The impact of smoking on survival in renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Tumor Biology - 2014
Tóm tắt
Epidemiological evidence suggests that cigarette smoking is the best-established risk factor for renal cell cancer (RCC). However, the effect of smoking on survival of RCC patients remains debated. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the impact of smoking status on overall mortality (OM), disease-specific mortality (DSM), overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with RCC. We searched Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Search Library for published studies that analyzed the effect of smoking on survival or mortality of RCC. We selected 14 articles according to predefined inclusion criteria. The smoking status was categorized into never smokers and ever smokers (former smokers and/or current smokers). Summary hazard ratios (HRs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with a fixed or random effects model. Overall, 14 studies including 343,993 RCC cases were accepted for meta-analysis. Ever smoking was significantly correlated with OM (HR 1.30, 95 % CI 1.07–1.58), while no associated with poorer DSM (HR 1.23, 95 % CI 0.96–1.57). Further analysis found current (HR 1.57, 95 % CI 1.20–2.06) but not former smoking (HR 1.14, 95 % CI 0.79–1.63) was associated with a significantly increased risk of OM. Meanwhile, current smoking was associated with poorer DSM (HR 1.50, 95 % CI 1.10–2.05) in subgroup analysis. Ever smoking was significantly associated with poorer OS (HR 1.45; 95 % CI 1.00–2.09) and poorer CSS (HR 1.01; 95 % CI 1.00–1.02), compared with never smokers. Current smoking was associated with poorer PFS (HR 2.94, 95 % CI 1.89–4.58). This review provides preliminary evidence that current smoking in a patient with RCC is associated with poorer survival, demonstrating active smoking to be an independent risk for prognosis of RCC. Smoking cessation should be recommended for RCC patients.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ljungberg B, Campbell SC, Choi HY, Jacqmin D, Lee JE, Weikert S, et al. The epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol. 2011;60(4):615–21.
Sasco AJ, Secretan MB, Straif K. Tobacco smoking and cancer: a brief review of recent epidemiological evidence. Lung Cancer. 2004;45 Suppl 2(2):S3–9.
Hunt JD, van der Hel OL, McMillan GP, Boffetta P, Brennan P. Renal cell carcinoma in relation to cigarette smoking: meta-analysis of 24 studies. Int J Cancer. 2005;114(1):101–8.
Theis RP, Dolwick Grieb SM, Burr D, Siddiqui T, Asal NR. Smoking, environmental tobacco smoke, and risk of renal cell cancer: a population-based case–control study. BMC Cancer. 2008;8(387):387.
Kroeger N, Klatte T, Birkhauser FD, Rampersaud EN, Seligson DB, Zomorodian N, et al. Smoking negatively impacts renal cell carcinoma overall and cancer-specific survival. Cancer. 2012;118(7):1795–802.
Sweeney C, Farrow DC. Differential survival related to smoking among patients with renal cell carcinoma. Epidemiology. 2000;11(3):344–6.
Ehdaie B, Furberg H, Zabor EC, Hakimi AA, Russo P. Comprehensive assessment of the impact of cigarette smoking on survival in clear cell kidney cancer. J Urol. 2013;7(13):05328–7.
Parker A, Lohse C, Cheville J, Leibovich B, Igel T, Blute M. Evaluation of the association of current cigarette smoking and outcome for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Int J Urol. 2008;15(4):304–8.
Tierney JF, Stewart LA, Ghersi D, Burdett S, Sydes MR. Practical methods for incorporating summary time-to-event data into meta-analysis. Trials. 2007;8(16):16.
Wells GA, Shea B, O’Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, et al. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analysis, 2011.
Zwahlen M, Renehan A, Egger M. Meta-analysis in medical research: potentials and limitations. Urol Oncol. 2008;26(3):320–9.
Park B, Jeong BC, Seo SI, Jeon SS, Choi HY, Lee HM. Influence of body mass index, smoking, and blood pressure on survival of patients with surgically-treated, low stage renal cell carcinoma: a 14-year retrospective cohort study. J Korean Med Sci. 2013;28(2):227–36.
Oh WK, Manola J, Renshaw AA, Brodkin D, Loughlin KR, Richie JP, et al. Smoking and alcohol use may be risk factors for poorer outcome in patients with clear cell renal carcinoma. Urology. 2000;55(1):31–5.
Sunela KL, Kataja MJ, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen PL. Influence of body mass index and smoking on the long-term survival of patients with renal cell cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2013;11(4):458–64.
Naya Y, Zenbutsu S, Araki K, Nakamura K, Kobayashi M, Kamijima S, et al. Influence of visceral obesity on oncologic outcome in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Urol Int. 2010;85(1):30–6.
Frank I, Blute ML, Cheville JC, Lohse CM, Weaver AL, Zincke H. An outcome prediction model for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma treated with radical nephrectomy based on tumor stage, size, grade and necrosis: the SSIGN score. J Urol. 2002;168(6):2395–400.
Keizman D, Gottfried M, Ish-Shalom M, Maimon N, Peer A, Neumann A, et al. Active smoking may negatively affect response rate, progression-free survival, and overall survival of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib. Oncologist. 2013;5:5.
Coughlin SS, Neaton JD, Randall B, Sengupta A. Predictors of mortality from kidney cancer in 332,547 men screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Cancer. 1997;79(11):2171–7.
Donat SM, Salzhauer EW, Mitra N, Yanke BV, Snyder ME, Russo P. Impact of body mass index on survival of patients with surgically treated renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2006;175(1):46–52.
Saroha S, Uzzo RG, Plimack ER, Ruth K, Al-Saleem T. Lymphopenia is an independent predictor of inferior outcome in clear cell renal carcinoma. J Urol. 2013;189(2):454–61.
Richey SL, Culp SH, Jonasch E, Corn PG, Pagliaro LC, Tamboli P, et al. Outcome of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with targeted therapy without cytoreductive nephrectomy. Ann Oncol. 2011;22(5):1048–53.
Crivelli JJ, Xylinas E, Kluth LA, Rieken M, Rink M, Shariat SF. Effect of smoking on outcomes of urothelial carcinoma: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Urol. 2013;19(13):00608–8.
Parsons A, Daley A, Begh R, Aveyard P. Influence of smoking cessation after diagnosis of early stage lung cancer on prognosis: systematic review of observational studies with meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010;340(340):b5569.
Kenfield SA, Stampfer MJ, Chan JM, Giovannucci E. Smoking and prostate cancer survival and recurrence. JAMA. 2011;305(24):2548–55.
Tsivian M, Moreira DM, Caso JR, Mouraviev V, Polascik TJ. Cigarette smoking is associated with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(15):2027–31.
McBride CM, Ostroff JS. Teachable moments for promoting smoking cessation: the context of cancer care and survivorship. Cancer Control. 2003;10(4):325–33.
Parker AS, Cerhan JR, Janney CA, Lynch CF, Cantor KP. Smoking cessation and renal cell carcinoma. Ann Epidemiol. 2003;13(4):245–51.
Hu Q, Gou Y, Sun C, Ding W, Xu K, Gu B, et al. The prognostic value of C-reactive protein in renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol Oncol. 2013;13(13):00307–4.