The impact of perinatal healthcare changes on birth trauma during COVID-19

Beck, 2004, Birth trauma: in the eye of the beholder, Nurs. Res., 53, 28, 10.1097/00006199-200401000-00005 Beck, 2010, Subsequent childbirth after a previous traumatic birth, Nurs. Res., 59, 241, 10.1097/NNR.0b013e3181e501fd Soet, 2003, Prevalence and predictors of women’s experience of psychological trauma during childbirth, Birth, 30, 36, 10.1046/j.1523-536X.2003.00215.x Ayers, 2016, The aetiology of post-traumatic stress following childbirth: a meta-analysis and theoretical framework, Psychol. Med., 46, 1121, 10.1017/S0033291715002706 Ayers, 2017, Birth trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder: the importance of risk and resilience, J. Reprod. Infant Psychol., 35, 427, 10.1080/02646838.2017.1386874 Grekin, 2014, Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis, Clin. Psychol. Rev., 34, 389, 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.05.003 Moran Vozar, 2021, The elephant in the delivery room: enhancing awareness of the current literature and recommendations for perinatal PTSD, Pract. Innov., 6, 1, 10.1037/pri0000134 Green, 2020 Julian, 2020, Community-informed models of perinatal and reproductive health services provision: a justice-centered paradigm toward equity among Black birthing communities, Semin. Perinatol., 44, 1 Romanis, 2020, Maternal request caesareans and COVID-19: the virus does not diminish the importance of choice in childbirth, J. Med. Ethics, 46, 726, 10.1136/medethics-2020-106526 Cirino, 2019, Perinatal posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment, Obstet. Gynecol. Surv., 74, 369, 10.1097/OGX.0000000000000680 Yildiz, 2017, The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in pregnancy and after birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J. Affect. Disord., 208, 634, 10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.009 World Health Organization. WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020. 2020 Mar 11. Available from: https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020. Iyengar, 2021, One year into the pandemic: a systematic review of perinatal mental health outcomes during COVID-19, Front. Psychiatry, 12 Matvienko-Sikar, 2020, Perinatal mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic, Women Birth, 33, 309, 10.1016/j.wombi.2020.04.006 Diamond, 2020, Impact of COVID-19 on the perinatal period through a biopsychosocial systemic framework, Contemporary Family Therapy, 42, 205, 10.1007/s10591-020-09544-8 Gildner, 2020, Birth plan alterations among American women in response to COVID-19, Health Expect., 23, 969, 10.1111/hex.13077 Pavlidis, 2021, Clinical guidelines for caring for women with COVID-19 during pregnancy, childbirth and the immediate postpartum period, Women Birth, 34, 455, 10.1016/j.wombi.2020.10.015 Asefa, 2021, The impact of COVID-19 on the provision of respectful maternity care: findings from a global survey of health workers [published online ahead of print, 2021 Sep 10], Women Birth, 1 Thayer, 2020 Berthelot, 2020, Uptrend in distress and psychiatric symptomatology in pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 99, 848, 10.1111/aogs.13925 Mayopoulos, 2021, COVID-19 is associated with traumatic childbirth and subsequent mother-infant bonding problems, J. Affect. Disord., 282, 122, 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.101 Usher, 2020, The COVID-19 pandemic and mental health impacts, Int. J. Ment. Health Nurs., 29, 315, 10.1111/inm.12726 Ayers, 2018, Development of a measure of postpartum PTSD: The City Birth Trauma Scale, Front. Psychiatry, 9, 409, 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00409 Benjamini, 2001, Controlling the false discovery rate in behavior genetics research, Behav. Brain Res., 125, 279, 10.1016/S0166-4328(01)00297-2 Czarnocka, 2000, Prevalence and predictors of post-traumatic stress symptoms following childbirth, Br. J. Clin. Psychol., 39, 35, 10.1348/014466500163095 Cigoli, 2006, Relational factors in psychopathological responses to childbirth, J. Psychosom. Obstet. Gynaecol., 27, 91, 10.1080/01674820600714566 Lemola, 2007, Maternal adjustment five months after birth: the impact of the subjective experience of childbirth and emotional support from the partner, J. Reprod. Infant Psychol., 25, 190, 10.1080/02646830701467231 Maggioni, 2006, PTSD, risk factors, and expectations among women having a baby: a two-wave longitudinal study, J. Psychosom. Obstet. Gynaecol., 27, 81, 10.1080/01674820600712875 Galatzer-Levy, 2013, 636,120 ways to have posttraumatic stress disorder, Perspect. Psychol. Sci., 8, 651, 10.1177/1745691613504115 Galatzer-Levy, 2011, Peritraumatic and trait dissociation differentiate police officers with resilient versus symptomatic trajectories of posttraumatic stress symptoms, J. Trauma Stress, 24, 557, 10.1002/jts.20684 Marshall, 2001, Comorbidity, impairment, and suicidality in subthreshold PTSD, Am. J. Psychiatry, 158, 1467, 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.9.1467 Stein, 1997, Full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder: findings from a community survey, Am. J. Psychiatry, 154, 1114 Bohren, 2017, Continuous support for women during childbirth, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 7, CD003766 Liu, 2021, Unexpected changes in birth experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic: Implications for maternal mental health [published online ahead of print, 2021 Nov 1], Arch. Gynecol. Obstet., 1 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2021 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2020 Lalor, 2021, Balancing restrictions and access to maternity care for women and birthing partners during the COVID-19 pandemic: the psychosocial impact of suboptimal care, BJOG, 128, 1720, 10.1111/1471-0528.16844 Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2021 Freitas, 2015, Fathers matter: family therapy’s role in the treatment of paternal peripartum depression, Contemp. Fam. Ther., 37, 417, 10.1007/s10591-015-9347-5 Wisner, 2013, Onset timing, thoughts of self-harm, and diagnoses in postpartum women with screen-positive depression findings, JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 490, 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.87 Ayaz, 2020, Anxiety and depression symptoms in the same pregnant women before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, J. Perinat. Med., 48, 965, 10.1515/jpm-2020-0380 Elliot, 2005, Trauma-informed or trauma-denied: principles and implementation of trauma-informed services for women, J. Community Psychol., 33, 461, 10.1002/jcop.20063 Postpartum Support International, 2021 Birth & Trauma Support Center. Trauma informed perinatal care: Families. [cited 2021 Nov 20]. Available from: https://birthandtraumasupportcenter.org/families. Census.gov. Washington, DC: United States Census Bureau. (V2019) Available from: https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045219. U.S. Census Bureau. 1947, 1952-2002 March Current Population Survey, 2003-2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population Survey; 1940-1960 Census of Population. Available from: https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/visualizations/time-series/demo/fig_2.png. Declercq, 2008