The importance of social behaviour for goat welfare in livestock farming

Addae, 2000, Behavioural interactions between West African dwarf nanny goats and their single-born kids during the first 48hours post-partum, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 67, 77, 10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00119-7

Addison, 1982, Agonistic behaviour and social organization in a herd of goats as affected by the introduction of non-members, Appl. Anim. Ethol., 8, 527, 10.1016/0304-3762(82)90216-4

Alados, 1996, Ecología y comportamiento de la cabra montes, consideraciones para su gestión

Alley, 1994, Social events following the introduction of unfamiliar does to a captive feral goat (Capra hircus L.) herd, Small Rumin. Res., 13, 103, 10.1016/0921-4488(94)90038-8

Alvarez, 2003, Social dominance of female goats affects their response to the male effect, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 84, 119, 10.1016/j.applanim.2003.08.003

Alvarez, 2007, Social rank and response to the “male effect” in the Australian Cashmere goat, Anim. Reprod. Sci., 102, 258, 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.11.002

Andersen, 2007, Resting pattern and social interactions in goats: the impact of size and organisation of lying space, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 108, 89, 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.10.015

Andersen, 2008, Social instability increases aggression in groups of dairy goats, but with minor consequences for the goats’ growth, kid production and development, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 144, 132, 10.1016/j.applanim.2008.01.007

Anderson, 2004, A close keeper–nonhuman animal distance does not reduce undesirable behavior in contact yard goats and sheep, J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci., 7, 59, 10.1207/s15327604jaws0701_4

Arnold, 1978, Social organization and animal dispersion

Aschwanden, 2008, Social distances of goats at the feeding rack: influence of the quality of social bonds, rank differences, grouping age and presence of horns, Appl. Anim. Behav., 144, 116, 10.1016/j.applanim.2008.02.002

Atasoglu, 2008, Effect of weaning on behavior and serum parameters in dairy goat kids, Anim. Sci. J., 79, 435, 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2008.00547.x

Barroso, 2000, Social hierarchy in the domestic goat: effect on food habits and production, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 69, 35, 10.1016/S0168-1591(00)00113-1

Bergamasco, 2005, Effects of brief maternal separation in kids on neurohormanol and electroencephalographic parameters, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 93, 39, 10.1016/j.applanim.2004.12.002

Blackshaw, 2003, Goat behaviour

Blanchard, 1993, Subordination stress: behavioral, brain, and neuroendocrine correlates, Behav. Brain Res., 58, 113, 10.1016/0166-4328(93)90096-9

Boivin, 1996, Effects of handling during temporary isolation after early weaning on goat kid's later response to humans, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 48, 61, 10.1016/0168-1591(95)01019-X

Bordi, 1994, Postpartum development of the mother–young relationship in goats, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 42, 145, 10.1016/0168-1591(94)90154-6

Borelli, 1996

Bouissou, 1980, Social relationships in domestic cattle under modern management techniques, Boll. Zool., 47, 343, 10.1080/11250008009438691

Bouissou, 2001, The social behaviour of cattle

Broom, 1981

Bungo, 1998, Relationship between nursing and suckling behaviour in Tokara native goats, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 59, 357, 10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00144-0

Calhim, 2006, Sexual segregation among feral goats: testing between alternative hypothesis, Anim. Behav., 72, 31, 10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.08.013

Clayton, 1978, Socially facilitated behavior, Quart. Rev. Biol., 53, 373, 10.1086/410789

Clutton-Brock, 1982

Collias, 1956, The analysis of socialization in sheep and goats, Ecology, 37, 228, 10.2307/1933135

Côté, 2001, Reproductive success in female mountain goats: the influence of age and social rank, Anim. Behav., 62, 173, 10.1006/anbe.2001.1719

Côte, 2000, Determining social rank in ungulates, a comparison of aggressive interaction recorded at a bait site and under natural conditions, Ethology, 106, 945, 10.1046/j.1439-0310.2000.00606.x

Crepaldi, 1999, Factors affecting milk production and prolificacy of Alpine goats in Lombardy (Italy), Small Rumin. Res., 32, 83, 10.1016/S0921-4488(98)00156-4

Delgadillo, 1997, Nursing, suckling and postpartum anoestrus of creole goats kidding in January in subtropical Mexico, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 55, 91, 10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00038-5

Duvaux-Ponter, 2003, Physiological effects of repeated transport in pregnant goats and their offspring, Anim. Res., 52, 553, 10.1051/animres:2003037

