The impact of vitamin A restriction and ADH1C genotype on marbling in feedlot steers1

AOAC, 1990, Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed.

Arnett, 2009, Effects of vitamin A supplementation and weaning age on serum and liver retinol concentrations, carcass traits, and lipid composition in market beef cattle, Meat Sci., 81, 596, 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.10.017

Bergen, 1996, Prediction of lean yield in yearling bulls using real-time ultrasound, Can. J. Anim. Sci., 75, 305, 10.4141/cjas96-046

Boleda, 1993, Physiological substrates for rat alcohol dehydrogenase classes:aldehydes of lipid peroxidation, ω-hydroxyfatty acids, and retinoids, Ach. Biochem. Biophys., 307, 85

Canadian Council on Animal Care, 1993, Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals

Chekmenev, 2005, P-Match:transcription factor binding site search by combining patterns and weight matricies, Nucleic Acids Res., 33, W432, 10.1093/nar/gki441

Cianzio, 1985, Changes in bovine adipocyte size and number, J. Anim. Sci., 60, 970, 10.2527/jas1985.604970x

Crews, 2010, Animal Evaluation. Page 36 in Guidelines for Uniform Beef Improvement Programs, 9th ed.

Cusack, 2008, Effects of injectable vitamins A, D, E and C on the health and growth rate of feedlot cattle destined for the Australian domestic market, Aust. Vet. J., 86, 81, 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00255.x

DiCostanzo, 2000, Grid pricing as a fed cattle marketing strategy, Minnesota Cattle Feeder Rep. B-470.

Frey, 1947, Vitamin A intake in cattle in relation to hepatic stores and blood levels, J. Nutr., 34, 421, 10.1093/jn/34.4.421

Gorocica-Buenfil, 2007, Effect of low vitamin A diets with high-moisture or dry corn on marbling and adipose tissue fatty acid composition of beef steers, J. Anim. Sci., 85, 3355, 10.2527/jas.2007-0172

Gorocica-Buenfil, 2008, Effect of vitamin A restriction on carcass characteristics and immune status of beef steers, J. Anim. Sci., 86, 1609, 10.2527/jas.2007-0241

Kruk, 2008, Effects of vitamin A of growth performance and carcass quality in steers, Livest. Sci., 19, 12, 10.1016/j.livsci.2008.02.008

Michal, 2006, The bovine fatty acid binding protein 4 gene is significantly associated with marbling and subcutaneous fat depth in Wagyu × Limousin F2 crosses, Anim. Genet., 34, 400, 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2006.01464.x

Molotkov, 2003, Genetic evidence that retinaldehyde dehydrogenase Raldh1 (Aldh1a1) functions downstream of alcohol dehydrogenase Adh1 in metabolism of retinol to retinoic acid, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 36, 10.1074/jbc.M303709200

Molotkov, 2002, Excessive vitamin A toxicity in mice genetically deficient in ether alcohol dehydrogenase Adh1 or Adh3, Eur. J. Biochem., 269, 2607, 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.02935.x

Montgomery, 1990, Extraction of DNA from sheep white blood-cells. New Zeal, J. Agr. Res., 33, 437, 10.1080/00288233.1990.10428440

Napoli, 1996, Retinoic acid biosynthesis and metabolism, FASEB J., 10, 993, 10.1096/fasebj.10.9.8801182

Napoli, 1995, Enzymes and binding proteins affecting retinoic acid concentrations, J. Steroid Biochem. Molec. Biol., 53, 497, 10.1016/0960-0760(95)00096-I

NRC, 1970, Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. 4th rev. ed

NRC, 1987, Vitamin Tolerance of Animals

NRC, 1996, Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. 7th rev. ed

Oka, 1998, Effects of vitamin A on beef quality, weight gain, and serum concentrations of thyroid hormones, insulin-like growth factor-1, and insulin in Japanese Black steers, Anim. Sci. Technol., 69, 90

Oka, 2004, Effects if vitamin A deficiency on growth hormone secretion and circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 concentration in Japanese Black steers, Anim. Sci., 78, 31, 10.1017/S1357729800053819

Pickworth, 2009, Effects of low vitamin A and D finishing diets on beef cattle carcass quality, J. Anim. Sci., 87, E519

Pickworth, 2011, Adipogenic differentiation state-specific gene expression as related to bovine carcass adiposity, J. Anim. Sci., 89, 355, 10.2527/jas.2010-3229

Pyatt, 2005, Effects of vitamin A and restricted intake on performance, carcass characteristics, and serum retinol status in Angus × Simmental feedlot cattle, PAS, 21, 318

Radostits, 2000, Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats, and Horses, 9th ed.

Repa, 1993, All- trans-retinol is a ligand for the retinoic acid receptors, PNAS, 90, 7293, 10.1073/pnas.90.15.7293

Rozen, 2000, Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers. Page 365 in Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols:Methods in Molecular Biology

Savell, 1986, Percentage ether extractable fat and moisture content of beef longissimus muscle as related to USDA marbling score, J. Food Sci., 51, 838, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1986.tb13946.x

Siebert, 2006, Effect of low vitamin A status on fat deposition and fatty acid desaturation in beef cattle, Lipids, 41, 365, 10.1007/s11745-006-5107-5

Smith, 2009, Cellular regulation of bovine intramuscular adipose tissue development and composition, J. Anim. Sci., 87, E72, 10.2527/jas.2008-1340

Staroscik A. 2004. Calculator for determining the number of copies of a template. URI Genomics and Sequencing Center. Accessed May 17, 2011, verified June 19, 2012. http://www.uri.edu/research/gsc/resources/cndna.html.

Stewart, 1991, The role of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein in the differential transcriptional regulation of a family of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase genes, J. Biol. Chem., 266, 11, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98998-2

Torii, 1996, Development of intramuscular fat in Wagyu beef cattle depends on adipogenic substances present in serum, Anim. Sci., 63, 73, 10.1017/S1357729800028307

Urs, 2004, Gene expression profiling in human preadipocytes and adipocytes by microarray analysis, J. Nutr., 134, 762, 10.1093/jn/134.4.762

Wang, 2009, Gene expression patterns during intramuscular fat development in cattle, J. Anim. Sci., 87, 119, 10.2527/jas.2008-1082

Wang, 2007, Effects of vitamin A supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality in Limosin × Luxi crossbred steers fed a wheat straw-based diet, Meat Sci., 77, 450, 10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.04.019

Xue, 1996, Distinct stages in adipogenesis revealed by retinoid inhibition of differentiation after induction of PPARγ, Mol. Cell. Biol., 16, 1567, 10.1128/MCB.16.4.1567

Ziouzenkova, 2007, Retinaldehyde represses adipogenesis and diet-induced obesity, Nat. Med., 13, 695, 10.1038/nm1587