toddler sleep in Australia and New Zealand, Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 48, 268, 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02251.x TUIK Wiltshire, 2021, Associations among average parental educational attainment, maternal stress, and infant screen exposure at 6 months of age, Infant Behavior and Development, 65, 10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101644 World Health Organization (WHO), 2019, Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age Zhang, 2021, Longitudinal correlates of sleep duration in young children, Sleep Medicine, 78, 128, 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.12.023 Zhang, 2021, Correlates of sleep duration in early childhood: A systematic review, Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 19, 407, 10.1080/15402002.2020.1772264