Ehrlenbruch, 2010, Provision of additional walls in the resting area, the effects on resting behaviour and social interactions in goats, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 122, 35, 10.1016/j.applanim.2009.11.004

Escós, 1993, Leadership in a domestic goat herd, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 38, 41, 10.1016/0168-1591(93)90040-V

Estevez, 2007, Group size, density and social dynamics in farm animals, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 103, 185, 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.025

Fabre-Nys, 1999, Le comportement sexuel des caprins

Fabre-Nys, 2000, Le comportement sexuel des caprins: contrôle hormonal et facteurs sociaux, INRA Prod. Anim., 13, 11, 10.20870/productions-animales.2000.13.1.3764

Fernandez, 2007, Regrouping in lactating goats increases aggression and decreases milk production, Small Rumin. Res., 70, 228, 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.03.008

Francis, 1988, On the relationship between aggression and social dominance, Anim. Behav., 78, 223

Fraser, 1990

Galal, 2005, Biodiversity in goats, Small Rumin. Res., 60, 75, 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.06.021

Galindo, 2000, A note on possible link between behaviour and occurrence of lameness in dairy cows, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 67, 335, 10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00114-8

Gautier, 1990

Gelez, 2004, The “male effect” in sheep and goats: a review of the perspective roles of the two olfactory systems, Horm. Behav., 46, 257, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.05.002

Gorecki, 2004, Stability of milking order in goat over a long period, Arch. Tierzucht., 47, 203

Haenlein, 1992

Hafez, 1969, The behaviour of sheep and goats

Hatziminaoglou, 2004, The goat in ancient civilisations: from the Fertile Crescent to the Aegean Sea, Small Rumin. Res., 51, 123, 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2003.08.006

Hemsworth, 1998

Hemsworth, 2000, Relationships between human–animal interactions and productivity of commercial dairy cows, J. Anim. Sci., 78, 2821, 10.2527/2000.78112821x

Houpt, 2004, Livestok behavior

Houpt, 2005

Hunter, 1998, Vigilance behaviour in African ungulates: the role of predation pressure, Behavior, 135, 195, 10.1163/156853998793066320

Immelmann, 1988

Jackson, 2007, A note: the effects of human handling on heart girth, behaviour and milk quality in dairy goats, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 108, 332, 10.1016/j.applanim.2007.01.011

Jarman, 1974, The social organization of antelope in relation to their ecology, Behavior, 48, 215, 10.1163/156853974X00345

Kannan, 2002, Simulated preslaughter holding and isolation effects on stress responses and live weight shrinkage in meat goats, J. Anim. Sci., 80, 1771, 10.2527/2002.8071771x

Keil, 1996, On social behaviour of milk goats in large groups, Arch. Tierz., 39, 465

Kilgur, 1984

Le Neindre, 1996, Handling of extensively kept animals, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 49, 73, 10.1016/0168-1591(95)00669-9

Lenhardt, 1977, Vocal contour cues in maternal recognition of goat kids, Appl. Anim. Ethol., 3, 211, 10.1016/0304-3762(77)90002-5

Lensink, 2000, The impact of gentle contacts on ease of handling, welfare, and growth of calves and the quality of veal meat, J. Anim. Sci., 78, 1219, 10.2527/2000.7851219x

Levy, 2004, Olfactory regulation of maternal behavior in mammals, Horm. Behav., 46, 284, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.02.005

Lickliter, 1982, Effects of a post-partum separation on maternal responsiveness in primiparous and multiparous domestic goats, Appl. Anim. Ethol., 8, 537, 10.1016/0304-3762(82)90217-6

Lickliter, 1984, Hiding behavior in domestic goat kids, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 12, 245, 10.1016/0168-1591(84)90117-5

Lickliter, 1987, Activity patterns and companion preferences of domestic goat kids, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 19, 137, 10.1016/0168-1591(87)90210-3

Lim, 2006, Neuropeptidergic regulation of affiliative behavior and social bonding in animals, Horm. Behav., 50, 506, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.028

Loretz, 2004, A comparison of space requirements of horned and hornless goats at the feed barrier and in the lying area, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 87, 275, 10.1016/j.applanim.2004.01.005

Lu, 1988, Milk feeding and weaning of goat kids: a review, Small Rumin. Res., 1, 105, 10.1016/0921-4488(88)90025-9

Lyons, 1989, Individual differences in temperament of dairy goats and the inhibition of milk ejection, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 22, 269, 10.1016/0168-1591(89)90022-1

Lyons, 1987, Relationships between heart rates and behaviour of goats in encounters with people, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 18, 363, 10.1016/0168-1591(87)90230-9

Lyons, 1988, Social modulation of pituitary–adrenal responsiveness and individual differences in behaviour of young domestic goats, Physiol. Behav., 43, 451, 10.1016/0031-9384(88)90119-9

Lyons, 1988, Individual differences in temperament of domestic goats: consistency and change, Anim. Behav., 36, 1323, 10.1016/S0003-3472(88)80201-X

Margetìnovà, 2003, Relationship between age, milk production and order of goats during automatic milking, Czech J. Anim. Sci., 48, 257

Mason, 1984

Matsuzawa, 1991, Relationship between feeding behavior and social dominance in a small herd of goats, Sci. Rep. Fac. Agric., 39, 1

Mattiello, 2001, Il comportamento sociale degli ungulati, Obiettivi e Documenti Veterinari, 6, 15

Mattiello, 2008, Effetto delle modalità di gestione dell’alimentazione sul benessere del capretto, Large Anim. Rev., 4, 202

Mattiello, 2008, Il benessere negli allevamenti caprini del fondovalle valtellinese, Quaderno So. Zoo. Alp., 5, 179

Mendl, 1995, How useful are the concepts of alternative strategy and coping strategy in applied studies of social behaviour?, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 44, 119, 10.1016/0168-1591(95)00609-V

Mendl, 2001, Living in groups: an evolutionary perspective

Metz, 1997

Mignon-Grasteau, 2005, Genetics of adaptation and domestication in livestock, Livest. Prod. Sci., 93, 3, 10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.11.001

Millman, 2001, Social cognition of farm animals

Miranda-de la Lama, G.C., 2005. Social strategy and the effect of environmental enrichment on the reactivity of handling and adrenocortical activity in dairy goats (Capra hircus). M.Sc. Thesis. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.

Miranda-de la Lama, 2007, Efecto de las estrategias sociales en el orden de dominancia en cabras lecheras

Miranda-de la Lama, 2010, Effect of the pre-slaughter logistic chain on some indicators of welfare in lambs, Livest. Sci., 10.1016/j.livsci.2009.10.013

Newberry, 2008, Implications of breaking mother–young social bonds, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 110, 3, 10.1016/j.applanim.2007.03.021

O’Brien, 1984, Feral goat home range: influence of social class and environmental variables, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 12, 373, 10.1016/0168-1591(84)90129-1

O’Brien, 1984, Leavers and stayers: maternal post-partum strategies in feral goats, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 12, 233, 10.1016/0168-1591(84)90116-3

O’Brien, 1988, Feral goat social organization: a review and comparative analysis, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 21, 209, 10.1016/0168-1591(88)90110-4

Orgeur, 1990, The influence of rearing conditions on the social relationships of young male goats, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 27, 105, 10.1016/0168-1591(90)90010-B

Ortiz-de Montellano, 2006, Relationships between the social rank of male goats and their testosterone levels, aggressiveness, and libido

Patón, 1995, Relationship between rank order and productive parameters in Verata goats during milking, Anim. Sci., 61, 545, 10.1017/S1357729800014120

Pinal, R.P., 2004. Efectos del enriquecimiento ambiental y el orden de dominancia en el comportamiento de cabras lecheras en un sistema intensivo de producción. DVM Thesis. Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México.

Poindron, 2003, Early recognition of newborn goat kids by their mother: I. Nonolfactory discrimination, Dev. Psychobiol., 43, 82, 10.1002/dev.10123

Poindron, 2007, Sensory and physiological determinants of maternal behavior in the goat (Capra hircus), Horm. Behav., 52, 99, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.03.023

Poindron, 2007, Maternal responsiveness and maternal selectivity in domestic sheep and goats: the two facets of maternal attachment, Dev. Psychobiol., 49, 54, 10.1002/dev.20192

Pretorius, 1970, Effect of aggressive behaviour on production and reproduction in the angora goat (Capra hircus angoraensis), Agroanimalia, 2, 161

Price, 1980, Behavioural responses to short-term social isolation in sheep and goats, Appl. Anim. Ethol., 6, 331, 10.1016/0304-3762(80)90133-9

Price, 1999, Behavioural development in animals undergoing domestication, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 65, 245, 10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00087-8

Putman, 1988

Ramírez, 1996, Effects of immediate and early post-partum separation on maintenance of maternal responsiveness in parturient multiparous goats, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 48, 215, 10.1016/0168-1591(96)01028-3

Ramírez, 1996, Influence of forced contact on the maternal–filial bond in the domestic goat after different periods of post-partum separation, Small Rumin. Res., 23, 75, 10.1016/S0921-4488(96)00916-9

Ralphs, 1999, Conditioned food aversions: principles and practices, with special reference to social facilitation, Proc. Nutr. Soc., 58, 813, 10.1017/S002966519900110X

Restall, 1995, The induction of ovulation in anovulatory goats by oestrous females, Anim. Reprod. Sci., 40, 299, 10.1016/0378-4320(95)01433-0

Romeyer, 1992, Early maternal discrimination of alien kids by post-parturient goats, Behav. Processes, 26, 103, 10.1016/0376-6357(92)90006-Y

Romeyer, 1994, Olfaction mediates the establishment of selective bonding in goats, Physiol. Behav., 56, 693, 10.1016/0031-9384(94)90229-1

Ross, 1956, Stability of food dominance relationships in a flock of goats, J. Mammal., 37, 129, 10.2307/1375561

Roussel, 2005, Gender-specific effects of prenatal stress on emotional reactivity and stress physiology of goat kids, Horm. Behav., 47, 256, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.09.010

Rout, 2002, Studies on behavioural patterns in jamunapari goats, Small Rumin. Res., 43, 185, 10.1016/S0921-4488(02)00011-1

Schaal, 1982, Influence de l’environnement sur les composantes du group social chez le daim Cervus (Dama) dama L., Rev. Ecol. Terre Vie, 36, 161

Schino, 1998, Reconciliation in domestic goats, Behavior, 135, 343, 10.1163/156853998793066302

Schwarz, 1997, Integration of young goats into a herd of adult goats, Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr., 110, 214

Sevi, 2009, Ovi-caprini

Sevi, 2009, Factors of welfare reduction in dairy sheep and goats, Ital. J. Anim. Sci., 8, 81, 10.4081/ijas.2009.s1.81

Shackleton, 1984, A review of the social behavior of feral and wild sheep and goats, J. Anim. Sci., 58, 500, 10.2527/jas1984.582500x

Shinde, 2004, Social dominance–subordinate relationships on a flock of Marwari goats, Indian J. Anim. Sci., 74, 216

Sisto, 2004, Etología aplicada en los caprinos

Shrader, 2007, Social information, social feeding, and competition in group-living goats (Capra hircus), Behav. Ecol., 18, 103, 10.1093/beheco/arl057

Sondresen, 2008, Social instability and consequences on eating and resting time in goats

Syme, 1979

Szabo, S., 2008. Behaviour of dairy goats in the collecting area—influence of space allowance and shape. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Wien, Austria.

Špinka, 2006, How important is natural behaviour in animal farming systems?, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 100, 117, 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.04.006

Taube-Schiff, 2007, Group cohesion in cognitive-behavioral group therapy for social phobia, Behav. Res. Ther., 45, 687, 10.1016/j.brat.2006.06.004

Tønnesen, 2008, Group size and social interactions in goats

Tölü, 2007, A brief report on intra-species aggressive biting in a goat herd, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 102, 124, 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.03.002

Tölü, 2007, Effects of goat social rank on kid gender, Czech J. Anim. Sci., 52, 77, 10.17221/2235-CJAS

Ungerfeld, 2007, Social dominance of female dairy goats influences the dynamics of gastrointestinal parasite eggs, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 105, 249, 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.008

Ungerfeld, 2007, Social dominance of female dairy goats and response to oestrous synchronisation and superovulatory treatments, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 105, 115, 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.06.008

Van, 2007, Effect of group size on feed intake, aggressive behaviour and growth rate in goat kids and lambs, Small Rumin. Res., 72, 187, 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.10.010

Vielma, 2008, Vocalizations of male goats do not stimulate neither LH secretion nor ovulation on anovulatory female goats, Téc. Pecu. Méx., 46, 25

Wakabayashi, 2002, A putative pheromone receptor gene is expressed in two distinct olfactory organs in goats, Chem. Senses, 27, 207, 10.1093/chemse/27.3.207

Zeder, 2000, The initial domestication of goats (Capra hircus) in the Zagros mountains 10,000 years ago, Science, 287, 2254, 10.1126/science.287.5461.2254